RETHINKING THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATIVE

COMPTENCE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Celce-Murcia (2007)

3.2.1 SOCIOCULTURAL COMPETENCE

Sociocultural competence refers to the speakers pragmatic knowledge, i.e. how to express
messages appropriately within the overall social and cultural context of communication. []
Celce-Murcia describe several sociocultural variables, three of which are most crucial in
terms of the current model:

- Social contextual factors: the participants age, gender, status, social distance and their
relations to each other re: power and affect.
- Stylistic appropriateness: politeness strategies, a sense of genres and registers.
- Cultural factors: background knowledge of the target language group, major
dialects/regional differences, and cross-cultural awareness.

3.2.2 DISCOURSE COMPETENCE

Discourse competence refers to the selection, sequencing, and arrangement of words,

structures, and utterances to achieve unified spoken message. This is where the top-down
communicative intent and sociocultural knowledge intersect with the lexical and grammatical
resources to express messages and attitudes and to create coherent texts.

Sub-areas:

- Cohesion: convention regarding use of reference (anaphora/cataphora),

substitution/ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical chains (i.e. Halliday and Hasan, 1976).
- Deixis: situational grounding achieved through use of personal pronouns, spatial
terms, temporal terms, and textual references.
- Coherence: expressing purpose/intent through appropriate content schemata,
managing old and new information, maintaining temporal continuity and other
organizational schemata through conventionally recognized means.
- Generic structure: formal schemata that allow the user to identify an oral discourse
segment as a conversation, narrative, interview, service encounter, report, lecture,
sermon, etc.

3.2.3 LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

Linguistic competence includes four types of knowledge:

- Phonological
- Lexical
- Morphological
- Syntatic
 3.2.4 FORMULAIC COMPETENCE

Formulaic competence is the counterbalance to linguistic competence. Linguistic

competence entails the recursive, open-ended systems listed above. Formulaic
competence refers to those fixed and prefabricated chucks of language that speakers use
heavily in everyday interactions.

- Routines
- Collocations
- Idioms
- Lexical frames

3.2.5 INTERACTIONAL COMPETENCE

The bottom-up counterpart to the more global top-down socio-cultural competence is the
hands-on component of interactional competence. Interactional competence has at least three
sub-components relevant to the current model:

- Actional competence: knowledge of how to perform common speech acts and speech
act sets in the target language involving interactions such as information exchanges,
interpersonal exchanges, expression of opinions and feelings, problems, and future
scenarios.
- Conversational competence
- Non-verbal/paralinguistic competence

3.2.6 STRATEGIC COMPETENCE

According to Oxford, strategies for language learning and use are specific behaviors or
thought processes that students use to enhance their own L2 learning. Such behaviors are
either (1) learning strategies or (2) communication strategies. Of Oxfords learning strategies,
three are most important for our purposes:
- Cognitive: these are strategies making use of logic and analysis to help oneself learn
a new language through outlining, summarizing, notetaking, organizing and
reviewing material, etc.
- Metacognitive: these strategies involve planning ones learning by evaluation of
ones success on a given task or on ones overall progress.
- Memory-related: these are strategies that help learners recall or retrieve words
through the use of acronyms, images, sound (rhymes), or other clues.