An Adverb describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Kinds of Adverbs

1. An adverb of manner answers the question how.

E.g. Fatimah noisily washed the pots.
Lily easily identified the girl crying.

2. An adverb of place answers the question where.

E.g. He lived near the mountains all his life.
There is the book you are looking for.

3. An adverb of frequency answers the question how often.

E.g. Sarah visits her grandmother once a week.
We always watch that program.

4. An adverb of time answers the question when.

E.g. The President left for Thailand last night.
Their English teacher is in the classroom already.

5. An adverb of degree answers the question how much, how little or to what extent. It is also called an intensifier.
E.g. My assignment is almost done.
The work is nearly finished.

6. An adverb of affirmation indicate a positive disposition.

E.g. I am absolutely going to the party.
He definitely have an English accent.

7. An adverb of negation indicate a negative situation.

E.g. I do not understand you.
JB would never turn his back on the two kids.

8. An adverb of doubt expresses hesitation or doubt.

E.g. The mail would probably arrive later.
His house is perhaps five miles from here.

9. An adverb of approximation expresses a rough estimation.

E.g. The building is roughly seven feet high.
We waited for nearly an hour for you,

Degrees of Comparison
Positive Comparative Superlative
quickly more quickly most quickly
curiously more curiously most curiously
strictly less strictly least strictly
proudly less proudly least proudly
badly worse worst
well better best

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 A Preposition is a word that expresses a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence.

Examples
The garden is behind the cottage. (The preposition, behind, shows where the garden is in the relation to the cottage.)
We played scrabbles after lunch. (The preposition, after, shows a time relationship between lunch and when we played
basketball.)

The prepositions in italic type in the following list are used frequently in speaking and writing.

about thirty minutes by seven oclock outside our house

above the tower despite the loss over the lifeboat
across the bridge down the cliff past the last station
after the play during the battle since the game
against all odds except my husband through the bush
along the range for the community till tomorrow
among the chefs from Miss Tina to us
around the earth in her eyes toward the end
at midnight inside the refrigerator under the new manager
before the exam into the frying pan underneath the sea
behind the creepy door like a huge weight until the second quarter
below the staircase near the lake up the chimney
beneath the tree of grapefruit slices upon her head
beside the bench off the highway with the chickens
besides hard work on the huge egg within our family
between you and me onto the trampoline without a sound
beyond the mountains out the door

Compound Prepositions are made up of more than one word

according to the news for the sake of publicity on account of the rain
aside from your propositions in addition to eggs on top of the mountain
as of yesterday in front of our house out of the sky
as to the budget in place of sugar prior to your call
as well as his heart in regard to a question with respect to the cost
because of the storm in spite of the difficulty
by means of a telephone instead of your plans

Prepositional Phrases
A preposition is usually followed by a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. The preposition
together with the object and its modifiers is called a prepositional phrase.
Example
Twenty dolphins performed like playful acrobats. (The prepositional phrase incudes the preposition, like, the modifier,
playful, and the object of the preposition, acrobats.)

A prepositional phrase may contain more than one object as in the following example:
prep obj obj
I vacuumed under the bed and the dressers.

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Some uses of the prepositions:

1. at- indicates exact time, exact address, or general location

E.g. He arrived at seven oclock in the evening.
She lives at 1234 Rizal Street.
We will meet them at the station.
2. in- indicates nonspecific time (indicate year, before months not followed by the day, or before the month and year without the
day), location within a place (when the given location is more specific; when something is already inside)
E.g. The next presidential election will be in 2015.
Flowers bloom in May and in June.
They migrated to California in July 2013.
I am now in the lobby of the College of Social Sciences and Humanities.
The money is in your wallet.
3. on- indicates exact date (before days of the week, before months followed by the day, or before the time indicating the day,
month and year), or location on top of something, or location on a street
E.g. I will be going back to province on Saturday.
Repais birthday is on June 20.
I was born on July 14, 1983.
The materials are on the floor.
She lives on Rizal Street.
4. into- ordinarily refers to motion or action
E.g. The boy threw the crumpled piece of paper into the trash can.
5. for- refers to a period of time stating the number of hours, days or weeks
E.g. The visitors waited for three hours.
The typhoon lasted for five days.
6. during- refers to a period of time
E.g. Ainah visited her relatives in Baguio City during the semestral break.
7. since- refers to a period of time from the past to present
E.g. I havent seen him since last month.
8. between- used in speaking of two person or objects
E.g. The inheritance was divided between the two brothers.
9. among- used in speaking of more than two persons or objects
E.g. The rations were divided among the paupers.
10. from- indicates the person/persons from whom something is obtained
E.g. The roses came from her secret admirers.
11. off- away from
E.g. The car fell off the cliff.
12. beside- at the side of or next to
E.g. The president stood beside the principal.
13. besides- in addition to
E.g. I have to take tutorial classes in math besides English.
14. behind- location at the rear of
E.g. My best friends house is behind our school.
15. within- the time within which something will occur
E.g. We will hear from the newscaster within an hour.
16. by- past, by way of, by means of
E.g. We drove by the MacArthur Highway.
The mountain resort can be reached by land transportation only.
By the underguarded rear door, the zombies gained entrance to the building.
17. about- concerning
E.g. They talked about the forthcoming MSU-Marawi Foundation Day.
18. across- from one side to the other
E.g. The grocery is just across the road from our house.
19. against- in opposition to

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E.g. Abortion is against the law.
20. over- above, across, more than
E.g. Spread the cloth over the table.
There are several bridges over the Pasig River.
The wallet contained over seven hundred pesos.
21. under- below or beneath
E.g. They remained under the shade to protect themselves from the burning sun.
22. through- by way of, by means of
E.g. The robber went through the window.
23. until- indicates a continuing situation that will come to an end in the future
E.g. I will be away until next Wednesday.
24. except- means but or minus
E.g. Everyone except Anya attended the luncheon.
25. onto- used to indicate that somebody or something is located on something, or moved toward it so as to be on it; making
discovery, often about something secret or illegal; in contact with a person or organization
E.g. I lifted my child onto my shoulders.
Hes really onto something big here.
Get onto the investors.

A Conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Kinds of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words or groups of words having the same function in a sentence. They can
join various parts of speech or sentence parts: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, phrases, or clauses.

and but for nor or so yet

E.g.
Mother bought can goods, noodles, and candies.
She and I watched the movie The Invention of Lying.
The birds flipped and flopped their wings.
The night was moonless, windy, and scary.
Weve searched almost all possible places; under the beds, inside the closets, on top of the cupboard; and beneath the sink.
The frail girl was often absent, but she still passed the test.
He searched for Issa in all the classrooms and laboratories in the school. But, he did not find her.

2. Correlative conjunctions are used like coordinating conjunctions, but they are always in pairs.

Bothand neithernor whetheror

Eitheror not onlybut (also) notbut
E.g.
Both Robert Frost and Jose Garcia Villa are renowned poets.
Prince William is not only the heir to the throne, but also a heartthrob among young ladies.
Neither the celebrant nor her parents appeared.
Whether he agrees or disagrees does not matter.

3. Subordinating conjunctions express relationships of time, manner, cause or reason, comparison, condition, or purpose. They
are used to introduce subordinate clauses that are not complete sentences. Subordinate clauses are always connected to
clauses that are complete (independent clauses) since they do not convey complete thoughts.

Time: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while
Manner: as, as if
Place: where, wherever
Cause or Reason: because, since
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 Comparison: as, as much as, than, whereas
Condition: although, as long as, even if, even though, if, provided that, though, unless, while
Purpose: in order that, so that
E.g.
You can join the field trip provided that you pay for your own fare.
I crossed the fields wherever there was a gate.
You have to finish editing the book so that it can be printed before the end of the year.

4. Conjunctive adverbs are used to connect clauses that can stand by themselves as sentences. They are preceded by a semi-
colon and are followed by a comma.

accordingly finally however otherwise thus

also furthermore indeed still
besides however moreover then
consequently hence nevertheless therefore
E.g.
The number of math items in the entrance test seemed endless; nevertheless, I tried to answer every problem correctly.
I lent him money before, and he never paid it back; hence, my reluctance to lend him more.

An Interjection is a word or group of words that is used to express surprise, fear, pain, or other emotions. It is not grammatically
related to other words in a sentence, so it functions independently. It may be followed by an exclamation point (!) or may be included in
a sentence set off by a comma.

ah goodness hurray tsk

aha gracious oh well
alas great omigosh whew
dear hello ouch wow
gee hey psst yippee
golly my goodness heavens oh no
yeah hi all right
E.g.
Aha, I caught you in the act!
Hello, how have you been?
Goodness! What was that?
Ouch! You hit my nose.
He passed the test? All right!
Hey! Whats up?