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Contents
International : Treaties and Agreements ................................................ 4
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) ......................................... 4
Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage ............................ 4
Hague Code-of-Conduct ................................................................................................ 4
International Chemical Weapons Convention .............................................................. 5
International Grains Council ......................................................................................... 5
MTCR ............................................................................................................................. 5
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ................................................................. 6
Pelindaba Treaty ............................................................................................................ 6
Sendai Framework ......................................................................................................... 6
The Australia Group ...................................................................................................... 6
Trade Facilitation Agreement ........................................................................................ 6
National Committee on Trade Facilitation (NCTF)....................................................... 7
TRIPS ............................................................................................................................. 7
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations ................................................................ 7
Wassenaar Arrangement ............................................................................................... 7
International Governance ....................................................................... 7
Asian Development Bank (ADB) ................................................................................... 7
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)...............................................................8
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)..............................................................................8
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) .................................................................... 9
International Astronomical Union ................................................................................ 9
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ................................................................ 9
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) ............................... 9
International Court of Justice (ICJ) ............................................................................ 10
International Criminal Court (ICC) ............................................................................. 10
International Development Association (IDA)............................................................ 10
International Energy Agency (IEA) ............................................................................. 10
International Labor Organization (ILO) ...................................................................... 11
International Maritime Organisation ........................................................................... 11
International Seabed Authority .................................................................................... 11
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea .............................................................. 11
New Development Bank ............................................................................................... 11
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)........................................................................ 12
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea ......................................................................... 12
UNHRC ........................................................................................................................ 13
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).................... 13
World Health Organization (WHO) ............................................................................ 13
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) ..................................................... 14
World Bank .................................................................................................................. 14
World Food Programme .............................................................................................. 14
International Groups ............................................................................ 14
APEC ............................................................................................................................ 14
ASEAN ......................................................................................................................... 15
ASEM ........................................................................................................................... 16
BBIN ............................................................................................................................ 16
BCIM ............................................................................................................................ 16
BIMSTEC ..................................................................................................................... 17
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BRICS ........................................................................................................................... 17
Commonwealth of Nations .......................................................................................... 18
East Asia Summit ......................................................................................................... 18
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) ................................................................................ 19
G4 ................................................................................................................................. 19
G7 .................................................................................................................................20
G20...............................................................................................................................20
India-Africa Forum ...................................................................................................... 21
IBSA ............................................................................................................................. 21
IORA ............................................................................................................................ 21
Mekong-Ganga Cooperation ........................................................................................ 22
OPEC ............................................................................................................................ 22
OECD ........................................................................................................................... 23
RCEP ............................................................................................................................ 23
SAARC.......................................................................................................................... 24
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation............................................................................ 24
Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) .................................................................................. 25
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) ........................................... 26
International NGOs and Others............................................................. 26
African Development Bank .......................................................................................... 26
European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) ............................................... 27
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).......................................... 27
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)27
Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ...........................................................................28
EU vs EEA ....................................................................................................................28
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ............................................... 29
International Vaccine Institute (IVI) ........................................................................... 29
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)................................................................. 29
SARTTAC .....................................................................................................................30
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) ..........................................................................30
National : Constitutional ...................................................................... 30
CAG ..............................................................................................................................30
CEC .............................................................................................................................. 31
Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) ....................................................................... 31
National Commission for SC........................................................................................ 31
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) ................................................... 32
National Commission for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (NSEBC) .... 32
National : Non Constitutional................................................................ 33
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)........................................................................... 33
BCI- Bar Council of India............................................................................................. 33
Bureau of Civil Aviation Security ................................................................................. 33
CCI ............................................................................................................................... 33
Central Electricity Authority........................................................................................ 34
Central Pollution Control Board .................................................................................. 34
Central Silk Board ........................................................................................................ 34
Central Water Commission (CWC).............................................................................. 35
CIC ............................................................................................................................... 35
Chief Vigilance Commission (CVC) ............................................................................. 35
CSIR ............................................................................................................................. 35
Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) ............................................................. 36
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FSSAI ........................................................................................................................... 36
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) ......................................................... 36
Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) ............................................................ 36
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India ................................................................. 36
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-Tropics (ICRISAT) .......... 37
Law Commission of India ............................................................................................ 37
National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) ................................................. 37
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) ................................................................... 37
National Council of Senior Citizens .............................................................................38
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) .................................................................38
National Industrial Corridor Development & Implementation Trust (NICDIT) ........ 39
National Innovation Foundation ................................................................................. 39
National Regulatory Authority of India ....................................................................... 39
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) ......................................................... 40
National Water Development Agency ........................................................................ 40
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) ................................................. 40
Press Council of India .................................................................................................. 41
SHRC............................................................................................................................ 41
Securities Appellate Tribunal ...................................................................................... 41
Tea Board of India ....................................................................................................... 42
Technology Development Board (TDB)....................................................................... 42
UGC .............................................................................................................................. 42
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) ...................................................................... 43
Wildlife Institute of India (WII) .................................................................................. 43
National : NGOs .................................................................................... 43
Bombay Natural History Society (BHNS) ................................................................... 43
National Anti-Doping Agency ...................................................................................... 43
National Productivity Council (NPC) .......................................................................... 44
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) ............................................................... 44
National : PSUs and Companies ...........................................................44
NABARD ...................................................................................................................... 44
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) ................................................... 44
NHAI ............................................................................................................................ 45
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) .......................................................... 45
Solar Energy Corporation India (SECI) ....................................................................... 45
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) ........................................................... 45
Uranium Corporation of India (UCIL) ........................................................................ 45
National : Security and Forces ..............................................................46
Border Road Organisation (BRO)................................................................................ 46
Border Security Force (BSF) ........................................................................................ 46
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) ......................................................................... 46
CERT-In ....................................................................................................................... 46
CRPF ............................................................................................................................ 47
Indian Coast Guard ...................................................................................................... 47
National Security Council ............................................................................................ 47
Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) ........................................................................... 47
Strategic Forces Command (SFC)................................................................................ 47
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Hague Code-of-Conduct
What is Hague Code of Conduct?
It is a voluntary
It is legally non-binding
It is a confidence building and transparency measure
It seeks to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles that are capable of delivering weapons of mass
destruction (WMD).
Established in 2002
It does not ban ballistic missiles, but it calls for restraining their production, testing, and export.
It is the only normative instrument to verify the spread of ballistic missiles.
Austria is the administrative centre coordinating the information exchange under HCOC.
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India is a member of the IGC which was previously known as International Wheat Council.
IGC is an intergovernmental forum of exporting and importing countries, for co-operation in wheat and coarse
grain matters. It administers the Grains Trade Convention 1995.
The IGC Secretariat, based in London, also services the Food Aid Committee, established under the Food Aid
Convention.
International Grains Agreement comprises of Grains Trade Convention (GTC) and Food Aid Convention (FAC).
India is a signatory to the International Grains Agreement (IGA), 1995 and its Grain Trade Convention (GTC),
1995 which is effective from July 1, 1995.
India has been included in the category of exporting members in July, 2003 and represented in the
meetings/session of the council held from time to time.
MTCR
35 nation (India is 35th member) grouping that controls export of missile technology, including drones.
Setup in 1987 by the G7 countries
Aims to limit the proliferation of missile and other unmanned delivery systems that could be used for chemical
or nuclear attacks.
It is an informal and voluntary partnership between 35 countries which urge each other to restrict their missile
export and technologies capable of carrying a 500-kilogram payload a minimum of 300 kilometres
India has become 35th member of MTCR in June 2016
Benefits to India:
Would help India in getting access to world-class technology
It would have also allowed India to export its own technology to countries that comply with MTCR
MTCR membership would improve Indias stature among world nations, especially because India is a non-
signatory of both NPT and CTBT that are necessary for membership
India will get to play a role in decision making process of the global body; it would help India to address some of
our concerns especially with Pakistans nuclear program and promote our interest.
India can also sell Thorium which is abundant in India
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It will be a big step in opening doors for Indias entry into other nuclear regimes it is eyeing for (NSG, Australia
Group and Wassenaar Group)
Pelindaba Treaty
It is also known as African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty
It was signed in 1996 and came into force in 2009
Treaty has been ratified by 40 countries.
The treaty aims to prevent nuclear proliferation in Africa and also stops unchecked supply of Uranium to the
nuclear powers of the world.
The Treaty prohibits the research, development, manufacture, stockpiling, acquisition, testing, possession,
control or stationing of nuclear explosive devices in the territory of parties to the Treaty and the dumping of
radioactive wastes in the African zone by Treaty parties
The Treaty also prohibits any attack against nuclear installations in the zone by Treaty parties and requires them
to maintain the highest standards of physical protection of nuclear material, facilities and equipment, which are
to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes
All African Union members are the signatories of the treaty
It also requires all parties to apply full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards to all their
peaceful nuclear activities
Why in news?
o Indian wants to import Uranium from African nations and thus wants relaxation in it.
o India Civil Nuclear Agreement with Namibia is in limbo because of this treaty.
o Namibia has not ratified the agreement due to this treaty
Sendai Framework
Sendai Framework
It is a 15 year agreement
Voluntary
Non-binding
It recognizes that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk but that responsibility should be
shared with other stakeholders including local government, the private sector and other stakeholders.
The Australia Group is an informal forum of countries that seeks to ensure that exports do not contribute to
the development of chemical or biological weapons.
It was established in 1985 and presently has 42 members.
India is not a member.
TRIPS
TRIPS is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which sets down
minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulations as applied to the nationals of other WTO
Members.
It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in
1994.
TRIPS requires WTO members to provide copyright rights, covering content producers including performers,
producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations; geographical indications, including appellations
of origin; industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs; patents; new plant varieties; trademarks; trade
dress; and undisclosed or confidential information.
The agreement also specifies enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute resolution procedures.
Why in news?
Indian security agencies recently arrested a Pakistani High Commission staffer on allegations of espionage. The
charges are that he was found to be in possession of defence-related documents. Soon after the arrest, however,
he was released, declared persona non grata, and informed that he must leave India within 48 hours
Pakistan has accused India of violating the international convention for protection of diplomats
Wassenaar Arrangement
Wassenaar Arrangement was established to contribute to regional and international security and stability.
It aims to promote transparency and greater responsibility in transfer of conventional arms and dual-use goods
and technologies.
It has 41 member states and was established in 1996 as an extension of Coordination committee for
Multilateral export Controls (COCOM).
The participating states ensure that transfer of materials do not contribute to the development or enhancement
of military capabilities.
India is not a member of the Wassenaar Arrangement, but hopes to be one soon. The United States is likely to
support Indias bid.
International Governance
There has been criticism that ADB's large scale projects cause social and environmental damage due to lack of
oversight
India has about 6% voting rights (4th highest; Japan highest, USA 2nd highest)
It is owned by 67 members 48 from the region including India.
It is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally
sustainable growth, and regional integration.
Objectives:
Set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for
combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international
financial system.
Functions:
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It is a UN body
It leads international efforts to defeat hunger
Established : 1945
HQ : Rome, Italy
In theory, acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy
FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition
modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security
for all
India is a member of FAO
Established in 1957
HQ : Vienna, Austria
It seeks to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to prohibit its use for any military purpose, including
manufacturing of nuclear weapons
It reports to the UNGA and the UNSC (although it is an independent body)
IAEA :
o Promotes development of peaceful applications of nuclear technology,
o provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials, and
o promote nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and nuclear security standards and their
implementation
Three main areas of work that underpin the IAEA's mission are:
o Safety and Security;
o Science and Technology; and
o Safeguards and Verification
The IAEA executes this mission with three main functions:
o the inspection of existing nuclear facilities to ensure their peaceful use,
o providing information and developing standards to ensure the safety and security of nuclear facilities, and
o as a hub for the various fields of science involved in the peaceful applications of nuclear technology
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Following the reconstruction of Europe, the Bank's mandate expanded to advancing worldwide economic
development and eradicating poverty
The IBRD provides commercial-grade or concessional financing to sovereign states to fund projects that
seek to
o improve transportation and infrastructure,
o education,
o domestic policy,
o environmental consciousness,
o energy investments,
o healthcare,
o access to food and potable water, and
o access to improved sanitation
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Located in Paris
Autonomous intergovernmental organization
Established in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis
The IEA was initially dedicated to responding to physical disruptions in the supply of oil, as well as serving as an
information source on statistics about the international oil market and other energy sectors.
The IEA acts as a policy adviser to its member states, but also works with non-member countries,
especially China, India, and Russia
India is not a member
The Agency's mandate has broadened to focus on the "3Es" of effectual energy policy:
o energy security,
o economic development, and
o environmental protection
The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational
energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation
It is an intergovernmental body that organizes, regulates and control all mineral (non-living resources)
related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
HQ : Jamaica
It functions under the aegis of the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
It has an observer status to UN
Why in news? India extended contract with ISA to explore Polymetallic Nodules in Indian Ocean
It is an intergovernmental organisation
Created by UNCLOS in 1982 (Came in force in 1994)
It established an international framework for law over "all ocean space, its uses and resources"
Based in Hamburg, Germany
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Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50
billion
Unlike the World Bank, which assigns votes based on capital shares, here each participant country will be
assigned one vote, and no country will have veto power
Countries apart from the BRICS countries will also be members- the bank will have some countries from the
south on a rotational basis, on the board of the bank, and they will be allowed to vote
The bank will allow new members to join but the share of BRICS countries cannot drop below 55%
HQ : Shanghai, China
Formed in 2015
The first regional office of the NDB will be opened in Johannesburg, South Africa
K V Kamath is its President
What will NDB do?
o the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and
other financial instruments.
o shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities, and provide technical
assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank
It is an international organisation
HQ : The Hague, The Netherlands
Established in 1899
It is not a court and does not have permanent judges.
The PCA is a permanent bureaucracy that assists temporary tribunals to resolve disputes among states (and
similar entities), intergovernmental organizations, or even private parties arising out of international
agreements.
The cases span a range of legal issues involving territorial and maritime boundaries, sovereignty, human rights,
international investment, and international and regional trade.
The decision of the arbitrators is binding in all cases on the parties.
Why in news? In its interim ruling, the UNs Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled that Sergeant
Salvatore Girone (Italian Marine) be allowed to return home until the dispute is resolved through arbitration
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UNHRC
It is an inter-governmental
governmental body within the United Nations system
It is responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for
addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them.
It meets at the UN Office at Geneva.
The Council is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly.
The term of each seat is three years, and no member may occupy a seat for more than two consecutive terms.
The council works closely with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and engages the United
Nations special procedures.
The General Assembly can suspend the rights and privileges of any Council member that it decides has
persistently committed gross and systematic violations of human rights during its term of membership. The
suspension process requires a two--thirds majority vote by the General Assembly.
UNCITRAL was established by the UN General Assembly in 1966 to promote the progressive harmonisation and
unification of international trade law.
It iss the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law.
It also aims to modernize and harmonize rules on international business.
The Commission comprises 60 member States elected by the United Nations General Assembly fo for a term of six
years. Membership is structured to ensure representation of the worlds various geographic regions and its
principal economic and legal systems.
India is a founding member of UNCITRAL.
India is only one of eight countries which have been a member of UNCITRAL since its inception. Last year, it
was re-elected
elected for a term of six years (2016-2022).
(2016
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World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital
programs.
It comprises of two institutions:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA).
The World Bank is one of the five components of the World Bank Group, which is part of the United Nations system.
International Groups
APEC
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Latest Summit:
Pasay, Metro Manila (Philippines),, Nov 2015
Lima, Peru, Nov 2016
ASEAN
Latest Summit:
Kuala Lampur (Malaysia), Nov 2015
ASEM
BBIN
BBIN stands for Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal
It is a sub-regional
regional architecture of these 4 countries
Aims to formulate, implement and review quadrilateral agreements across areas such as water resources
management, connectivity of power, transport, and infrastructure
BCIM
BCIM stands for Bangladesh-China
China-India-Myanmar
It is a sub-regional organisation
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It aims at greater integration of trade and investment between the four countries
BCIM economic corridor is an initiative conceptualised for significant gains through sub sub-regional economic
cooperation within the BCIM.
The multi-modal
modal corridor will be the first expressway between India and China and will pass through Myanmar
and Bangladesh
BCIM evolved from Kunming
Kunming Initiative
Initiative (A platform in 1990s)
BIMSTEC
BIMSTEC stands for Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
It is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia.
7 members :
o Bangladesh
o India
o Myanmar
o Sri Lanka
o Thailand
o Bhutan
o Nepal
Established in 1997 in Bangkok
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand were founding members
HQ : Dhaka, Bangladesh
The main objective of BIMSTEC is technological and economic cooperation among south Asian and south east
Asian countries along the coast of the bay of Bengal . Commerce, investment, technology, tourism, human
resource development, agriculture, fisheries, transport and communication, textiles, leather etc. have been
included in it
BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship
Bhutan has never been chairman (Skipped itself)
Current chairmanship : Nepal
Map:
Latest Summit:
Third Summit was held in Nay Pyi Taw,
Taw Myanmar in March 2014.
BRICS
BRICS is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Originally it was BRIC (S. Africa included in 2010). Term coined in 2001
Members are :
o Major emerging national economies
o Developing or newly industrialised nations
o G 20 members
First formal summit was held in 2009 in Russia
Formed in 2011
It encourages commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations
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Latest Summit:
8th Summit Goa, October 2016
2017 (9th) Summit will be held in China
7th Summit, Russia, July 2015
Commonwealth of Nations
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Latest Summit:
Kuala Lampur (Malaysia), Nov 2015
G4
Members : India, Brazil, Germany and Japan
All members support each otherss bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council
2004
Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent
non permanent members of the council since the
UN's establishment.
Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable
to the permanent members (P5)
G4 campaigns for U.N. Reforms, including more representation for developing countries
countries, both in the
permanent and non-permanent
permanent categories, in the UNSC
France supports inclusion of G4 and an African representative as permanent member with no objection to the
veto power being extended to new permanent members. UK supports G4 as new members but without veto
power.
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G7
The Group of 7 (G7) is a group consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and
the United States.
The European Union is also represented within the G7.
These countries are the seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund.
G7 countries represent more than 64% of the net global wealth
Common denominator among members is the economy and long-term term political motives
Latest Summit:
Kashiko Island (Japan), May 2016
G20
It is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies.
Founded in 1999
Its aim was to review policy decisions to enhance international financial stability
It now deliberates on global economic issues and other important development challenges.
First Head of State Summit was held in 2008 (Due to Economic Crisis)
20 Members ( EU U + 19 Countries) :
o Argentina,
o Australia,
o Brazil,
o Canada,
o China,
o France,
o Germany,
o India,
o Indonesia,
o Italy,
o Japan,
o South Korea,
o Mexico,
o Russia,
o Saudi Arabia,
o South Africa,
o Turkey,
o United Kingdom and
o United States
G20 economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or, if excluding
EU intra-trade, 75%), and two-thirds
thirds of the world population
G20 replaced G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations
Map: (Blue : members, Pink : Guests)
Latest Summit:
Hangzhou, China in September 2016
In 2017, will be held in Hamburg, Germany
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India-Africa Forum
India Africa Summit
The IndiaAfrica
Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is the official platform for the African--Indian relations.
Started in 2008
Intergovernmental attempt to give direction and thrust to bilateral synergy
Summits: 2008 (New Delhi); 2011 (Addis Adaba) ; 2015 (New Delhi)
Summit 2015
Delhi Declaration
Infrastructure building - "Cairo
Cairo to cape town, Marrakesh to Mombassa"
Mombassa
Credit at concessional rates of $10 billion over 5 years (in addition to 4.7 billion that India had already pledged
since 2008)
Grant
rant assistance of $600 million (India-Africa
(India dev fund , India-Africa Health fund)
IBSA
IBSA stands for India-Brazil-South
South Africa
South-South cooperation
All Developing Democracies
The forum provides the three countries with a platform to engage in discussions for cooperation in the field of
agriculture, trade, culture, and defence among others.
IBSA was formalised and launched through
throu the adoption of the Brasilia
Brasilia Declaration
Declaration in 2003
Brasilia Declaration (2003) : Approved urgent need for reforms in the United Nations, especially
the Security Council.
IORA
Factual Information:
The 2017 Indian-Ocean
Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Summit (March 5-7,
7, 2017) was the first IORA Summit
Summit.
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Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
Established in 2000
It comprises six member :
o India,
o Thailand,
o Myanmar,
o Cambodia,
o Laos and
o Vietnam
They emphasised four areas of cooperation:
o tourism,
o culture,
o education, and
o transportation
The organization takes its name from the Ganga and the Mekong,, two large rivers in the region
Map:
OPEC
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OECD
RCEP
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RCEP potentially includes more than 3 billion people or 45% of the worldss population, and a combined GDP of
about $21.3 trillion, accounting for about 40 percent of world trade
The combined GDP of potentialtial of RCEP members surpassed the combined GDP of Trans-Pacific
Partnership (TPP) members in 2007.
Map:
SAARC
SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
It is regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union in South Asia.
Founded in Dhaka in 1985
Secretariat : Kathmandu
8 Members:
o Afghanistan (Joined in 2007)
o Bhutan
o Bangladesh
o India
o Pakistan
o Nepal
o Sri Lanka
o Maldives
Myanmar and China are not its members
Nine observer states: Australia, China, European Union, Japan, Iran, Mauritius, Myanmar, South Korea, and
United States.
SAARC compromises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 9.12% of the global economy, as
of 2015
The organization promotes development economics and regional integration
SAFTA : South Asia Free Trade Agreement was launched in 2006
Map: (Dark : members; Light : Observer status)
Latest Summit:
Kathmandu, Nepal in 2014
2016 Summit to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan
Shang
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
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Latest Summit:
Ufa (Russia), July 2015
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 2016
o Vietnam
The agreement covers 40% of the worlds economy
India is not a part of this.
Map: (Orange : members; Blue : Potential members)
It is a proposed trade agreement between the European Union and the United States
Aims to promote trade and multilateral economic growth
Its main three broad areas are:
o market access;
o specific regulation; and
o broader rules and principles and modes of co-operation
co
It is under negotiation
Map:
International
nternational NGOs and Others
The African Development Bank (AfDB) was established in 1963 with a view to promote the Economic
Development and social progress of its regional members.
India became member of the African Development Bank (AfDB) in 1983.
The Union Finance Minister and Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance are the
Governor and Alternate Governor of the Bank respectively.
Why in news? India will be hosting the next Annual Meetings of the African Development Bank (A(AfDB) Group
in Ahmedabad in May 2017
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Why in news?
It received $460-million to develop vaccines against 3 emerging highly-contagious and fatal diseases.
These three diseases are Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-coronavirus, Lassa fever, and Nipah virus.
The CCAMLR was established by international convention in 1982 with the objective of conserving Antarctic
marine life.
It is part of the Antarctic Treaty System.
It was signed by 14 states and has been ratified by 35 states (including India) and the European Community
Headquarters: Tasmania, Australia.
Goal: Preserve marine life and environmental integrity in and near Antarctica
The CCAMLR was established in response to increasing commercial interest in Antarctic krill resources, a
keystone component of the Antarctic ecosystem and over-exploitation of several other marine resources in the
Southern Ocean
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EU vs EEA
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 countries. It operates an internal (or
single) market which allows free movement of goods, capital, services and people between member states
The EU countries are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK
The EEA includes EU countries and also Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. It allows them to be part of
the EUs single market
Switzerland is neither an EU nor EEA member
What is EEA?
o EEA provides for the free movement of persons, goods, services and capital within the internal market of
the European Union (EU).
o The EEA was established on 1 January 1994 upon entry into force of the EEA Agreement
Why in news? After Brexit, UK has an option to be part of EEA
Map:
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IVI is an international non-profit organization devoted to developing and introducing new and improved
vaccines to protect the people, especially children, against deadly infectious diseases.
It was established in 1997 on the initiatives of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Its work is exclusively on vaccine development and introduction specifically for people in developing countries,
with a focus on neglected diseases affecting these regions.
Currently, IVI has 40 countries and the World Health Organization (WHO) as signatories to its Establishment
Agreement.
Why in news? India has become full-time member of IVI
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SARTTAC
SARTTAC stands for South Asia Training and Technical Assistance Centre
Opened by IMF
Located in New Delhi
It purpose is economic capacity building in South Asia.
It will work to support local member countries of South Asia viz. India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal
and Sri Lanka to build human and institutional capacity and implement policies for growth and poverty
reduction
SARTTAC is financed mainly by its six member South Asia countries (mentioned above) with additional support
from Australia, South Korea, European Union and United Kingdom.
It strategic goal is to help its member countries strengthen their institutional and human capacity to design and
implement macroeconomic and financial policies that promote growth and reduce poverty.
It will allow the IMF to meet more of the high demand for technical assistance and training from the region.
It is expected to become the focal point for the delivery of IMF capacity development services to South Asia.
National : Constitutional
CAG
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is an authority, established by the Constitution of India
under article 148.
CAG audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of
bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government.
The CAG is also the external auditor of Government-owned corporations and conducts supplementary audit of
government companies, i.e., any non-banking/ non-insurance company in which the state and Union
governments have an equity share of at least 51% or subsidiary companies of existing government companies.
The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees (PACs) and Committees
on Public Undertakings (COPUs), which are special committees in the Parliament of India and the state
legislatures.
The CAG enjoys the same status as a judge of Supreme Court of India in Indian order of precedence.
Appointment: CAG is appointed by the President of India following a recommendation by the Prime Minister. On
appointment, he/she has to make an oath or affirmation before the President of India.
Removal: The CAG can be removed only on an address from both house of parliament on the ground of proved
misbehaviour or incapacity.The CAG vacates the office on attaining the age of 65 years age even without
completing the 6 years term.
The present constitutional structure ensures independence of the CAG to go into the entire gamut of audit
functions where public interest is involved.
It is useful to draw the publics attention to Article 324 of the Constitution, which fully empowers the Election
Commission of India (ECI) to superintend, direct and control the election of the President, the Vice-President and
the legislatures, both at the Centre and in the States. Apropos the elections, the powers of the ECI are absolute
and even litigation before the judiciary can only come after the completion of the election process.
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In most Commonwealth countries, the legislative auditor is the Auditor-General, whose office is a core element of
parliamentary oversight, and he or she reports directly to Parliament and to the PAC. In some instances, the
Auditor-General is an officer of Parliament, with the latter guaranteeing him independence from the executive (as
in the case of Australia and the U.K.) while in some other instances, he or she is independent of both the executive
and the legislature, as in the case of India.
CEC
The President of India (based on a recommendation from incumbent Govt of India) appoints the Chief Election
Commissioner. Conventionally, senior-most Election Commissioner is appointed as CEC(no collegium like for
CIC/ CVC)
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Composition:
The Commission consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson and three other members.
They are appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
Their conditions of service and tenure of office are also determined by the president.
The commission presents an annual report to the president.
NCST is constitutional body set up under Article 338A added through Constitution (89th Amendment)
Act, 2003.
It was bifurcated from erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The First commission was constituted on 2004 with Kunwar singh as the chairperson.
Composition:
o Chairperson,
o A Vice-Chairperson and
o Three full-time Members (including one lady Member).
All of them have tenure of three years from the date of assumption of charge.
Functions:
o Investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the STs under the Constitution
or under any other law or under any order of the Government and evaluate the working of such
safeguards.
o Inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of STs.
o Participate and advise in planning process of socio-economic development of the STs and to evaluate the
progress of their development under the Centre and any State;
o Present before President, annually reports upon the working of those safeguards.
o It has to recommend measures to be taken by Governments for effective implementation of those
safeguards and other measures for the protection, welfare and socio-economic development STs.
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Some concerns:
The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) was initially set up as a Cell in the DGCA in January 1978 on the
recommendation of the Pande Committee.
The BCAS was reorganized into an independent department under the Ministry of Civil Aviation on 1st April,
1987 following the 1985 bombing of Air India Flight 182.
The main responsibilities of BCAS include laying down standards and measures with respect to security of civil
flights at international and domestic airports in India.
a. Laying down Aviation Security Standards in accordance with Annex 17 to Chicago Convention of ICAO for
airport operators, airlines operators, and their security agencies responsible for implementing Aviation
Security measures
b. Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all
competencies required to perform their duties.
c. Surprise/Dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of security staff.
d. Mock exercise to test efficacy of Contingency Plans and operational preparedness of the various agencies.
CCI
Competition Commission of India is a body of the Government of India responsible for enforcing The Competition Act,
2002 throughout India and to prevent activities that have an adverse effect on competition in India. It was established
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The objectives of the Act are sought to be achieved through the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
CCI consists of a Chairperson and 6 Members appointed by the Central Government.
The duty of the Commission is to eliminate practices having adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain
competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.
The Commission is also required to give opinion on competition issues on a reference received from a statutory
authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart
training on competition issues.
The Competition Act, 2002 prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position by enterprises
and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of control and Merger and acquisition), which causes or
likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.
To achieve its objectives, the Competition Commission of India endeavours to do the following:
Make the markets work for the benefit and welfare of consumers.
Ensure fair and healthy competition in economic activities in the country for faster and inclusive growth and
development of economy.
Implement competition policies with an aim to effectuate the most efficient utilization of economic resources.
Develop and nurture effective relations and interactions with sectoral regulators to ensure smooth alignment of
sectoral regulatory laws in tandem with the competition law.
Effectively carry out competition advocacy and spread the information on benefits of competition among all
stakeholders to establish and nurture competition culture in Indian economy.
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) is a statutory organization constituted under Section 3 (1) of the
repealed Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and continued under Section 70 of the Electricity Act, 2003.
It was established as a part time body in 1951 and made a full time body in the year 1975. As per Section 70 (3) of
the Electricity Act, 2003, the authority shall consist of not more than 14 members, including its chairperson of
whom not more than eight shall be full time members to be appointed by the Central Government.
The CEA is headed by a chairperson who, as the Chief Executive of the authority, oversees largely the
development of power sector in the country.
It advises the government on matters relating to the National Electricity Policy (NEP) and formulates short-term
and perspective plans for the development of electricity systems.
It is the designated authority for cross border trade of electricity.
It also prescribes the standards on matters such as construction of electrical plants, electric lines and
connectivity to the grid, safety and grid standards and installation and operation of meters.
It is also responsible for concurrence of hydro power development schemes of central, state and private sectors
for efficient development of river and its tributaries for power generation.
CIC
Central Information Commission:
The Central Information Commission (CIC) is set up under the Right to Information Act and is the authorised body,
established in 2005, under the Government of India.
The Chief Information Commissioner heads the Central Information Commission. CIC hears appeals from
information-seekers who have not been satisfied by the public authority, and also addresses major issues
concerning the RTI Act.
The Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners are appointed by the President on the
recommendation of a committee consisting of
The Prime Minister, who shall be the Chairperson of the committee.
The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
A Union Cabinet Minister to be nominated by the Prime Minister.
CSIR
Established
26th September, 1942
Chairperson
Prime Minister of India
About:
It is an autonomous body and the largest research and development (R&D) organisation in India running 37
laboratories and 39 field stations or extension centres.
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Although it is mainly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it operates as an autonomous body
registered under the Registration of Societies Act, 1860.
The research and development activities of CSIR includes aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean
sciences, Life sciences, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environment.
Latest developments
CSIR has been asked in 2016, to aim to self-generate half of its budget from its portfolio of inventions as well
encourage its staff scientists to become entrepreneurs and start companies of their own.
FSSAI
FSSAI is a nodal statutory agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health in India through the
regulation and supervision of food safety.
FSSAI was established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 and operates under aegis of Union
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
ICAR is an autonomous body responsible for co-ordinating agricultural education and research in India.
It is the largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.
It reports to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education under the Union Ministry of Agriculture.
The Union Minister of Agriculture serves as its president.
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About
The Law Commission of India is a non-statutory body constituted by the Government of India from time to
time.
The Commission was originally constituted in 1955 and is re-constituted every three years.
The tenure of the 20th Law Commission was upto 31st August, 2015.
Various Law Commissions have been able to make important contribution towards the progressive development
and codification of laws of the country. Law Commissions have so far submitted 262 reports.
Composition
a full-time Chairperson;
four full-time Members (including a Member-Secretary);
Secretary, Department of Legal Affairs as ex officio Member;
Secretary, Legislative Department as ex officio Member; and
not more than five part-time Members.
Functions
Undertake research in law and review of existing laws in India for making reforms therein and enacting new
legislations.
Undertake studies and research for bringing reforms in the justice delivery systems for elimination of delay in
procedures, speedy disposal of cases, reduction in cost of litigation etc.
Identify laws which are no longer relevant and recommend for the repeal of obsolete and unnecessary
enactments.
Suggest enactment of new legislations as may be necessary to implement the Directive Principles and to attain
the objectives set out in the Preamble of the Constitution.
Prepare and submit to the Central Government, from time to time, reports on all issues, matters, studies and
research undertaken by it and recommend in such reports for effective measures to be taken by the Union or any
State.
The NCSK was established in 1994 to deal with the grievances of persons engaged in manual scavenging.
It has a sanctioned strength of four members and a chairperson.
It is statutory body established under National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act, 1993.
It aims to promote and safeguard the interests and rights of Safai Karamcharis.
Its mandate is to study, evaluate and monitor the implementation of various schemes for Safai Karamcharis as
an autonomous organisation.
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The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is a quasi-judicial body in India that adjudicates issues relating to
companies in India.
Established
Composition
President (Justice M.M. Kumar) and judicial and technical members, as necessary.
Structure
The NCLT has eleven benches, two at New Delhi (one being the principal bench) and one each at Ahmedabad,
Allahabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.
The NCLT has been given wide powers under the Companies Act, 2013 to adjudicate:
Cases initiated before the Company Law Board under the previous act (Companies Act, 1956)
All proceedings pending before any District court or High Court under the Old Act
Cases pending before the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), including those pending
under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985
Appeals or any other proceedings pending before the Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial
Reconstruction (AAIFR)
Fresh proceedings pertaining to claims of oppression and mismanagement of a company, winding up of
companies and all other powers prescribed under the Companies Act.
In addition, the recently enacted Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Bankruptcy Code), also provides wide
powers to the NCLT to adjudicate upon the 'insolvency resolution process' and liquidation of corporate debtors.
Background:
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has made the statutory provisions for constitution of National Disaster
Response Force (NDRF) for the purpose of specialized response to natural and man-made disasters.
Two national calamities in quick succession in the form of Orissa Super Cyclone (1999) and Gujarat Earthquake
(2001) brought about the realization of the need of having a specialist response mechanism at National Level to
effectively respond to disasters. This realization led to the enactment of the DM Act on 26 Dec 2005.
NICDIT will be the apex body to oversee integrated development of all industrial corridors across the country. It will
implement all the five proposed industrial corridors, together covering 15 States.
About NICDIT:
NICDIT will function under the administrative control of Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP)
i.e. Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
It will also coordinate all efforts of Union Government for the development of industrial corridor projects and
will monitor their implementation.
It will help in bringing in holistic planning and development approach and sharing the learning from
development of industrial corridors.
It has been given permission to utilise financial assistance already sanctioned and an additional sanctioned
amount of Rs 1,584 crore within the extended period up to 31 March, 2022.
Besides, an Apex Monitoring Authority will be constituted under the chairpersonship of the Finance Minister to
periodically review the activities of NICDIT and progress of the projects.
It will consist of Minister of Commerce & Industry, Minister of Railways, Minister of Road Transport &
Highways, Minister of Shipping, Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog and Chief Ministers of states concerned as
members.
NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology, Union Ministry of Science and
Technology.
It was set up in February 2000 to provide institutional support for scouting, sustaining, spawning and scaling up
the grassroots innovations across the country.
Since then, it has been actively engaged in promoting creativity and innovation in society.
It has taken major initiatives to serve knowledge-rich but economically poor people of the country.
It is committed to making India innovative by documenting, adding value, protecting IPR of contemporary
unaided technological innovators as well as of outstanding traditional knowledge-holders and disseminating
their innovations on non-commercial and commercial basis
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NTCA is a statutory body under the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change.
It was provided statutory status by the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 which had amended
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
It addresses the administrative as well as ecological concerns for conserving tigers, by providing a statutory basis
for protection of tiger reserves.
It also provides strengthened institutional mechanisms for the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and
endangered species.
It ensures enforcing of guidelines for tiger conservation and monitoring compliance of the same.
It also places motivated and trained officers having good track record as Field Directors of tiger reserves.
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was set up as per the NCBC Act, 1993 in pursuance to the
Supreme Court judgement in the Indra Sawhney case (1992).
It is statutory body
The commission has five members:
1. a Chairperson who is or has been a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court;
2. a social scientist;
3. two persons, who have special knowledge in matters relating to backward classes; and
4. a Member-Secretary, who is or has been an officer of the Central Government in the rank of a Secretary to
the Government of India.
Their term is of Three years.
The commission considers inclusions in and exclusions from the lists of communities notified as backward for
the purpose of job reservations and tenders the needful advice to the Central Government.
It examines requests for inclusion of any class of citizens as a backward class in the lists of OBCs.
It also hears complaints of under-inclusion or over-inclusion of any backward class in such lists and tenders
such advice to the Union Government as it deems appropriate.
The advice of the NCBC is ordinarily binding upon the Union Government
This Commission will be replaced by a constitutional body now i.e. National Commission for Socially
and Educationally Backward Classes (NSEBC)
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SHRC
Issue:
The Centre has told the Supreme Court that Delhi cannot have a State Human Rights Commission as it is a Union
Territory and not a State. It says, Delhi has to continue without an SHRC until Parliament amends the law."
Basics:
The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 provides for the creation of not only the National Human Rights
Commission but also a State Human Rights Commission at the state level.
Jurisdiction:
A State Human Rights Commission can inquire into violation of human rights only in respect of subjects mentioned in
the State List (List-II) and the Concurrent List (List-III) of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. However, if any
such case is already being inquired into by the National Human Rights Commission or any other Statutory
Commission, then the State Human Rights Commission does not inquire into that case.
Composition:
The State Human Rights Commission is a multi-member body consisting of a chairperson and two members.
The chairperson should be a retired Chief Justice of a High Court and members should be a serving or retired
judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years of experience as District
Judge and a person having knowledge or practical experience with respect to human rights.
The chairperson and members are appointed by the Governor on the recommendations of a committee
consisting of the chief minister as its head, the speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the state home minister and
the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Assembly.
In the case of a state having Legislative Council, the chairman of the Council and the leader of the opposition in
the Council would also be the members of the committee.
A sitting judge of a High Court or a sitting District Judge can be appointed only after consultation with the Chief
Justice of the High Court of the concerned state.
Term:
The chairperson and members hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70 years,
whichever is earlier.
After their tenure, the chairperson and members are not eligible for further employment under a state
government or the Central government.
Securities Appellate Tribunal is a statutory body established under the provisions of Section 15K of the Securities
and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992
Its task is to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India or
by an adjudicating officer under the Act
It also exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on the Tribunal by or under this Act or any other
law for the time being in force.
It covers the whole of India.
Why in news? It quashed a SEBI order for giving different punishment to different companies for same offence.
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Functions:
The Tea Board India is responsible for the assignment of certification numbers to exports of certain tea
merchants. This certification is intended to ensure the teas origin, which in turn would reduce the amount of
fraudulent labelling on rare teas.
The Tea Board Indias tasks include endorsement of the diverse production and productivity of tea, financial
support of research organisations and the monitoring of advances in tea packaging as it relates to health
beneficial aspects.
It coordinates research institutes, the tea trade and government bodies, ensuring the technical support of the tea
trade in the global industry.
TDB is a statutory body established under Technology Development Board Act, 1995.
Its mandate is to promote development and commercialisation of indigenous technology and adaptation of
imported technology for wider application.
It consists of 11 Board members.
The board plays a pro-active role by encouraging enterprises to take up technology oriented products.
The Union Government had reconstituted the board in March 2000.
It is the first organization of its kind within the government framework with the sole objective of
commercializing the fruit of indigenous research.
It provides financial assistance to research and development institutions and equity capital or loans to industrial
concerns.
NOTE: TDB can be used in answers related to Make in India, Innovation etc.
UGC
Statutory body
Set up in 1956
It is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education.
It provides recognition to universities in India, and disburses funds to such recognized universities and colleges.
Previously, UGC was formed in 1946 to oversee the work of the three Central Universities of Aligarh, Banaras
and, Delhi. In 1947, the Committee was entrusted with the responsibility of dealing with all the then existing
Universities.
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After independence, the University Education Commission was set up in 1948 under the Chairmanship of S.
Radhakrishnan and it recommended that the UGC be reconstituted on the general model of the University
Grants Commission of the United Kingdom.
The UGC was however, formally established in November 1956, by an Act of Parliament as a statutory body of
the Government of India.
Functions:
Under Section 38 (Z) of WLPA, 1972, it is mandated to collect and collate intelligence related to organized
wildlife crime and disseminate it to state and other enforcement agencies for immediate action.
It assist foreign authorities and international organization concerned to facilitate co-ordination and universal
action for wildlife crime control.
It is tasked with capacity building of the wildlife crime enforcement agencies for scientific and professional
investigation into wildlife crimes and assist states to ensure success in wildlife crimes prosecutions.
It advises Union Government on issues relating to wildlife crimes having national and international
ramifications, relevant policy and laws.
It also assists and advises the Customs authorities in inspection of the consignments of flora & fauna as per the
provisions of Wild Life Protection Act, CITES and EXIM Policy governing such an item.
Functions:
It conducts specialised research in areas of study like Endangered Species, Biodiversity, Wildlife Management,
Wildlife Policy, Wildlife Forensics, Habitat Ecology, Spatial Modelling, Ecodevelopment, and Climate Change.
National : NGOs
BNHS is one of the largest non-governmental organisations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity
research.
It was founded on 15 September 1883 and headquartered at Hornbill House, Mumbai.
It supports many research efforts through grants and publishes the Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society.
Department of Science and Technology has designated it as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
TERI is a non-profit research institution that conducts research work in the fields of energy, environment and
sustainable development.
Established in 1974 as Tata Energy Research Institute and was renamed The Energy and Resources Institute in
2003.
Focus: It aims to focus on formulating local and national level strategies for shaping global solutions to critical
issues.
NABARD
Recent Amendments:
Amendments in Act to increase authorized capital of NABARD from Rs. 5,000 crore to Rs. 30,000 crore and
further increase it beyond Rs. 30,000 crore in consultation with RBI, as deemed necessary from time to time.
It also includes certain other amendments including changes in long title and certain sections to bring
Handlooms and Medium Enterprises in NABARDs mandate.
Transfer of 0.4% equity of RBI in NABARD amounting to Rs. 20 crores, to the Union Government.
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NHPC is enterprise of Central Government incorporated with an objective to plan, promote and organise an
integrated and efficient development of hydroelectric power in all aspects.
Established: 1975 Headquarters: Faridabad, Haryana.
Besides, hydroelectric power the company has expanded its objects to include other sources of energy like Solar,
Geothermal, Tidal, Wind etc.
At present, NHPC is a Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise of the Central Government with an authorised share
capital of Rs. 1,50,000 Million
NHAI
NHAI is an autonomous agency of the Union Government, responsible for management of a network of over
70,000 km of national highways in India.
It was established through National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988.
In February 1995, it was formally made an autonomous body.
It is a nodal agency of the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
It is responsible for the development, management, operation and maintenance of National Highways.
SECI is a not-for-profit company established in 2011 under Section-25 of the Companies Act 1956
It comes under the direction of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
It is a facilitation and implementation institution dedicated to Solar Energy sector
Established in 1997
Established by an Act of Parliament, called the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997
Aims to regulate telecom services, including fixation/revision of tariffs for telecom services which were earlier
vested in the Central Government.
The TRAI Act was amended by an ordinance, effective from 24 January 2000, establishing a
Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to take over the adjudicatory and
disputes functions from TRAI.
TDSAT was set up to adjudicate any dispute between a licensor and a licensee, between two or more service
providers, between a service provider and a group of consumers, and to hear and dispose of appeals against any
direction, decision or order of TRAI
UCIL is a centrally owned Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under the Department of Atomic Energy for
uranium mining and uranium processing.
It was founded in 1967
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CERT-In
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CRPF
CRPF is the largest central armed police force or paramilitary force in India.
It functions under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
Its primary role is to assist States/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and contain
insurgency.
It was established in 1939, under Crown Representatives Police but after independence it was made statutory
CRPF after enactment of the CRPF Act, 1949.
At present, CRPF is the worlds largest paramilitary force with 228 battalions and over three lakh personnel.
The SFC is a tri-Service command that forms part of Indias Nuclear Command Authority (NCA).
It was created on January 4, 2003 by an executive order of Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) headed by then
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Function: It is responsible for the management and administration of the countrys tactical and strategic
nuclear weapons stockpile.
It is headed by a Commander-in-Chief of the rank of Air Marshal.
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