THEORY PSYCHOLOGIST PERSPECTIVES CRITICISMS CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

Born on May 6(published) for formality but March 6 is true Provinces of the mind: ID, EGO (center of personality), SUPEREGO
Abandoned seduction theory for it is very scandalous Dynamics of Personality:
Focused on thoughts & behavior that are guided by unconscious part of 1. Drives libido or sex drive; aggression
the mind 2. Anxiety neurotic, realistic, anxiety High in generating research
Sexual motivation plays central role Defense mechanisms w/c protect personality from anxiety (replicability)
Deterministic
Infantile sexuality -> Oedipus complex Psychosexual stages of development: Low on falsification
PSYCHODYNAMIC / Pessimistic
Freuds theory is asocial doesnt believe in 1. Oral (0-12) dependent; seek attention; 3As: attachment, attention, Very loose in organizing

SIGMUND FREUD
PSYCHOANALYTIC: Causality over teleology
friendship/love/relationship affection. Oral Passive taking in. Oral Aggressive - sadistic framework (always
Emphasize unconscious Unconscious over conscious
He believed that there is a reason behind everything we do defense 2. Anal (1-3) issues of expression; cannot maintain a relationship; misunderstood)
motives and Biology over culture
mechanism dynamism meaning changing constantly Toilet Training. Anal Expulsive messy, destructive Anal Retentive Not a good guide to solve
importance of early Equal emphasis on
Freud: We are all narcissistic OC, organized practical problems
childhood experiences uniqueness and similarity
Unconscious- you know what youre doing but dont know why 3. Phallic ((3-6) most controversial. Awakening of sexuality. Low on internal consistency
in shaping personality
Sex & aggression motivating source Exploring with the use of genitals. Oedipus complex castration Difficult to test
Psychodynamic
No choice in shaping personality; anxiety: Electra complex penis envy. Separation individuation-
meaning there are
Present behavior is shaped by past experiences establishing own identity/independency
different changes
High emphasis on unconscious 4. Latency (6+) hidden dormant talk of sexuality.
Goal is to strengthen
Focused more on biological: Men are superior thus penis / genital Gratification/pleasure is through same sex like friendship. Social THERAPY
the ego
Why his theory is not applicable today? interaction with others became conflict
1. Unscientific, sexist, outdated 5. Genital (12+) sharing. Sexual urges are reawakened. FREE ASSOCIATIION
Penis envy : Masculine Protest (Adler) DREAM ANALYSIS
Levels of mental life: EVERYDAY LIFE (slips of the tongue)
1. Conscious HUMOR
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious aggression drives. ID.
Libido is source of psychic energy & not limited to sex. More broader and 2. PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS (preconscious/unconscious for Freud).
generalized form of psychic energy w/c includes but it is not limited to sex Both memories are easily brought to mind & those have been forgotten
Collective unconscious primary drive of personality development. What or suppressed for some reason. Moderate on generating Deterministic
happened is pre-determined. 3. COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS comprise of latent memories from our research Optimistic
Psyche person invest amount of libido to perform life ancestral & evolutionary past. There is already something in there, born Very low on falsifiability Both causal and teleological
Direction of forces that influence personality past & future already. WE ARE NOT BORN AS CLEAN SLATES Moderate on organizing Motivated by both conscious
NEO-PSYCHOANALYTIC: observation and unconscious thoughts
Unconscious: inherited primal experiences as in the unconscious as the ARCHETYPES: images of universal experiences (latent
Changed & renovated Low on practicality Biology over social
core of personality memories- already hidden) contained in the collective
original theory to Low on internal consistency Similarity over individual
3 LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE: unconscious. Primordial images
focus on social and
CARL JUNG

1. EGO/CONSCIOUS center of consciousness PERSONA mask. Public image. Conformity Low on parsimony differences
cognitive factors
ATTITUDE: archetype and harmful if dont know how and
Present more
EXTRAVERSION open, sociable, socially assertive when to remove the mask
optimistic and
INTROVERSON withdrawn and shy Anima/Animus Anima for female; animus for
flattering view of
FUNCTIONS: males. Feminity and masculinity; completion
human nature.
SENSING of self
SHOULD BE
THINKING Shadow dark side but not harmful if used
THERAPEUTIC
INTUITING properly
ALLIANCE RATHER MBTI
FEELING Self when you know already when to remove
THAN FREE Word association
your mask. Represents the transcendence.
ASSOCIATION Dream analysis
Results to self-realization. Found during
middle age *mandala* INDIVIDUATION
PROCESS
INDIVIDUATION when you reach your self. Happens in middle age.
Goal is to move the center of personality between ego and
unconscious (self-realization)
 His theory is focused on the uniqueness of each person & not by biological SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES (CONSCIOUS)
motives and goals compared to Freud 1. EXCUSES yes but

ALFRED ADLER
Personality is shaped by peoples unique social environment & interaction 2. AGGRESSION protect their fragile self-esteem
Conscious is the core of personality DEPRECIATION undervalue other peoples achievements Very high on free choice
People are motivated by social influences & striving superiority & success and over value their own High in generating research
Very high on optimism
NEO- People are responsible for who they are ACCUSATION blame others Low on falsification & verification
Very low on causality
PSYCHOANALYTIC: Present behavior is shaped by peoples view of their future SELF-ACUSATION self torture & guilt High on organizing data
Average on unconscious influences
Changed & Psychologically healthy people are aware of what they are doing 3. WITHDRAWAL distance between self and problems High on guiding action
High on social factors
renovated Main concept social interest: we have inferioritieswe complete MOVING BACKWARD reverting to a more secure period Low on internal consistency
High on uniqueness
original theory to ourselvesif not completedinferiority complex but if too much of life Moderate on parsimony

focus on social completed superiority complex HESITATION procrastination give them the excuse its
and cognitive Social interest core of our personality & strong basic need and not a too late now
factors manifestation but an intention. The love that is shown to every human even in STANDING STILL do not move in any direction; avoid
Present more the beginning responsibilities
Socially constructed NEUROTIC NEEDS (M A T A) Free choice
ERIK KAREN
optimistic and Low on generating research
flattering view of Men are envious of women for their capability to give birth (womb envy) MOVING AWAY FROM PEOPLE: self-sufficiency, perfection, Low on falsifiability Optimism
human nature. Emphasis on social relationships as significant factors in personality formation narrow limits to life Very low on organizing knowledge Causality
SHOULD BE People are motivated by needs of security & love MOVING TOWARDS PEOPLE: affection & approval, Low on guiding action Conscious
THERAPEUTIC Key factor in personality: Social relationship between the child and his/her dominant partner Moderate on internal consistency Social influence
ERIKSONHORNEY

ALLIANCE RATHER parents MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE: power, exploitation, prestige, Moderate on parsimony Similarities
THAN FREE A childs security depends entirely on how the parents treat the child admiration, achievement
Broadened the scope of Freuds work while maintaining its core. High on generating research Determinism
ASSOCIATION
Suggested that personality continues to develop in a succession of 8 Moderate on falsifiability Optimism
stages over the entire life span. Moderate on organizing knowledge Causality
Placed a greater emphasis on the ego than on the ID. Ego as an Moderate on guiding action Unconscious & conscious is
independent part of the personality High on internal consistency influenced by stage with unconscious
He argues that we are not governed entirely by innate biological factors Moderate on parsimony dominating early life & conscious
at work in childhood. . later

HUMANISTIC: If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of being, you will Being motivation I can do things, if I fail, I have to take it and correct it
MASLOW ABRAHAM

Moderate on generating
Phenomenological - probably be unhappy all the days of your life. Metapathology failure to satisfy metaneeds research Free choice
subjective. depends on Father of humanistic movement Deficiency motivation motivation of people who are not self-actualizers Low on falsifiability Optimism
how you put meaning Focused on normal (psychopathology of the average) CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZERS: Very high on organizing Teleology
to your experience Man is essentially & innately good natured & goal oriented 1. Efficient perception of reality know what is happening at hindi knowledge Conscious
Overly romantic view It is still our choice and & decision. madaling ma-bola. Seeing the world accurately; do not judge but when High on guiding action Equal emphasis on
of a person The badness in a mans behavior comes out of bad environment rather than an they do its efficient; detect deception easily. Moderate on internal culture & biology
Humans are born good inherent rottenness 2. Acceptance of self, others & nature more accepting of themselves & consistency Uniqueness
3 FORCE Hierarchy of Needs Meet the lower needs to satisfy the higher levels others Moderate on parsimony
Focus on higher end of 1. Deficit needs: physiological, security, love &belonging, esteem this 3. Spontaneity, simplicity & naturalness walang tinatago
human experience 4. Problem-centered focus their solution not for themselves but other
It is anshould be fulfilled.
organized consistentIf not met will
pattern result to pathological
of perception (anti-
of the I or me that lies at the Conditions of worth worthy of approval only when we express desirable Moderate on generating
ROGERS CARL

Phenomenological Free choice

heart of an individual behaviors research Optimism
(subjectivity) -
It is converting negative thoughts to positive. Positive regard: acceptance, love & approval from others High on falsifiability Teleology
Introspective
The control is in the client, making them understand that he/she is a positive Positive self-regard: self-esteem, self-worth, positive self image High on organizing Conscious
(idiographic)- It is
person. Unconditional positive regard: approval regardless of a persons behavior knowledge Social influence
introspective because
Actualizing tendency: tendency for all human to actualize Conditional positive Self regard: one meets the standard others have Very high on practicality Uniqueness
you look within the
It is growth-oriented; developed, matured. applied to us Very high on internal
person and it values Anti-scientific & anti-theoretical. When people became aware of their existence & acquisition of freedom Low on generating
MAY ROLLO

ideography in a unique Rooted from Soren Kierkegaard who's the founder of Existentialism & emphasized result to anxiety research High on free choice
ways between freedom & responsibility. NORMAL ANXIETY be felt when growing old. No repression. *conscious Low on falsifiability Social influences
Non-deterministic Saw people as living in the world of present experiences & being responsible for NEUROTIC ANXIETY felt when ones values are transformed into dogma. Low on guiding action Uniqueness
Criticized on its overly who they become. Blocks growth & productivity. *repression* Low on internal Middle on conscious or
innate goodness They are in charge of their own destiny, they experience the burden of freedom & When people deny their potentialities ONTOLOGICAL GUILT arises consistency (lacks unconscious
Emphasize capacity for pain of responsibility UMWELT people become more alienated from nature operationally defined
HUMANISTIC: care, responsibility, respect, knowledge Healthy individuals are better able to find ways of reuniting to the world

SKINNER B.F. ERICH FROMM

Phenomenological - Believed that humans have been torn away from their natural world & acquired the by productively solving the HUMAN NEEDS: Very low on generating
subjective. depends on facility to reason (Human dilemma) Relatedness (but also identity) drive for union w/ another research
how you put meaning Emphasizes the influence of sociobiological factors, history, economics. person(s) Average on free choice
Very low on falsifiability
to your experience External dichotomies: Submission Average on optimism
High on organizing
Overly romantic view between life & death Power Low on causality
knowledge
of a person humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of complete self-realization, Love only route by which a person can become united Average on unconscious
Low on guiding action
Humans are born good but we are also aware that life is too short to reach that goal with the world & at the same time achieve individuality & High on social influences
Low on internal
3 FORCE people are ultimately alone, yet we cannot tolerate isolation integrity uniqueness
consistency
Focus on higher end of BURDEN OF FREEDOM notes humans as the "freaks of the universe" because Transcendece (but also rootedness) urge to rise above. We Low on parsimony
human experience they lack ability to reason. already have many experiences but we forgot where it came
Phenomenological Humanistic psychoanalysis assumes that humanity's separation from But also means We do not just stay where we are but
BEHAVIORAL: Emphasis on over responses a subject makes. Psychology is thefrom theof
science natural
behavior Punishment - presentation of aversive stimulus to decrease the Very high on generating Determinism
Personality is merely of what an organism does. likelihood that the behavior will occur research Optimism
an accumulation of Human beings are empty organisms, meaning there is nothing inside that can Primary reinforcers stimuli that are by their nature satisfying High on falsifiability Causality
learned responses to explain behavior in scientific terms. Conditioned reinforcers not by nature satisfying but become because Moderate on organizing Unconscious
stimuli, sets of overt Behavior can be controlled by its consequences, that is, by what follows the they are associated with such unlearned reinforcers knowledge Social influence
behaviors, or habit behavior. Generalized reinforcers associated with more than one primary Very high in guiding action Uniqueness
systems. Personality Basis of behavior: reinforce Very high internal
 All forms of behavior can be learned without experiencing reinforcement and through SELF-REINFORCEMENT we set personal standards for behavior and
observational learning and vicarious reinforcement observing behavior of others and achievement & we reward ourselves for meeting these standards & we punish

ALBERT BANDURA
the consequences of that behavior ourselves if we fail to meet the standards. Also referred to Very high on generating
Observation of others as a means of learning & he considers learning to be mediated by conscience/superego but Bandura declines it. research Freechoice
cognitive process. SELF-EFFICACY believing that you can accomplish what you want to High on falsifiability (good Optimism
Modeling heart of observational learning, adding & subtracting from observed behavior accomplish is one of the most important recipe in success construct) Equal teleology &
Disinhibition weakening of inhibition through exposure of a model High S.E. confidence, positivity; Low S.E helplessness High on organizing knowledge causality
What we see is what we become SOURCES OF SELF EFFICACY: High on practicality Conscious
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODELING SITUATION 1. Performance attainment previous success experiences provide direct Very high on internal Social factors
1. MODEL we are more influenced by someone who is similar to us. We are more indication of our levels of mastery & competence consistency Uniqueness
likely to model our behavior after a person of the sex than a person of the opposite 2. Vicarious experiences seeing other people perform successfully. If Very high on parsimony
SOCIAL COGNITIVE: 2. OBSERVER people low in self-esteem more likely to imitate a models behavior than they can do it, so can I If they cant do it, neither can I
are people in high self esteem 3. Verbal persuasion reminding people that they have the ability to
It is you who is in control of yourself not your childhood experiences and the environment. 6. RANGE constructs are limited to a particular range of convenience
Metatheory set of different theories 7. EXPERIENCE continually revise their constructs as the result to their
GEORGE KELLY

People anticipate events by the meaning or interpretation that they place on those events. experience
Personal Constructs: 8. MODULATION only permeable constructs lead to change
Constructive alternativism: they construe the world in their own way, & every construction is 9. FRAGEMENTATION behavior can be inconsistent because their
open to revision or replacement. construct systems can readily admit incompatible elements
Assumes that people are constantly active & that their activity is guided by the way they 10. COMMONALITY constructs tend to be similar of other people
anticipate events. Basic Postulate 11. SOCIALITY communicate with other people. Concept of role
11 COROLLARIES pattern of behavior that stems from peoples understanding of the
1. CONSTRUCTION we construe similar events as if they were the same constructs of others.
2. INDIVIDUALITY construe the same event in different ways Saw people as competent scientists thus test reasonable hypothesis & willing to
Klein: Ego seek relationship : Freud control the ID
Play therapy will see what is happening to his/her life. Look out the inside Moderate on generating Determinism (depends
KLEIN MELANIE

Originated from Anna Freud; Klein was kicked out from the circle by Freud research on the treatment of
PSYCHIC LIFE OF THE INFANT
Kleins observation on infants. Started on the 4th month of the child. High on falsifiability parents)
OBJECT RELATIONS FANTASIES good or bad
ORT sees human contact and relatedness as prime motive of human behavior Low on organizing knowledge Equal emphasis on
THEORY OBJECTS interpersonal (breast)
Splitting child thinks of a good breast or bad breast (used metaphors breast) optimism and pessimism
POSITIONS
Emphasizes consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships High on practicality Causality over teleology
Paranoid-schizoid position
Stresses intimacy & nurturing (maternal) High on internal consistency Unconscious over
TRAIT: You look at all aspects of a person PROPRIATE MOTIVES aspects unique to each person
CATTELL RAYMONALLPORT GORDON

It aims to describe& predict but not Personality the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY motives are independent or not functionally Moderate on generating
on specific behavior. Base on a systems that determine his characteristic behavior & thought; thus each person is connected to the prior experiences research
Free choice
factor will tell you your trait unique PERSEVERATIVE habits everyday tasks Low on falsifiability
Optimism
The goal is to describe not to tell Dynamic org our personality changes overtime/constantly. Healthy people are PROPRIATE relates to ones values, self-image & lifestyle Low on organizing
Teleology
you why and how. integrated Basal motivation (behavior) general satisfaction (lose weight) knowledge
Conscious
Cannot predict specific behavior Psychophysical mind, body, heredity, everything Stages of Devt of the Proprium (Ego/Self) Moderate in guiding action
and give accurate measuring. Social influence
As you age you mature. Bodily self High on internal
Only estimating trait Uniqueness
Chose to study normal rather than abnormal Self identity consistency
Personality it changes We are guided more by the present & our view of the future. Self esteem High on parsimony
Nomothetic norm; quantitative; He argued that personality is not universal but rather specific to an individual Extension of self
group; Considered personality as discrete or discontinuous; there is no continuum of Self image
Idiographic only one; qualitative; Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given ATTITUDES dynamic surface traits w/c display specific manifestations of
case studies situation. underlying motives
Traits are relatively permanent & broad reaction tendencies of personality ERGS driving force for all behaviors
Traits are building blocks of personality SENTIMENTS environmental mold source trait
SURFACE TRAITS can easily be seen by other people. Ex. Kindness, honesty, ABILITY TRAITS skill in dealing w/ environment & goals set therein. Ex.
generousness Intelligence,
SOURCE TRAITS forming core personality. Ex. Intelligence TEMPERAMENT TRAITS determine the general way a person behaviors.
 DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY (P E N)
Personality is largely determined by genes, more or less stable and hierarchically 1. EXTRAVERSION/INTROVERSION EXTRAVERTS are sociable & more
organized. impulsive & likes excitement & more oriented in external reality
Personality consist of types, traits & habits while INTROVERTS are more oriented in inner reality, quiet, passive,
Environmental factors have very little role in personality. Personality can be reduced reserved. Their difference is one of the cortical arousal. ARAS

HANS EYSENCK
to 2 polar dimensions. activates the CORTEX which in turn influences ARAS either Very high on generating
Not concerned with
Used orthogonal rotation increasing or inhibiting excitatibility research
freechoice/determinism,
Use factor analysis to classify personality traits 2. NEUROTICISM High N emotionally unstable, difficulty in Moderate on falsifiability
optims/pessimism,
For Eysenck: returning to normal state after emotional arousal. Low N High on organizing knowledge
causality/teleology
1. Theorize before collecting data emotionally stable & positive always Moderate to low as a guide
Conscious
2. Extracted fewer factors 3. PSYCHOTICISM (superego) High P insensitive to others, hostile for practitioners
Biology
3. Used wider variety of approached to gather data at times cruel. Low P impulsive controlled behavior. Moderate-low internal
Uniqueness
4 LEVEL HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR Personality springs from genetic & neuro physiological bases consistency
1. SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR Basic personality dimensions should be universal & not limited to a given Very high on parsimony
2. HABITUAL ACTS culture.
3. TRAITS/PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS Introverts should work best with lower level of sensory stimulation or
4. TYPES/SUPERFACTORS arousal and extraverts with higher levels.
EPI contains L(lie) to detect faking & only E & N EPQ measures P, E, N.

Insisted that the proper number of personality factors is 5. 3 core components FFT Very high on generating Not concerned whether
AND COSTA MCCRAE

Factor analysis mathematical procedure for reducing large number of scores to a 1. Basic tendencies universal raw material of personality research free choice or
few more geeral factors Individuality every adult has a unique pattern of traits Moderate on falsifiability determinism
Traits (generated thru factor analysis) unipolar (from 0-large amount) & bipolar Origin assumes that all personality traits originate solely from High on organizing knowledge Not concerned with
(have 2 opposing poles) biological factors (tested & used psychometric optimist/pessimism &
5 factor model (O C E A N) Development assumes that traits develop & change through properties) causality/teleology
Adults tend to maintain a consistent personality structure as they grow older. childhood, adolescence, mid adulthood. Moderate to low as guide for Conscious over