Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Engineering College
Electrical Department
First Year
Principles of Electronics
Chapter One
By: Hemin Ali Qadir
2015
OUTLINES
Part III:
CURRENT IN SEMICONDUCTORS
Covalent Bonds
Current in Semiconductors
Electron and hole current
COVALENT BONDS
In a solid/crystalline material, atoms
are combined in a symmetrical
pattern.
Covalent bonds means sharing of
covalent electrons among atoms.
The atoms within the crystal structure
are held together by covalent bonds
Silicon and Germanium are a Silicon covalent
crystalline materials. bonding
A silicon atom shares each of its own
four valence electrons with its four
neighbors.
This bounding gives the silicon crystal
and stable state.
COVALENT BONDS
CURRENT IN SEMICONDUCTORS
In conductor materials, current is
established easily? Why?
Because valence electrons are easily
excited to jump to conduction band
by an external energy.
In semiconductors, electrons are
freed in the same way, but greater
amount of energy is required.
There are no electrons in the
conduction band for an unexcited
atom in a intrinsic (pure) silicon
crystal.
0 = ln
2
BARRIER POTENTIAL
Example:
A silicon PN junction is formed from P material doped with 1022
acceptor/m3 and N material doped with 1.21021 donor/m3.
Find the thermal voltage and barrier voltage at 25.
If you know the intrinsic electron density of silicon is
= 1.4 1016 /3