In a bad PV cell the shunt resistance is small and series resistance is large.

Maximum output power at STC

Voltage at Pmax
Current at Pmax
Maximum voltage
Maximum current
Power decreases with T
Voltage decreases with T
Current increases with T
1 nominal operating cell temperature

2
PVUSA Test Conditions
3

=Pmax/[(Area(m2)*1000W/m2] =235/(1000*1.26)
Energy density
Max. voltage in a PV string.

National Electrical Code defines the maximum circuit current as 125% of

the short-circuit current of the PV module (Isc).
prevent hotspot

Fill factor=Vpm*Ipm/Voc*Isc
=Area of dotted red/Area of magenta
=235.64/302.512
=0.778

Isc=5.84A
Ipm=5.48A

Pmax

Vpm=43 V Voc=51.8 V

1 The best module operated at a NOCT of 33C, the worst at 58C and the typical module at 48C respectively.
2 Always greater than module efficiency because module has outer rims and copper area that do not contribute in electricity generation.
3 Testing condition from California energy commission and gives the output at 1000W/m2 @25C @1m/s wind speed and at 1.5 absoulte airmass