INTENSHIP REPORT

An industrial training report submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

(B.E + M.E) 6 YEAR INTEGRATED DUAL DEGREE PROGRAMME

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

S.MANIDEEP(Regd.No. 314506301054)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A)
VISAKHAPATNAM 530 003
 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DR. G.V.R. SRININVASA RAO, Ph.D
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A)
VISAKHAPATNAM 530 003

EVALUATION REPORT:
This report entitled REPORT ON COLUNMS AND FOOTINGS IN BARC CANTEEN
CONSTRUCTION
done by S.MANI DEEPof (2014-2018) batch in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of degree of 4/6(B.E+M.E) with Andhra University College of Engineering,
Visakhapatnam has been approved.

EXAMINERS:

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

. HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

(Dr.G.V.R. Srinivasa Rao) CIVIL ENGINEERING

Visakhapatnam,
Date:
1. Introduction
Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of
nature to benefit man. As a career-oriented applied education, Civil Engineering Students Internship
Program bridges the gap between theory and practice and provides students with practical, field based,
real world experiences during their years of study .Internship provide us the following opportunities:
a. Apply theoretical knowledge in industrial application
.b .Acquire knowledge of various stages of construction, project management and team-work.

c. Practice ethical and professional work culture.

D. Provide opportunity for students to work with industrial practitioners.

e. Implement Health Safety Environment (HSE) practices at work place. For these practical & technical
skills we participated in the internship program under YVR CONSTRUCTIONS.

2. Aim: The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by us from
ongoing project activities during the summer internship program.

3. Development of a Project
3.1 Site Selection

The following are the few factors which generally taken into account while selecting a site
1.Location
2.Climate of region
3.Availability of raw materials
4.Cost and time frame
5.Population of the region
The selection of a site for affordable housing should reflect the particular needs of the population that
housing development will serve. An important consideration is the location of the property in relation to
the services residents will need to access, such as shopping, medical, schools and transportation.
Location of the site may also have a significant impact on the cost of project.

In YVR CONSTRUCTIONS we have found that they have a survey team. In the initial Stage they visit the
site and find if the condition is satisfactory according to their company policy. While selecting the sites
they follow some of the criteria. Like -
1.The land should be in a condition that no filling of land is required.
2. The minimum workable area should be available.
3. The location of the land should be in prime condition.
3.2 Soil
Investigation .
Soil Investigation is carried out for designing a right type of foundation safely and economically, a
designer must possess sufficient information about the physical properties and the arrangement of
underlying materials. The field and laboratory investigations required to get this essential information is
known as soil exploration.
A standard soil test report contains the following features.

a) Introduction.

b) Location & level.

c) General notes on sub-soil investigation.

d) Scope of the work.

e) Field investigation.
* Drilling & recording

*Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

*Disturbed sample collection.

*Undisturbed sample collection.

*Ground water table.

f) Laboratory tests: The following tests should be conducted

*Grain size analysis.

*Moisture content.

*Direct shear test.

*Specific gravity test.

* Consistency limit test.

*Density test.

*Unconfined compression test.

*Consolidation test.

g) Determination of bearing capacity.

h) Determination of pile capacity.

i) Foundation recommendation.

Recommendation is made basing on the test result.

From SPT test we can find the hard soil strata. If the depth of the hard strata is low, then shallow
foundation can be used. Otherwise pile foundation is used.

Type of pile such as precast concrete or cast in situ R.C.C. Pile depth & diameter is mentioned in the
recommendation.

If the soil requires any improvement, it is also mentioned in the recommendation.

In YVR CONSTRUCTIONS we found that they outsource other company for soil testing. During our
training we have gone through some of the soil test report and found many anomalies. Those are
described below:

1. They have not collected any undisturbed soil sample for clay layer. But they have conducted the
Unconfined Compression Test by sampleU-1which they have not mentioned in their bore hole.

2. In case of Direct Shear Test for clay they have shown zero Cohesion, which is not possible in
practical.

3. The total percentage of sand & silt shown in the grain size analysis does not match up with the
percentage shown in the summary.

4. The value of unconfined compressive strength obtained from the graph does not match with the
result they have shown.

3.3 Foundation Design

Design of foundations with variable conditions and variable types of foundation structures will be
different, but there are steps that are typical to every design, including:

1. Calculate loads from structure, surcharge, active & passive pressures, etc.

2. Characterize soil-hire a firm to conduct soil tests and produce a report that includes soil material
properties

3. Determine footing location and depthshallow footings are less expensive, but the variability of the
soil from the geotechnical report will drive choices

4. Evaluate soil bearing capacitythe factor of safety is considered here

5. Determine footing sizethese calculations are based on working loads and the allowable soil pressure

6. Calculate contact pressure and check stability

7. Estimate setlements8. Design the footing structure design for the material based on applicable
structural design codes which may use allowable stress design.

3.4 Superstructure Design

Designing superstructures requires considering the pressure and force they will exert on the finished
construction and balancing this to address concerns about safety and stability. The size of the
superstructure is an important factor in base design, as the base of the structure must be able to support
the entire laden weight. In building construction, there may be concerns about structural integrity in
earthquakes and high winds. During designing Engineer should have a clear idea about the rules/codes
and apply them correctly.

The superstructure is also the highly visible part of a structure. For the purpose of determining the
maximum stresses in any structure or member of a structure, the various loads have to be taken into
account such as:

*Dead load of the structure

*Live Load of the structure

*Wind Load

*Seismic Load

*Temperature effects

*Loads during construction period

Once the required calculations for the structure are done, certain checks are performed to make sure
that the structure remains durable, sound and stiff.

Periodic inspections are conducted to make sure the structure is still sound, checking for issues like the
development of rust, holes, and other issues.

3.5 Project Planning and Management

Excellence in Project Management is achieved through a structured process that includes multiple
phases:

*Initiating

*Planning

*Execute

*Monitoring and Controlling

*Closing.

The process balances the key project constraints and provides a tool for making decisions throughout
the project based on stakeholder values, performance metrics, established procedures and project goals.
Effective project management includes strategies, tactics, and tools for managing the design and
construction delivery processes and for controlling key factors to ensure the client receives a facility that
matches their expectations and functions as it is intended to function.

Successful project delivery requires the implementation of management systems that will control
changes in the key factors of scope, costs, schedule, and quality to maximize the investment. This section
offers guidance for the entire team to successfully and effectively carry out a high performance building
project.

There is a great deal involved in managing a construction. The main task includes:

*Dealing with suppliers and making sure materials are ordered and delivered on time.

*Monitoring progress once work starts to make sure everything complies with the contract and consent
documentation (including plans and specifications).

*Arranging for inspections by your own professionals, for example, the designer or architect.

*Arranging for inspections by the building inspectors at the end of each stage.

*Knowing when progress payments are due and checking claims for payment.

* Negotiating with the builder and sub contractors to come back and fix any work not completed or done
properly.

*Arranging amendments to the building consent where necessary.

*Arranging the final inspection for the code compliance certificate.

In YVR CONSTRUCTION the Management Department looks afer the overall process & a separate
Purchase & Construction Dept. responsible for the construction management. In this company has
minimum one experienced diploma engineer in each project & an AGM (Area General Manager) for each
specific zone, who are always responsible for the projects management on ground.

3.6 Construction

When a project is executed on the site it has to cover up a sequential order from its initial stage to final
stage. This generally includes:

1. Site mobilization

2. Drawing collection

3. Proposed area check

4. Pilling /Earth cutting

5. Pile cap /Footing

6. Column

7. Grade beam

8. Column

9. Slab & beam

10. Brick Layout

11. Lintel & false slab

12. Grill fitting & door floor fitting

13. Grove cutting for electrical wire

14. Inside & outside plaster

15. Sanitary work

16. Electrical wearing

17. Tiles

18. Paint

19. Fitting Works

During our visit we observed many steps of this project execution on ground.

Pre-Construction Phase
Site Mobilization: It is the preliminary stage of a construction project. This includes:

Gas connection

Water connection

Labor facility

Storage facility

Foundation: In general there are these types of foundations:

Isolated Footing

Combined footing

Raf
Pile

Basement : If there is basement floor in the plan. Then in addition the following structure is taken
consideration.

Shore pile/Sheet pile

Earth excavation

Bracing fitting

Retaining Wall

Site material quality: Shutering materials used during the construction process having their own
advantages and disadvantages

1. Bamboo and wood:

*Most common

*Not durable

*Low cost

*Easily available

2. Steel probe:

*Costly

*Longevity

*Efficient working

3. Multiple shutering:

*Multitask

*Can be used both vertically & horizontally

Cement: Cements are brought to the site according to the demand. It is kept in a dry place the
maximum age of cement in the site is generally 1-2 weeks .They always try to use fresh cement

Storage facility: Storage facility in construction is much good .The company has taken atmost care in
the storing of construction materials by providing a well planned and elevated temporary storage wagon
Availability of construction tools: It has good number of well advanced construction tools with them
to carry out earth work, drilling and transportation of excavated soil

Stages of construction

*Concrete work

*Maintaining clear cover

*Reinforcement detailing

1. Incorrect spacing

2. Position of the hook

3. Position of the lapping etc should be checked regularly without fail

* Column construction:
The following activity should be taken care of by the respective site engineer during column construction

*Centering of the column as per grid line

*Maintaining the straight alignment .

*Plinth beam construction .

*Brick work.

*Flooring.

*Utility and others: In these works the company has show case its mark of specialization in
making the architectural view more beautiful it consists works like

*Plumbing

*Electrical features

*Painting work

* Tiles

For carrying out these works the company has done exact and sufficient quantity of materials required
.The estimating work done by the company is much appreciative. Approximately the paint used by the
company is about of liter paint per square meter. On an average to coats of paint were applied on the
walls afer the completion of plastering. The company has used both tiles and granite for the flooring
work.

3.7 Time and Progress Aspect of Project:

Progress control of our project is arguable the most important project management control
activity needed to achieve the project s objective it is associated with the managed completion of all
activities and it is required to complete the project in time and to realize the benefits of it YVR
CONSTRUCTIONS has well planned project management which is more accurately executed during our
training period

4. Administration: YVR CONSTRUCTIONS is well organized construction form it has done all the
activities starting from the stages like

*Tendering eligibility

*Obtaining approved design from the BARC

*Accounts

*Management

*Purchase and construction

The company has minimum experience to meet the eligibility criteria as per the tender
notice and it also has the required amount of money to meet the construction activities

5. Conclusion:
The aim of a civil engineer is plan and design various types of structures this will not be
possible unless he himself gets involved in the construction activities so the programs like industrial
training during the summer vacation will help the students to develop their practical knowledge without
wasting their time it also helps the student to get exposed to the outside world which is entirely different
from the class room knowledge.