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 principals.Inournewseries,Dezeenwillberevisitingsomeofthekey News:NeoBanksideresidentsshouldad
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actuallyliesintheFrenchbtonbrutliterally"rawconcrete"the
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movement'ssignaturematerial.ButBrutalismwasconcernedwithfarmore
thanmaterials,emergingintheearly1950sthroughdissatisfactionwith
existingformsofModernism,fromwhichitaimedtomakeaconscious
departurewhileatthesametimerecapturingitsoriginalheroicspirit. Comment:"Giantgrasshopper
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Today,weusethetermBrutalismtorefertobothaparticularmomentin (http://www.dezeen.com/2016/09/22/zaha
postwarBritisharchitecturegiventheepithetNewBrutalismbythecritic hadidarchitectsfacetedporthouse
ReynerBanham(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyner_Banham)andthe antwerpbelgium/)
broaderphenomenonduringthe1960sand1970sofanalmostsculptural
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LeCorbusier'sUnitd'Habitation

Foramovementthatissynonymouswithconcrete,itissomesurprisethat Movie:behindBIG'sSerpentineGallery
thebuildingthatisoftenseenasinauguratingtheNewBrutalismwas PavilionwithFiberline
mainlymadeofsteel,glassandbrick.ThiswasAlisonandPeterSmithson
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(http://www.dezeen.com/2016/09/24/samuel bjarkeingelsbigserpentinegallery
(http://designmuseum.org/design/alisonpetersmithson)'sHunstanton
wilkinsonminimalistbrace pavilion2016laylightfibreglass
chairsteambentwood/) School(http://www.smithdon.norfolk.sch.uk/pages/home/history.php)in fiberlinecompositesmovie/)
SamuelWilkinsoncreates Norfolk(194754),wherethearchitectstransposedthevocabularyofMies
minimalchairusingsteam
bentwood vanderRohe'sIllinoisInstituteofTechnologyintoanasymmetricalplan
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withmaterialsleftintheirraw,unfinishedstates.Thisuseofmaterials"as
wilkinsonminimalistbrace
found"wasindeliberatecontrasttotheelegantcurvingroof,neattilingand
chairsteambentwood/)
timberdetailingofLeslieMartinandRobertMatthew'sScandinavian
influencedRoyalFestivalHall
(http://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/venues/royalfestivalhall)thetype
ofModernismtheSmithsonshadintheirsights.ForBanham,whobecame
DezeenMail#324
somethingofacheerleaderfortheNewBrutalism,Hunstantonwas"almost (http://newsletter.dezeen.com/t/r
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madeof".Sostarkwastheresult,hewasmovedtosuggestthattheNew
Brutalismconstitutedanethical,asmuchasanaesthetic,proposition.
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kishimotopedestrianstreet
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EleyKishimotocoversLondon
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StudioJobengravesfossilsin Armstrong inarchitectureanddesignfromaroundtheworld.Buy
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collection (http://www.dezeenbookofinterviews.com/)
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collectionbisazzalondon falsestartfortheemergingBrutalism.Themovement'smostimportant
designfestival/) singleinfluencewasundoubtedlyLeCorbusier'sUnitd'Habitationin
Marseille,bothintermsofaestheticsandsocialprogramme.Completedin
1952,theUnitcomprised12storeysofgenerouslyproportioned
apartmentsaccessedfrominterior"streets",raiseduponpilotisandtopped
byaroofterraceallbuiltfromroughlycastbtonbrut.Althoughthe
UnitstillreflectedtheutopianaspirationsofprewarModernismthen
underattack,BrutalistsliketheSmithsonssawitsformandaestheticas
reflectiveofthespiritofthepresentmomentandprovidingawayforward
forabroaderregenerationofModernarchitecture.

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ManyideasfromtheUnitappearedintheSmithsons'unbuilt1952design
fortheGoldenLaneEstateinLondon.Theinterior"streets"oftheUnit
Followus
becameexterior"streetdecks"ateverythirdlevelforerunnerstothe
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infamous"streetsinthesky"thatwouldbecomeubiquitousinsocial
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housingprojectsinthe1960sand1970s.Thesemadethebuilding's
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circulationlegible,whileaimingtofacilitatethetypeofsocialinteractions
onemighthaveonanactualstreet.Theblockswerearrangedtoworkwith
thesurroundingstreetlayout,ratherthanstandinginisolationasperthe
Corbusianmodel.Thoughofdifferentbuildingtypes,theSmithsons' (http://pinterest.com/dezeen/)
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GoldenLaneEstatedesigndevelopedmanyoftheideastheyhadexplored
atHunstanton,"emphasisingvisiblecirculation,[and]identifiableunitsof
habitation,"accordingtoBanham.
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Architecture(/architecture/)
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corbusierciteradieuseunite
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CitRadieusecombines
elementsfrommanyofLe
Corbusier'spreviousdesigns
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corbusierciteradieuseunite
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Ratherthanpresentingtheirdesignsthroughplans,sectionsandelevations
intheconventionalway,theSmithsonscreatedcollages,withcutoutsof
peoplepastedontotheirdrawings,so,inBanham'swords,"thehuman
presencealmostoverwhelmedthearchitecture".While,ageneration
before,LeCorbusierhadfamouslytakeninspirationfromoceanlinersand
motorscars,theSmithsonslookedtowardseverydaylifeadvertisements,
bricabrac,whattheycalled"thestuffoftheurbanscene".Theseconcerns
weresharedbyanumberofartists,especiallythoseassociatedwiththe Cultural(/architecture/cultural)
(http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/24/le
IndependentGroup(https://www.ica.org.uk/whatson/independent
corbusierarchitectmaison Education(/architecture/education/)
guietteantwerpbelgium groupparallelartlife)centredonLondon'sICA,withtheparallelscoming
unescoworldheritage/) Health(/architecture/healtharchitecture/)
topublicattentioninaseminalexhibition,ThisisTomorrow,heldatthe
LeCorbusier'sMaison
Guietteishisonlysurviving
WhitechapelArtGalleryin1956. Hotels(/architecture/hotelsarchitecture/)
Belgianbuilding
Astheausterityofthe1950sgavewaytotheenergyandrenewednational
(http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/24/le Industrial(/architecture/industrial/)
corbusierarchitectmaison selfconfidenceofthe1960s,Brutalismtookcentrestage,definingBritish
guietteantwerpbelgium Infrastructure(/architecture/infrastructure/)
unescoworldheritage/) architectureofthatdecade.Brutalistsocialhousingbeganappearingall
overBritain,withnotableexamples,suchasParkHill Landscape/urbanism(/architecture/landscapeand
urbanism/)
(http://www.urbansplash.co.uk/residential/parkhill)inSheffield(1957
61)byJackLynnandIvorSmithandSouthampton'sWyndhamCourt Offices(/architecture/officesarchitecture/)
(completed1966)byLyonsIsraelEllis,ensuringrawconcreteand"streets
Pavilions(/architecture/pavilions/)
inthesky"becamefamiliarsights.
Publicandleisure(/architecture/publicandleisure/)

Residential(/architecture/residentialarchitecture/)

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corbusiervillalelac
switzerlandlakesidehome
parentsunescoworld
Interiors(/interiors/)
heritage/)
LeCorbusierdesignedVilla
LeLacasalakesidehomefor
hisparents
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corbusiervillalelac
switzerlandlakesidehome
parentsunescoworld
heritage/)

(http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/12/le Exhibitions(/interiors/exhibitions)
corbusierclaudeetduval
hosieryfactoryfrance Health(/interiors/healthinteriors/)
modulorproportionsystem
unescoworldheritagelist/) Hotels(/interiors/hotelsinteriors/)
LeCorbusier'sClaudeet
DuvalFactorydemonstrates Offices(/interiors/officesinteriors/)
hisModulorproportion
system Residential(/interiors/residentialinteriors/)
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corbusierclaudeetduval Restaurantsandbars(/interiors/restaurantsand
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modulorproportionsystem
unescoworldheritagelist/)
Retail(/interiors/retail/)

Salonsandspas(/interiors/salonsandspas/)
PrestonBusStationbyKeithInghamandCharlesWilson.PhotographiscourtesyofBDP

Design(/design/)
Brutalismwasbynomeansconfinedtosocialhousing.TheSmithsons'
EconomistBuildinginLondon'sStJames's(196264)showedhowBrutalist
ideascouldbedeployedinsensitivesettings.Itsclusterofthreetowersof
differentheightswithanelegantplazaatgroundlevelallowedthecreation
ofadeliberatelycomplexrelationshiptoitshistoricsite.OutsideLondon,
(http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/11/maison
curutchetlecorbusier thePrestonBusStation(196869)byKeithInghamandCharlesWilsonof
modernisthouselaplata
argentinaunsecoworld BuildingDesignPartnershipsawBrutalismusedtogivemunicipalcivic
heritagelist/) identitytomajorpiecesofinfrastructure.Thiswasanideaalsoexploredby
LeCorbusier'sMaison
CurutchetinArgentinahasa OwenLuderandRodneyGordon,whoseTrinitySquarecarparkin
treeatitscentre Gateshead(196267),madefamousbythe1971filmGetCarter,and
(http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/11/maison
TricornCentreinPortsmouth(196267)werebothlocallandmarksfor
curutchetlecorbusier
betterorforworsebeforetheirrespectivedemolitionsin2010and2004.
modernisthouselaplata
argentinaunsecoworld
heritagelist/)
heritagelist/)
AlthoughthetheoreticalrootsoftheNewBrutalismweredecidedlyBritish,
evenEnglish,roughsculpturalbuildingsofrawconcreterosealloverthe
worldduringthe1960sand1970s.FromPaulRudolph'sYaleArtand
ArchitectureBuilding(completedin1963),toPauloMendesdeRocha's
BrazilianMuseumofSculptureinSoPaulo(completed1988)andKenzo
Tange'sKuwaitEmbassyinTokyo(completed1970),rawconcretebecamea
globallanguage.Thoughemergingfromdifferentcontextsandtheoretical
viewpoints,thesevariousmanifestationsofBrutalismsharedanambition
toreinventmodernism,tocreateanarchitecturethatwashardedged Fashion(/design/fashion)
literallyandconceptuallythatwasradicalandoftenconfrontational.
Furniture(/design/furniture/)

Graphics(/design/graphics/)

Homeware(/design/homeware/)

Installations(/design/installations)

Lighting(/design/lighting/)

Products(/design/products/)

Transport(/design/transport/)

Watches(/tag/watchestag/)

Technology(/technology/)

RobinHoodGardensbyAlisonandPeterSmithson.PhotographisbyLukeHayes,as
mainimage

Inthelate1960s,theSmithsonsfinallygottheirchancetoputtheirsocial
housingideasintopracticewithRobinHoodGardensinLondon'sPoplar, 3Dprinting(/tag/3dprinting/)
closetoErnGoldfinger'sBrutalistresidentialbuildingBalfronTower
Apple(/tag/apple/) Gadgets(/tag/gadgets/)
(196567).Theirschemecomprisedtwo,relativelylowriseblocksarranged
aroundagardenarea,whichwaslandscapedwithraisedmounds,sothat Robotics(/tag/robots/) Software(/tag/software/)
greenerywasvisiblefromthewindowsofevenhigherfloors.Thetwo
Wearables(/tag/wearabletechnology/)
blockscontainedbothflatsandmaisonettes,theideabeingtoencouragea
greatersocialmixthanpossiblewithjustonetypeofdwelling.Withcars
Opinion(/opinion/)
banished,residenceswereaccessedvia'streetsinthesky',intendedasever
tofacilitatetheinteractionsandsocialtiesbetweenneighboursthrough
whichacommunitymightemerge.

RobinHoodGardensinmanywaysconstitutedtheultimaterealisationof
theprogressivesocialidealsthatinformedmuchofBrutalistthinking,but
bythetimeitwascompletedin1972,theBrutalistmomenthadpassedand
itwasanalmostimmediatefailure.Theroughidealismofthe1950sno
longerreflectedtheconsumeristrealitiesofthe1970s.Thepovertythe
estatewasmeanttoalleviatewasinsteadcompoundedbyahighcrimerate
andfrequentvandalismofcommunalareas,whichwererarelyproperly
maintained.Ratherthanpresentinganidealisticviewofthefuture,Robin
HoodGardenscametorepresentallthatwaswrongwiththeintertwiningof
architectureandhousingpolicy,andthetopdownwaythosepolicieswere
usuallyimplemented.

MarcusFairs(/tag/marcusfairs)

DanHill(/tag/danhill)

SamJacob(/tag/samjacob)

AlexandraLange(/tag/alexandralange)

KieranLong(/tag/kieranlong)

JustinMcGuirk(/tag/justinmcguirk)

MimiZeiger(/tag/mimizeiger)
 MimiZeiger(/tag/mimizeiger)

OwenHatherley(/tag/owenhatherley)

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Events
2016(#0)
CES2016
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ClerkenwellDesignWeek2016
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designweek2016/)
DesignIndaba2016
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indaba2016/)
DesignMiami2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/design
miami2016/)
DesignMiami/Basel2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/design
miamibasel2016/)
DesignMarch2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/designmarch
RobinHoodGardensbyAlisonandPeterSmithson.PhotographisbyLukeHayes. 2016/)
GenevaMotorShow2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/geneva
motorshow2016/)
Somehaileditasamasterpiece.However,formanyothersRobinHood Graduateshows2016
Gardenswasjustanother"concretemonstrosity"that"brutalised"its (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/graduate
inhabitants,andnodifferentfromtheusuallycheapanduninspiringslab shows2016/)
Inside2016
blockserectedalloverBritainduringthepostwaryears.Despitethis (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/inside
frequentlumpingtogetherofpostwarModernism,Brutalistbuildings festival2016/)
IstanbulDesignBiennial2016
alwaysseemtoattractparticularlyharshcriticism.Thearchitecturewhich (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/istanbul
soepitomisedthegoldeneraofthe1960sbecamewidelyreviledand designbiennial2016/)
frequentvictimtothewreckingball.Forthoseontheleftofthepolitical LondonDesignBiennale2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/london
spectrum,thedestructionofBritain'sBrutalistlegacyisnothingmorethan designbiennale2016/)
anattempttoerasethatbriefmomentofsocialisthousingpolicyfrom LondonDesignFestival2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/london
collectivememory.Butthislargelybeliesthefactmanythatmanyhousing designfestival2016/)
estateserectedinutopianfervourfailedontheirownterms,revealingthe LondonFestivalofArchitecture2016
inherentshortcomingsofintertwiningarchitectureandsocialpolicyand, (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/london
festivalofarchitecture2016/)
often,ofthebuildingsthemselves. Maison&Objet2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/maison
Nevertheless,inrecentyearsBrutalismhasundergonesomethingofa objetdesigntradefair2016/)
Milan2016
rehabilitation,becomingfashionableincertainarchitecturalcircles.Itisa (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/milan
remarkablereversal(albeitwithalongwaytogo),especiallywhenone designweek2016/)
NeoCon2016
realisesthemostperniciousaspectofBrutalism'slegacythewedgeits
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/neocon
bloodymindedandoftenratherarrogantpolemicsdrovebetween 2016/)
architectsandthepublicisstillaffectingarchitecturetoday.Attheirbest, NewYork2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/new
though,Brutalistbuildingshaveasublimeandhauntingpowerlikefew yorkdesignweek2016/)
othersandshouldbepreservedforposterity.Walkingsouthalong Northmodern2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/northmodern
WaterlooBridgeatduskwiththepowerfulconcretemassesoftheHayward
designfaircopenhagen2016/)
GalleryandQueenElizabethHallrearingupinfrontofyouandTheKinks' OsloArchitectureTriennale2016
songWaterlooSunset,releasedin1967,thesameyearthosebuildingswere (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/oslo
architecturetriennale2016/)
completed,ringinginone'sears,itishardnottobestruckbythepoignancy Stockholm2016
ofthelyric:"AslongasIgazeonWaterlooSunset,Iaminparadise". (http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/stockholm
designweekfurniturefair2016/)
VeniceArchitectureBiennale2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/venice
OwenHopkinsismanageroftheArchitectureProgrammeattheRoyal architecturebiennale2016/)
AcademyofArtsinLondon,andtheauthorofReadingArchitecture:A WAF2016
(http://www.dezeen.com/category/events/2016/world
VisualLexicon(2012)andArchitecturalStyles:AVisualGuide(2014). architecturefestival2016/)
2015(#1)
2014(#2)
2013(#3)
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Jointhediscussion

chocho2yearsago
Socialistprinciples.
1 Reply Share

ColonelPancake2yearsago
I'dliketothankmynaivesocialistcomradesforofferingsuch
humanearchitecturetogowiththebrutallycoerciveforceof
youridealgovernment,butI'mgoingtopassonboth.
6 Reply Share

phrasing2yearsago
AssomeonefromthePortsmoutharea,Iwasabsolutely
delightedwhentheobnoxiouslyuglyTricornCentrewas
finallyflattened.
3 Reply Share

Kay2yearsago
Whatanawesomepiece,thankyouDezeen.IknewI
couldn'tbetheonlyonewhoworshipstheseconcrete
masterpieces.IthinkBrutalismisvilifiednotbecauseofits
socialpurpose,butbecauseofsubtlecritiqueofoursociety,
andbecauseitisacapitalist'snightmare.

Youcan'thaveBrutalismasanoutoftheboxthingitis
unique,andthereforeyoucan'tmassproduceandsellit,just
likeyouwouldwithmuchoftoday's"pretty"structures.It's
thedesignmovementofthe21stcentury,becauselikeall
othersuccessfulartandinfluentialartmovements,theywere
initiallydetestedandmisunderstood.Yearslaterpeoplegetit
andthingschange...
2 Reply Share

KingKibbutz>Kay2yearsago
InwhatwayisBrutalistarchitecture,acapitalist's
nightmare?
Reply Share

Kay>KingKibbutz2yearsago
WellIthinkIexpandedonthatinmy
comment.Itisacapitalistnightmarebecause
atanabstractlevel,Brutalismcannotbemass
producedandsold.Itdoesn'tmakemoney.It
isnotagoodinvestmentforcapitalists.

Thisiswhyitwasalwaysmoreofa
governmentalthanprivateventure.Thatisnot
tosaythatwiththenewfoundappreciation
tosaythatwiththenewfoundappreciation
amongstsometoBrutalism,thatcapitalism
won'tpolluteit,justlikeitpollutedmanyart
movements.Butsofarsosafe.
Reply Share

KingKibbutz>Kay2yearsago
It'snotuniqueandyoucanmass
produceandsellit.Youdothisby
hiringfewerbrickies,puttinguploads
ofshutteringandpouringlotsof
concrete.What's'art'aboutthat?

Whywouldn'tcapitallikealowerbuild
cost?Infactitlikeditverymuch,
whichiswhyourcitiesandtownswere
blightedbyunremittingdrabnessand
greyoppression.
3 Reply Share

Kay>KingKibbutz2yearsago
Artissubjective,nopointarguingthis
wouldyou.

Massproductionisnotjustabout
deliveryandbuildcosts,itisabout
actuallyprovidingsupplytoamarket
demandingyourproduct.Brutalismis
notaproductondemand,henceits
appeal.

Idon'tunderstandyournegativity.And
capitalNEVERsupportedBrutalism,
thepublicsectordid.Hencewhy
Brutalismisalwaysexemplifiedin
hospitals,universitiesandsocial
hosing.It'srarelyaprivateventure.
Reply Share

KingKibbutz>Kay2yearsago
Subjectivismiswhereargumentisatits
mostworthwhileinmybook.

BrutalismWASmassproductionit's
adoptionwasalwaystosupply'a
market'.Itansweredthequestionsthat
capitalwaswranglingwithwhiletrying
tomakeconstructionthatwas
affordable.

Justbecauseitwaspublicmoney,
doesn'tmeanitwasn'tcapital!The
reasonformynegativityisthatwhat
theycameupwithwassimplynot
welcoming,notcharming,pleasingto
theeyeortothetouch.Italltoooften
hasthelookofthenuclearbunker.

Howlongdoesittaketotrainan
architect?Eightyears.Andafterall
thateducationanddevelopmentof
skills,theyresortedtodrawingabig
rectanglewithlotsofsmallerrectangles
withinit.Ifitwasworthkeepingwe
wouldn'thaveknockedsomuchofit
down.
1 Reply Share

SapIen>KingKibbutzayearago
Oddthatyoudon'tfindthesimple
geometricshapespleasing,buthey,
eachtotheirown.
 eachtotheirown.
Reply Share

KingKibbutz>SapIenayearago
Howisthatodd?
Reply Share

Trent2yearsago
Pleasetellmethatthispiece,andtheassociatedBrutalist
articles,aregoingtoformanupcomingbook!
1 Reply Share

RandallKrause2yearsago
IstudiedattheChicagoCircleCampusdesignedinthe1960s
byWalterNetsch.Eventhoughsomeportionsofhisoriginal
planhavebeendemolished,itisstillnotableforitsBrutalist
architecturalprincipleswhichcanbeseenintheoriginal
campusbuildings.
Reply Share

KingKibbutz2yearsago
Ihavetoworkonhousingestates,designedbypeoplewho
musthavebeenaspiringBrutalistarchitect/planners.

WhatIlikebestisthathavingtakentwentyminutestofind
theaddress,becausethenearestparkingisactuallyona
streetwithadifferentnamethatnearestparkingisstilla
lengthywalktothedoorstep.

Aminorconcernperhaps,whenthetenantgetstheurgeto
leaveGerrySpringerforashortwhile,andtonipoutfor
somemoreStella'cossheforgotit'.It'sarealpaininthearse
togetadozen8x4plasterboardsandnecessary
accoutrmentsonsite.

Thankyousomuchyoudickybowedkn**heads.
1 Reply Share

Guest2yearsago
Don'tknowifitqualifiesbuttheoldBradford&BingleyHQ
whichhassquatovertheotherwiseattractivesmalltownof
Bingley,forsome45yearsorsoiscurrentlybeingmunched
totheground,providingquitesomeconversationaspeople
gazeattheworks.

Everyoneissohappythatsoonitwillnolongergloweracross
theplacelikesomeredundantfalloutshelter.
Reply Share

KingKibbutz2yearsago
[I'lltryagain].

Sogoodtoseeyetanotheroftheartgemsbestowedonthe
nationbytheBrutalskool,beingmunchedtothegroundin
Bingley'smainstreet.

Itsquatoverthesmalltownfor45yearsorso,likesome
centrallyimposednuclearbunker,hatedandderided
universally.

Wellthat'snotquitetrueactually.Oneonlookerdidexpress
atingeofremorseduetothefactthathehadlosthischerry
inthefirstfloorpaperstorein'76.
Reply Share

SapIenayearago
IjustlovetherawnessofBrutalismthesubtlecontrastsin
thefinishofthematerialsandthewaylightplaysacrossthe
surfacesandgivesinterestingshadows.Itmaylookuglybut
it'sgeometryissimpleandattractive.MyfavouriteBrutalist
structureclosetohome.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
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