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2.0 Introduction
This chapter reviews about the critical analysis of published sources, or literature, on a
particular topic. Means, the researcher will identify and evaluate relevant previous studies related
to the topic of research which is related with computer literacy skill. This literature review is
related with impact of computer literacy skills that it has four objectives which are to determine
the level of computer literacy skills among secondary school teachers in Machang, to analyze
factors that affect the computer literacy skills among secondary school teachers in Machang, to
determine if there is a difference in computer literacy skills identified by teachers demographics
and to identify the relationships between hardware usage, application software usage and
information system usage with computer literacy skills. For theoretical will be focus on hardware
usage, application usage software and information system usage.
In this topic, it involves all the variables in the theoretical framework. For this research, the
independent variables that been collected can divided into three that are usage of hardware,
usage of application software and usage of information system. While, the dependent variable is
computer literacy skills that is the main study on this research. The three independent variables
are the factor that contributing to the dependent variable.
Figure 1 Theoretical Framework of the Study
Based on the theoretical framework, the variables clearly identified and labelled. Thus, the
hypotheses are formulated:
H1- There is a positive relationship between the usage of hardware and computer literacy
skills.
H2 There is a positive relationship between usage of application software and computer
literacy skills.
H3 - There is a positive relationship between usage of information system and computer
literacy skills.
2.2 Literature Topic 1: Relationship between Hardware Usages toward Computer Literacy
According to Robb (2006), points out the need for school administrations to foster self-
directed learning of technology among their teachers by providing appropriate resources and
environment. Besides that, the confident level of teachers are closely related with technology
use and knowledge said by (Atkins & Vasu, 2000). Furthermore, pressure on teachers to be
competent with a range of technological tools learners use and to possess technical skills for jobs
or promotions (Stockwell, 2009). The formal confirmation of the competence of work with
computer is significant to the employers who want to evaluate the skills of employees and those
applying for the job said by (Denisovas, 2001). According to Emetarom (2001), the usage of
computer as a medium platform such as information gadget, equipment or facility which is can
increase the efficiency and productivity. According to Onasanya (2001), some objectives that
have been identified whose achievement could lead to computer literacy include: knowledge of
the history of computers: knowledge of the components of a computer and how they interact:
knowledge of the issues surrounding computer technology.
According to Lawal (2009) opined that the use of technology, and knowing how
technology can support student learning have become essential skills for professional teachers in
todays world. Teacher attitudes toward computer technology may be a significant factor in the
use of computers in education. Someone can be literate by using computer that can obtain a lot
of benefit when solving lack of knowledge (Satharasinghe, 2006). According to Levi and Okeke
(2006) conclude that teachers discovered ICT as an idea tool for conveying programmed
instruction. The use of computer technology can improve the level of society become more
attractive on computer said by (Nawaz & Kundi, 2010). Knowing how to read and write well
has been an expectation since the development of the printing press. New technologies of our
time are creating higher expectations for literacy (Walker, 1999).
2.2.1 Sub Topic 1: Challenges of Computer Literacy
According to Kessler and Plakans (2008) concluded that revealed that the less confident
teachers were less enthusiastic about the integration of technology into their teaching practices.
Mostly teachers have to learn by their own self on how to use technology that shows education
learning of using computer not give a good impact toward EFL teachers computer literacy said
by (Stockwell, 2009). Other challenges area lacking of knowledge, outdated equipment, lack of
time and lack of technical competency. In the Philippines, higher education institutions highly
prioritized teaching and learning with technology, but the extent of its implementation is
moderate (Marcial, 2012). According to Ali Asghar and Yalda (2012) conclude that
summarized the factors that contribute to technophobia among teachers. These factors are lack
of knowledge about teaching the topic with computers, lack of access to computers, lack of
confidence in computer skills, inadequacy for students needs and the attitude of computer
introducer.
2.3 Literature Topic 2: Relationship between Application Software Usages toward Computer
Literacy
2.4 Literature Topic 3: Relationship between Information System Usages toward Computer
Literacy
2.4 Conclusion
From this literature review, there are many scholar give their opinion related with
computer literacy skills among secondary school teachers should be seen as invaluable
requirements that would help to improve and facilitate the teaching and learning procedure in
this modern age. The main focus of this study is to determine the impact of computer literacy
skills possessed by secondary school teachers in order to perform tasks and also in integrating
technology with lessons in classroom to improve students learning performance.