20h 37 m 12 s, +42 01 48

Cygnus (constellation) Coordinates :

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cygnus /sns/ is a northern constellation lying on the

plane of the Milky Way, deriving its name from the Latinized Cygnus
Greek word for swan. The swan is one of the most Constellation
recognizable constellations of the northern summer and
autumn, and it features a prominent asterism known as the
Northern Cross (in contrast to the Southern Cross). Cygnus
was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century
astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern
constellations.

Cygnus contains Deneb, one of the brightest stars in the

night sky and one corner of the Summer Triangle, as well as
some notable X-ray sources and the giant stellar association
of Cygnus OB2. One of the stars of this association, NML
Cygni, is one of the largest stars currently known. The
constellation is also home to Cygnus X-1, a distant X-ray
binary containing a supergiant and unseen massive
companion that was the first object widely held to be a black
hole. Many star systems in Cygnus have known planets as a
result of the Kepler Mission observing one patch of the sky,
the patch is the area around Cygnus. In addition, most of the List of stars in Cygnus
eastern part of Cygnus is dominated by the HerculesCorona Abbreviation Cyg
Borealis Great Wall, a giant galaxy filament that is the
largest known structure in the observable universe; covering Genitive Cygni
most of the northern sky. Pronunciation /sns/, genitive
/sna/
Symbolism the Swan or Northern
Contents Cross
Right ascension 20.62
1 History and mythology
1.1 In western-classic astronomy Declination +42.03
1.2 In non-western astronomy Quadrant NQ4
2 Characteristics
3 Features Area 804 sq. deg. (16th)
3.1 Stars Main stars 9
3.2 Deep-sky objects
Bayer/Flamsteed 84
4 See also
5 References stars
6 Bibliography Stars with planets 97
7 External links
Stars brighter than 3.00m 4
Stars within 10.00 pc 1
History and mythology (32.62 ly)
Brightest star Deneb ( Cyg) (1.25m)
In western-classic astr onomy Nearest star 61 Cyg
(11.36 ly, 3.48 pc)
In Greek mythology, Cygnus has been identified with several
different legendary swans. Zeus disguised himself as a swan Messier objects 2
to seduce Leda, Spartan king Tyndareus's wife, who gave Meteor showers October Cygnids
birth to the Gemini, Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra;[1]
 Orpheus Kappa Cygnids
was
Bordering Cepheus
constellations Draco
Lyra
Vulpecula
Pegasus
Lacerta
Visible at latitudes between + 90 and 40.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of
September.
Cygnus as depicted in Urania's Mirror, a set of
constellation cards published in London c.1825. transformed into a swan after his murder, and was said to
Surrounding it are Lacerta, Vulpecula and Lyra. have been placed in the sky next to his lyre (Lyra); and the
King Cygnus was transformed into a swan.

The Greeks also associated this constellation with the tragic story of Phaethon, the son of Helios the sun god,
who demanded to ride his father's sun chariot for a day. Phaethon, however, was unable to control the reins,
forcing Zeus to destroy the chariot (and Phaethon) with a thunderbolt, causing it to plummet to the earth into
the river Eridanus. According to the myth, Phaethon's brother, Cycnus, grieved bitterly and spent many days
diving into the river to collect Phaethon's bones to give him a proper burial. The gods were so touched by
Cycnus's devotion to his brother that they turned him into a swan and placed him among the stars.[2]

In Ovid's Metamorphoses, there are three people named Cygnus, all of whom are transformed into swans.
Alongside Cycnus, noted above, he mentions a boy from Tempe who commits suicide when Phyllius refuses to
give him a tamed bull that he demands, but is transformed into a swan and flies away. He also mentions a son
of Neptune who is an invulnerable warrior in the Trojan War who is eventually defeated by Achilles, but
Neptune saves him by transforming him into a swan.

Together with other avian constellations near the summer solstice, Vultur cadens and Aquila, Cygnus may be a
significant part of the origin of the myth of the Stymphalian Birds, one of The Twelve Labours of Hercules.[3]

In non-western astr onomy

In Polynesia, Cygnus was often recognized as a separate constellation. In Tonga it was called Tuula-lupe, and in
the Tuamotus it was called Fanui-tai. Deneb was also often given a name. The name Deneb comes from the
Arabic name dhaneb, meaning "tail", from the phrase Dhanab ad-Dajjah, which means the tail of the hen.[4]
In New Zealand it was called Mara-tea, in the Society Islands it was called Pirae-tea or Taurua-i-te-haapa-raa-
manu, and in the Tuamotus it was called Fanui-raro. Beta Cygni was named in New Zealand; it was likely
called Whetu-kaupo. Gamma Cygni was called Fanui-runga in the Tuamotus.[5]

Characteristics
A very large constellation, Cygnus is bordered by Cepheus to the north and east, Draco to the north and west,
Lyra to the west, Vulpecula to the south, Pegasus to the southeast and Lacerta to the east. The three-letter
abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the IAU in 1922, is 'Cyg'.[6] The official constellation
boundaries, as set by Eugne Delporte in 1930, are defined as a polygon of 28 segments. In the equatorial
coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 19h 07.3m and 22h 02.3m, while
the declination coordinates are between 27.73 and 61.36.[7] Covering 804 square degrees and around 1.9% of
the night sky, Cygnus ranks 16th of the 88 constellations in size.[8]
Cygnus culminates at midnight on 29 June, and is most visible in the evening from the early summer to mid-
autumn in the Northern Hemisphere.[8]

Normally, Cygnus is depicted with Delta and Epsilon Cygni as its wings, Deneb as its tail, and Albireo as the
tip of its beak.[1]

There are several asterisms in Cygnus. In the 17th-century German celestial cartographer Johann Bayer's star
atlas the Uranometria, Alpha, Beta and Gamma Cygni form the pole of a cross, while Delta and Epsilon form
the cross beam. The nova P Cygni was then considered to be the body of Christ.[9]

Features
Stars

Bayer catalogued many stars in the constellation, giving them the Bayer
designations from Alpha to Omega and then using lowercase Roman letters
to g. John Flamsteed added the Roman letters h,i,k,l and m (these stars
were considered informes by Bayer as they lay outside the asterism of
Cygnus), but were dropped by Francis Baily.[9]

The constellation Cygnus as it can
be seen by the naked eye, with the
Northern Cross in the middle.
There are several bright stars in Cygnus. Alpha Cygni, called Deneb, is the
brightest star in Cygnus. It is a white supergiant star of spectral type A2Iae
that varies between magnitudes 1.21 and 1.29,[11] one of the largest and
most luminous A-class stars known.[12] It is located about 3200 light-years
away.[13] Its traditional name means "tail" and refers to its position in the
constellation. Albireo, designated Beta Cygni, is a celebrated binary star
among amateur astronomers for its contrasting hues. The primary is an
orange-hued giant star of magnitude 3.1 and the secondary is a blue-green
hued star of magnitude 5.1. The system is 380 light-years away and is
divisible in large binoculars and all amateur telescopes.[14] Gamma Cygni,
traditionally named Sadr, is a yellow-tinged supergiant star of magnitude
2.2, 1500 light-years away. Its traditional name means "breast" and
refers to its position in the constellation.[15] Delta Cygni is another
bright binary star in Cygnus, 171 light-years with a period of 800 years.
The primary is a blue-white hued giant star of magnitude 2.9, and the
secondary is a star of magnitude 6.6. The two components are divisible
in a medium-sized amateur telescope.[16] The fifth star in Cygnus above
magnitude 3 is Gienah, designated Epsilon Cygni. It is an orange-hued
giant star of magnitude 2.5, 72 light-years from Earth.[17][18]

There are several other dimmer double and binary stars in Cygnus. Mu
Cygni is a binary star with an optical tertiary component. The binary
system has a period of 790 years and is 73 light-years from Earth. The
V1331 Cyg is located in the dark primary and secondary, both white stars, are of magnitude 4.8 and 6.2,
respectively. The unrelated tertiary component is of magnitude 6.9.
cloud LDN 981.[10]
Though the tertiary component is divisible in binoculars, the primary
and secondary currently require a medium-sized amateur telescope to
split, as they will through the year 2020. The two stars will be closest between 2043 and 2050, when they will
require a telescope with larger aperture to split. The stars 30 and 31 Cygni form a contrasting double star
similar to the brighter Albireo. The two are divisible in binoculars. The primary, 31 Cygni, is an orange-hued
star of magnitude 3.8, 1400 light-years from Earth. The secondary, 30 Cygni, appears blue-green. It is of
spectral type A5IIIn and magnitude 4.83, and is around 610 light-years from Earth.[19] 31 Cygni itself is a
binary star; the tertiary component is a blue star of magnitude 7.0. Psi Cygni is a binary star divisible in small
amateur telescopes, with two white components. The primary is of magnitude 5.0 and the secondary is of
magnitude 7.5. 61 Cygni is a binary star divisible in large binoculars or a small amateur telescope. It is 11.4
light-years from Earth and has a period of 750 years. Both components are orange-hued dwarf (main sequence)
stars; the primary is of magnitude 5.2 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.1. 61 Cygni is significant because
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel determined its parallax in 1838, the first star to have a known parallax.

Located near Eta Cygni is the X-ray source Cygnus X-1, which is now thought to be caused by a black hole
accreting matter in a binary star system. This was the first x-ray source widely believed to be a black hole.

Cygnus also contains several other noteworthy X-ray sources. Cygnus X-3
is a microquasar containing a WolfRayet star in orbit around a very
compact object,[20] with a period of only 4.8 hours.[21] The system is one
of the most intrinsically luminous X-ray sources observed.[22] Interestingly,
the system undergoes periodic outbursts of unknown nature,[23] and during
one such outburst, the system was found to be emitting muons, likely
caused by neutrinos.[24] While the compact object is thought to be a
neutron star or possibly a black hole,[25] it is possible that the object is
instead a more exotic stellar remnant, possibly the first discovered quark
star, hypothesized due to its production of cosmic rays[26] that cannot be
explained if the object is a normal neutron star. The system also emits The two component stars of
cosmic rays and gamma rays, and has helped shed insight on to the Albireo are easily distinguished,
formation of such rays.[27] Cygnus X-2 is another X-ray binary, containing even in a small telescope.
an A-type giant in orbit around a neutron star with a 9.8 day period.[28] The
system is interesting due to the rather small mass of the companion star, as
most millisecond pulsars have much more massive companions.[29] Another black hole in Cygnus is V404
Cygni, which consists of a K-type star orbiting around a black hole of around 12 solar masses.[30] The black
hole, similar to that of Cygnus X-3, has been hypothesized to be a quark star.[31] 4U 2129+ 47 is another X-ray
binary containing a neutron star which undergoes outbursts,[32] as is EXO 2030+ 375.[33]

Cygnus is also home to several variable stars. SS Cygni is a dwarf nova which undergoes outbursts every 78
days. The system's total magnitude varies from 12th magnitude at its dimmest to 8th magnitude at its brightest.
The two objects in the system are incredibly close together, with an orbital period of less than 0.28 days.[34] Chi
Cygni is a red giant and the second-brightest Mira variable star at its maximum. It ranges between magnitudes
3.3 and 14.2, and spectral types S6,2e to S10,4e (MSe) over a period of 408 days;[35] it has a diameter of 300
solar diameters and is 350 light-years from Earth. P Cygni is a luminous blue variable that brightened suddenly
to 3rd magnitude in 1600 AD. Since 1715, the star has been of 5th magnitude,[36] despite being more than 5000
light-years from Earth. The star's spectrum is unusual in that it contains very strong emission lines resulting
from surrounding nebulosity.[37] W Cygni is a semi-regular variable red giant star, 618 light-years from Earth.It
has a maximum magnitude of 5.10 and a minimum magnitude 6.83; its period of 131 days. It is a red giant
ranging between spectral types M4e-M6e(Tc:)III,[38] NML Cygni, a red hypergiant semi-regular variable star
and possibly the largest star currently known in the galaxy, is in Cygnus. It is about 5,300 light-years from
Earth, has an estimated radius of about 1,650 solar radii,[39] and a mass 40 times that of the Sun.[40] Its
magnitude is around 16.6, its period is about 940 days.[40]

Cygnus contains the binary star system KIC 9832227. It is predicted that the two stars will coalesce in about
2022, briefly forming a new naked-eye object. [41]

Cygnus is one of the constellations that the Kepler satellite surveyed in its search for extrasolar planets, and as
a result, there are about a hundred stars in Cygnus with known planets, the most of any constellation.[42] One of
the most notable systems is the Kepler-11 system, containing six transiting planets, all within a plane of
approximately one degree. With a spectral type of G6V, the star is somewhat cooler than the Sun. The planets
are very close to the star; all but the last planet are closer to Kepler-11 than Mercury is to the Sun, and all the
planets are more massive than Earth.[43] The naked-eye star 16 Cygni, a triple star approximately 70 light-years
from Earth composed two Sun-like stars and a red dwarf,[44] contains a planet orbiting one of the sun-like stars,
found due to variations in the star's radial velocity.[45] Gliese 777, another naked-eye multiple star system
containing a yellow star and a red dwarf, also contains a planet. The planet is somewhat similar to Jupiter, but
with slightly more mass and a more eccentric orbit.[46][47] The Kepler-22 system is also notable, in that its
extrasolar planet is believed to be the first "Earth-twin" planet ever discovered.[48]

Deep-sky objects

There is an abundance of deep-sky objects, with many open

clusters, nebulae of various types and supernova remnants
found in Cygnus due to its position on the Milky Way.
Some open clusters can be difficult to make out from a rich
background of stars.[8]

M39 (NGC 7092) is an open cluster 950 light-years from

The North America Nebula (NGC 7000) is one of
Earth that is visible to the unaided eye under dark skies. It
the most well-known nebulae in Cygnus.
is loose, with about 30 stars arranged over a wide area;
their conformation appears triangular. The brightest stars of
[1]
M39 are of the 7th magnitude. Another open cluster in Cygnus is NGC 6910, also called the Rocking Horse
Cluster, possessing 16 stars with a diameter of 5 arcminutes visible in a small amateur instrument; it is of
magnitude 7.4. The brightest of these are two gold-hued stars, which represent the bottom of the toy it is named
for. A larger amateur instrument reveals 8 more stars, nebulosity to the east and west of the cluster, and a
diameter of 9 arcminutes. The nebulosity in this region is part of the Gamma Cygni Nebula. The other stars,
approximately 3700 light-years from Earth, are mostly blue-white and very hot.[49]

Other open clusters in Cygnus include Dolidze 9, Collinder 421, Dolidze 11, and Berkeley 90. Dolidze 9, 2800
light-years from Earth and relatively young at 20 million light-years old, is a faint open cluster with up to 22
stars visible in small and medium-sized amateur telescopes. Nebulosity is visible to the north and east of the
cluster, which is 7 arcminutes in diameter. The brightest star appears in the eastern part of the cluster and is of
the 7th magnitude; another bright star has a yellow hue. Dolidze 11 is an open cluster 400 million years old,
farthest away of the three at 3700 light-years. More than 10 stars are visible in an amateur instrument in this
cluster, of similar size to Dolidze 9 at 7 arcminutes in diameter, whose brightest star is of magnitude 7.5. It, too,
has nebulosity in the east. Collinder 421 is a particularly old open cluster at an age of approximately 1 billion
years; it is of magnitude 10.1. 3100 light-years from Earth, more than 30 stars are visible in a diameter of 8
arcseconds. The prominent star in the north of the cluster has a golden color, whereas the stars in the south of
the cluster appear orange. Collinder 421 appears to be embedded in nebulosity, which extends past the cluster's
borders to its west. Berkeley 90 is a smaller open cluster, with a diameter of 5 arcminutes. More than 16
members appear in an amateur telescope.[49]

NGC 6826, the Blinking Planetary Nebula, is a planetary nebula with a magnitude of 8.5, 3200 light-years from
Earth. It appears to "blink" in the eyepiece of a telescope because its central star is unusually bright[50] (10th
magnitude).[1] When an observer focuses on the star, the nebula appears to fade out.[50] Less than one degree
from the Blinking Planetary is the double star 16 Cygni.[1]

The North America Nebula (NGC 7000) is one of the most well-known nebulae in Cygnus, because it is visible
to the unaided eye under dark skies, as a bright patch in the Milky Way. However, its characteristic shape is
only visible in long-exposure photographs it is difficult to observe in telescopes because of its low surface
brightness. It has low surface brightness because it is so large; at its widest, the North America Nebula is 2
degrees across. Illuminated by a hot embedded star of magnitude 6, NGC 7000 is 1500 light-years from
Earth.[1]

To the south of Epsilon Cygni is the Veil Nebula (NGC 6960, 6962,
6979, 6992, and 6995), a 5,000-year-old supernova remnant covering
approximately 3 degrees of the sky -[51] it is over 50 light-years long.[1]
Because of its appearance, it is also called the Cygnus Loop.[51] The
Loop is only visible in long-exposure astrophotographs. However, the
brightest portion, NGC 6992, is faintly visible in binoculars, and a
dimmer portion, NGC 6960, is visible in wide-angle telescopes.[1]

The Northern Coalsack Nebula, also called the Cygnus Rift, is a dark NGC 6992 (Eastern Veil Nebula -
nebula located in the Cygnus Milky Way.[1] center) and NGC 6960 (Western Veil
Nebula - upper right) photographed
The Gamma Cygni Nebula (IC from a dark site.
1318) includes both bright and
dark nebulae in an area of over 4
degrees. DWB 87 is another of the many bright emission nebulae in
Cygnus, 7.8 by 4.3 arcminutes. It is in the Gamma Cygni area. Two
other emission nebulae include Sharpless 2-112 and Sharpless 2-115.
When viewed in an amateur telescope, Sharpless 2112 appears to be in
a teardrop shape. More of the nebula's eastern portion is visible with an
O III (doubly ionized oxygen) filter. There is an orange star of
magnitude 10 nearby and a star of magnitude 9 near the nebula's
northwest edge. Further to the northwest, there is a dark rift and another
Cygnus X, a large region of star- bright patch. The whole nebula measures 15 arcminutes in diameter.
formation in Cygnus. Sharpless 2115 is another emission nebula with a complex pattern of
light and dark patches. Two pairs of stars appear in the nebula; it is
larger near the southwestern pair. The open cluster Berkeley 90 is
embedded in this large nebula, which measures 30 by 20 arcminutes.[49]

Also of note is the Crescent Nebula (NGC 6888), located between Gamma and Eta Cygni, which was formed
by the WolfRayet star HD 192163.

In recent years, amateur astronomers have made some notable Cygnus discoveries. The "Soap bubble nebula"
(PN G75.5+1.7), near the Crescent nebula, was discovered on a digital image by Dave Jurasevich in 2007. In
2011, Austrian amateur Matthias Kronberger discovered a planetary nebula (Kronberger 61, now nicknamed
"The Soccer Ball") on old survey photos, confirmed recently in images by the Gemini Observatory; both of
these are likely too faint to be detected by eye in a small amateur scope.

But a much more obscure and relatively 'tiny' objectone which is readily seen in dark skies by amateur
telescopes, under good conditionsis the newly discovered nebula (likely reflection type) associated with the
star 4 Cygni (HD 183056): an approximately fan-shaped glowing region of several arcminutes' diameter, to the
south and west of the fifth-magnitude star. It was first discovered visually near San Jose, California and
publicly reported by amateur astronomer Stephen Waldee in 2007, and was confirmed photographically by Al
Howard in 2010. California amateur astronomer Dana Patchick also says he detected it on the Palomar
Observatory survey photos in 2005 but had not published it for others to confirm and analyze at the time of
Waldee's first official notices and later 2010 paper.

Cygnus X is the largest star-forming region in the Solar neighborhood and includes not only some of the
brightest and most massive stars known (such as Cygnus OB2-12), but also Cygnus OB2, a massive stellar
association classified by some authors as a young globular cluster.

More supernovae have been seen in the Fireworks Galaxy (NGC 6946) than in any other galaxy.
Cygnus A is the first radio galaxy discovered; at a distance of 730 million light-years from Earth, it is the
closest powerful radio galaxy. In the visible spectrum, it appears as an elliptical galaxy in a small cluster. It is
classified as an active galaxy because the supermassive black hole at its nucleus is accreting matter, which
produces two jets of matter from the poles. The jets' interaction with the interstellar medium creates radio lobes,
one source of radio emissions.[51]

Cygnus is also the apparent source of the WIMP-wind due to the orientation of the solar system's rotation
through the galactic halo.[52][53]

See also
KIC 8462852

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External links
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Cygnus
Wikimedia Commons has
Northern Cygnus Mosaic Pan and Zoom In on deep sky objects in
media related to:
Cygnus. Cygnus (constellation)
The clickable Cygnus (category)
Star Tales Cygnus
4 Cygni Nebula Wikisource has the text of
Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 140 medieval and the 1911 Encyclopdia
early modern images of Cygnus) Britannica article Cygnus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_(constellation)&oldid=786757750"

Categories: Cygnus (constellation) Constellations Northern constellations

Constellations listed by Ptolemy Legendary birds

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