GLOBAL WARMING

INTRODUCTION

Over past millennia, humans have had a plethora of impacts on fluvial systems,

directly (as, for example, by the construction of dams and embankments) or indirectly (as, for

example, by changes in land cover) (Goudie,2006). There has been a lot of discussion about

global warming, truths and lies as well. We hear from news, some politicians’ from some

famous singers, actors; we read from news papers, in advertisements. Everyone says

something; everyone tries to find some answers according to his self. Climate change will

also promote further human interventions in river basins, with, for example, greater use of

irrigation in areas subjected to an increased risk of drought (Conway et al., 1996). Higher

atmospheric CO2 levels may stimulate plant growth and lead to changes in the efficiency of

water use by plants and, thus, to transpiration and runoff (Eckhardt and Ulbrich, 2003;

Morgan et al., 2004).Some say anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused the

earth to warm. Others say there is no abnormality at all, that it is just natural warming. As

you will see from the data presented and analyzed, a greater than normal warming did occur

in recent times but no measurements confirm an increase in CO2 emissions, whether

anthropogenic or natural, had any effect on global temperatures.

Settled since the passage of humanity, a world without climate change is almost going

to follow, no significant change in temperature happens. We must therefore also of the air

temperature stay the same throughout the world history of both climate patterns that we think

has not changed. However, it is not showing any signs of climate scientists. In fact the world

climate system, a structure is far from stagnant. Hundred-million-year warm period, which

came after dozens of million-year cold period, in the hundred thousand-year periods of cold
periods and there are about ten thousand years of warm oasis. In short, the world is warming

up to the time change from time to time and again is cool.

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Earth has warmed and cooled many times since its formation about 4.6 billion years

ago. Global climate changes were due to many factors, including massive volcanic eruptions,

which increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; changes in the intensity of energy emitted

by the Sun; and variations in Earth’s position relative to the Sun, both in its orbit and in the

inclination of its spin axis. Variations in Earth’s position, known as Milankovitch cycles,

combine to produce cyclical changes in the global climate. These cycles are believed to be

responsible for the repeated advance and retreat of glaciers and ice sheets during the

Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 million to 11,500 years before present), when Earth went through

fairly regular cycles of colder “glacial” periods (also known as ice ages) and warmer

“interglacial” periods. Glacial periods occurred at roughly 100,000-year intervals.

An interglacial period began about 10,000 years ago, when the last ice age came to an end.

Prior to that ice age, an interglacial period occurred about 125,000 years ago. During

interglacial periods, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane naturally increase

in the atmosphere from increased plant and animal life. But since 1750 greenhouse gases

have increased dramatically to levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years, due to the

rapid growth of the human population combined with developments in technology and

agriculture. Human activities now are a powerful factor influencing Earth’s dynamic climate.

The ice of the polar regions furnishes clues to the makeup of Earth’s ancient

atmosphere. Ice cores that scientists have bored from the ice sheets of Greenland and
Antarctica provide natural records of both temperature and atmospheric greenhouse gases

going back hundreds of thousands of years. Layers in these ice cores created by seasonal

snowfall patterns allow scientists to determine the age of the ice in each core. By measuring

tiny air bubbles trapped in the ice and properties of the ice itself, scientists can estimate the

temperature and amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s past atmosphere at the time each

layer formed. Based on this data, scientists know that greenhouse gases have now risen to

levels higher than at any time in the last 650,000 years. Greenhouse gases are rising, and

temperatures are following. Before the late 1800s, the average surface temperature of Earth

was almost 15°C (59°F). Over the past 100 years, the average surface temperature has risen

by about 0.7 Celsius degrees (1.3 Fahrenheit degrees), with most of the increase occurring

since the 1970s. Scientists have linked even this amount of warming to numerous changes

taking place around the world, including melting mountain glaciers and polar ice, rising sea

level, more intense and longer droughts, more intense storms, more frequent heat waves, and

changes in the life cycles of many plants and animals. Warming has been most dramatic in

the Arctic, where temperatures have risen almost twice as much as the global average.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to examine of Global Warming. To let the people know

what are the cause and effects of us and our world. Because this is the one of the serious

problem in world, there are some lies about it and some truths, so my purpose just to make

people know what is global warming, in a way because they hear about it everywhere
Literature review

Most climatologists regard the final decade of the twentieth century as the warmest in

the past millennium (Albritton et al. 2001.Global warming is a very real scientific study and a

part of our lives. It is an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to

the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. If we ignore the facts now the results could be

catastrophic. Global warming is affecting everyone. You can find changes in your own

backyard. The extremely noticeable changes are found when studying habitats of plants and

animals. Scientist are now seeing a slow move northward. Other habitats are having a change

in the timing of their life cycles.

People that don't believe in global warming say that there's no scientific proof that the

earths temperature is rising. Various factors contribute to global warming, but the major one

is an increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs), primarily carbon dioxide, so-called because they

are transparent to incoming shortwave solar radiation but trap outgoing long wave infrared

radiation. Increased carbon emissions due to the burning of fossil fuel is commonly cited as

the principal immediate cause of global warming. The “natural levels” of GHGs (e.g., pre-

1800 levels) raised the earth’s average temperature by some 33 ◦C, from −18 to +15. (Cline

1992, p. 4.).Evidently they never read up on the greenhouse effect. The earth's atmosphere

has mix of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. This mixture is a delicate balance that

makes the temperature on earth proper for plant and animal life. "Without these gasses,

scientists estimate the earth's surface temperature to be well below freezing." (Pringle, 2001)

More energy-efficient buildings and homes: This is an excellent example of where the
knowledge and techniques are already available. Building heating and air conditioning are major
consumers of energy in urban areas. Clustering buildings to minimize heat loss by reducing
surface areas has long been successfully employed in the Scandinavian countries. Better
insulation of stand-alone buildings is also a well-developed technology. With proper incentives,
more builders and homeowners would apply it. Many buildings can be efficiently heated in
winter and air conditioned in summer by tapping the almost constant temperature of the Earth
(about 55 degrees Fahrenheit) just a few meters below the surface, and some already are.
Wind power: This “new/old” technology has been revived recently as one of the feasible
methods of reducing America’s dependence on foreign oil. It is also very nonpolluting. Wind
energy in the Great Plains area is sufficient to fill all the nonautomotive energy requirements of
that part of the country, and this can be done there
Center for Inquiry, December 2006 31
while largely avoiding the flyways of migrating birds mentioned earlier. Wind energy in other
parts of the country is generally less efficient, and also raises more problems with migratory
flyways and scenic vistas. Nevertheless, intelligent citing of the windmill farms and new methods
for alerting birds and bats to the hazard could greatly reduce these problems and make wind
energy part of the mix there as well. Most of the windfarm technology is well known, and
ongoing research on large propellers and proper cycling techniques for peak loads makes wind
energy an attractive partial substitute for burning more fossil fuels. As with all technically
feasible sources of our future energy, the more wind power is developed, the more the relative
price is likely to drop.
Solar power Solar power is already used extensively for home and water heating, and sometimes
for electricity generation, in areas of frequent sunshine such as the Southwest. It could be used
more for this purpose, and no doubt will be if the cost of solar cells is reduced, which current
research suggests is impending. Reliance on solar power for a large fraction of a highly populated
region’s energy requirements may be some years away, as even where the Sun shines often urban
areas with large daily energy demands will be reluctant to risk serious outages unless – as is
sometimes possible – large-scale energy storage facilities are nearby to provide backup on cloudy
days. Nevertheless, increased use of solar energy where these problems can be solved makes
good sense from every point of view. Solar energy is remarkably nonpolluting and the Sun’s
output is far more steady and reliable than any other energy resource available to us. If the
problem of developing relatively high-temperature cryogenic (extremely low temperature)
conductors – not currently available – can be solved, solar power will undoubtedly
Center for
Methodology:

This part of the study presents information about the methodology of the study.

It includes:

1- Research question:

2- Treatments

3- The sample

4- Instrumentation

5- Data collection procedure

1- Research questions

1: What is global warming?

2: How and when did it start?

3: What are the effects on human life?

4: What are the effects on animal life?

5: How can people deal with this problem?

 2-Treatments:

This study will take at G.A.U Foundation School. It has a 1 year education

programme. It includes two levels, level A starts from begging, and level B its high level.

Students who will start to foundation they have to get an exam first to see their English level.

3-The Sample:

The sample of this study includes 50 elementary level students studying at

G.A.U Foundation School; these students are in two different sections.

Their ages between: 18-25

Female- male

Nationality: 30 out of 60 students are Turkish Cypriot, 20 out of 60 are Turkish, and

10 out of 60 are Internationals.

4-Insturmental:

In order to make this study possible is used, questionnaire, interview

questions, and class observations.

5-Data collections procedure:

 In order to gain information related to study extensive search is done by

reading printed material, through internet, books, magazines, articles, journals. 30

samples are given and all of them are answered.

Reference

Albritton, D.L. et al. 2001. Technical Summary. In Climate Change 2001, The

Scientific Basis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Cline,W., 1992. The Economics of GlobalWarming. Institute for International

Economics,Washington, DC.

Conway, D., Kroi, M., Alcamo, J., Hulme, M., 1996. Future availability of water in Egypt:

the interaction of global, regional

and basin scale driving forces in the Nile Basin. Ambio 25, 336–342

Eckhardt, K., Ulbrich, U., 2003. Potential impacts of climate change on groundwater

recharge and streamflow in a central European low

mountain range. Journal of Hydrology 284, 244–252.

Goudie, A.S., 2006. The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, 6th edition. Blackwell,

Oxford

Morgan, J.A., et al., 2004. Water relations in grassland and desert ecosystems exposed to

elevated atmospheric CO2. Oecologia 140,

11–25.