Documente Academic
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Foundation Degree
Mathematics
Pre-Course
Study Package
2
TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULA
Example 1
F ma
Divide both sides by m =
m m
F F
=a or a=
m m
Example 2
y − c = mx
y − c mx
Divide both sides by m =
m m
y −c y −c
=x or x=
m m
3
Example 3
w( H − h)
Transpose the formula Q= to make T the subject
T−t
w( H − h )
Multiply both sides by T − t Q( T − t ) = × (T − t )
T−t
Q( T − t ) = w ( H − h )
Q( T − t ) w ( H − h )
Divide both sides by Q =
Q Q
w( H − h)
T−t=
Q
w( H − h )
Add t to both sides T−t+t= +t
Q
w( H − h)
T= +t
Q
w( H − h )
Subtract from both sides
Q
w( H − h) w( H − h ) w( H − h )
T− = +t−
Q Q Q
w( H − h)
T− =t
Q
w( H − h)
t=T−
Q
4
Example 4
ab
Transpose the formula y= to make a the subject
a−b
ab
Multiply both sides by a − b y (a − b ) = (a − b )
a−b
y (a − b ) = ab
a( y − b ) by
Divide both sides by ( y − b ) =
(y − b) y − b
by
a=
y −b
Example 5
n = t +1
5
Example 6
b( x − b )
Transpose the formula d= to make x the
c
subject
b( x − b )
Square both sides d2 =
c
b( x − b )
Multiply both sides by c cd 2 = ×c
c
cd 2 = b( x − b )
cd 2 b( x − b )
Divide both sides by b =
b b
cd 2
=x−b
b
cd 2
Add b to both sides +b=x−b+b
b
cd 2
+b=x
b
cd 2
Or x= +b
b
6
EXERCISE 1
a E
7) x = for y 8) I = for R
y R
u RT
9) x = for u 10) P = for T
a V
1 2 3 1 1 1 1
11) = + for b 12) = + + for R2
a b c R R1 R 2 R 3
PLAN πd 2 h
13) H = for L 14) V = for h
33000 4
x
19) y = + 17 for x 20) H = S + qL for q
5
2R E
23) V = for r 24) C = for E
R−r R+r
7
N−n 12(D − d )
27) C = for N 28) T = for d
2p L
2R S(C − F)
29) V = for R 30) P = for C
R−r C
L W
33) t = 2π for L 34) t = 2π for f
g gf
mv 2 x
35) P − mg = for m 36) Z = for x
r x+y
3n + 2 3
37) k = for n 38) a = for t
n +1 4t + 5
⎛ 1 1⎞ 2(S − an )
39) v 2 = 2k ⎜ − ⎟ for x 40) d = for a
⎝x a⎠ n (n − 1)
dh
41) c = 2 2hr − h 2 for r 42) x = for d
D−d
D f +p W(v − u)
43) = for f 44) F = for t
d f −p gt
1− t2 R−H
45) y = for t 46) T = 2π for R
1+ t2 g
3n + 2 ab
47) k = for n 48) y = for b
n +1 a−b
b a 2 − b2
49) a = for b 50) x = for y
b+c ay
8
LINEAR EQUATIONS
Example 1 Solve 7x + 3 = 5x + 17
7 x + 3 − 5x − 3 = 5x + 17 − 5x − 3
2x =14
14
x= x=7
2
1
Therefore x=
3
9
Example 3 Solve 3( x + 4) − 5( x − 1) = 19
− 2 x + 17 = 19
Re-arranging 19-17= - 2x
Therefore 2= -2x
x = -1
x 3 3x
Example 4 Solve + = −2
4 5 2
x 3 3x
Multiply by the LCD 20 × 20 + × 20 = × 20 − 2 × 20
4 5 2
5x + 12 = 30x − 40
12 + 40 = 30x − 5x
52 = 25x
52 2
x= x=2
25 25
x − 4 2x − 1
Example 5 Solve − =4
3 2
⎛ x − 4⎞ ⎛ 2x − 1 ⎞
Multiply by the LCD 6 ⎜ ⎟×6 −⎜ ⎟×6 = 4×6
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2( x − 4) − 3( 2 x − 1) = 24
2 x − 8 − 6 x + 3 = 24
− 8 + 3 − 24 = 6 x − 2 x
1
− 29 = 4 x x = −7
4
10
5 4
Example 6 Solve =
2x + 5 x + 2
5 4
(2 x + 5)( x + 2) × = (2 x + 5)( x + 2) ×
(2 x + 5) x+2
5( x + 2) = 4( 2 x + 5)
5x + 10 = 8x + 20
10 − 20 = 8x − 5x
− 10 = 3x
− 10
x=
3
1
x = −3
3
1) 6 x − 7 = 17 2) 14 − 3x = 8
3) 6 x + 11 = 25 − x 4) 0 ⋅ 3x = 1 ⋅ 8
5) 1 ⋅ 2 x − 0 ⋅ 8 = 0 ⋅ 8x + 1 ⋅ 2 6) 2( x + 1) = 8
7) 3( x − 1) − 4( 2x + 3) = 14 8) 5( x + 2) − 3( x − 5) = 29
11
x x x x x 5
11) − =2 12) + + =
5 3 3 4 5 6
x x x 3 2x
13) + +3=2+ 14) 3x + =2+
2 3 6 4 3
3 4 3
15) =3 16) y− y=2
x 7 5
1 1 7 x +3 x −3
17) + = 18) − =2
3x 4 x 20 4 5
2 x x − 6 3x 3 2 x − 3 4 − 5x
19) − − = 20) =
15 12 20 2 4 3
3− y y 3x − 5
21) = 22) x − 5 =
4 3 6
x−2 3 2
23) =3 24) = 11
x −3 x −1 x − 5
3 4 3 5
25) = 26) =
x−2 x+4 2 x + 7 3( x − 2)
x 3x − 7 x − 2 4 x − 1 3x − 1 5 − 2 x
27) − = 28) − =
3 5 6 3 2 4
3x − 5 9 − 2 x x 2x − 5
29) − =0 30) − =0
4 3 3 2
4x − 5 2x − 1 ( x − 3) 3( x − 1) 2
31) − =x 32) + =1
2 6 12 8 3
2( 4 − x ) 2( x + 5) 2 3( 2 x + 3) 5(5x + 3) 2
33) − =4 34) − =8
9 3 3 7 6 3
12
(3x + 1) 3( 4 − x ) 4 5x + 2 7 x − 5 1
35) + =1 36) + =6
5 3 15 3 4 4
3( x − 2) 4( x − 7 ) 2 5( 2 x + 1) 2( 4 x + 1) 2
37) + =1 38) − = 11
4 3 3 3 5 3
13
SIMUTANEOUS EQUATIONS
1) 3x + 4 y = 11 and x + 7 y = 15
2) 3x + 4 y = 26 and 4 x − 3y = 18
3x +21y = 45
3x + 4y = 11
17y = 34
y=2
3x + 4y = 11
3x + 8 = 11
3x = 11 – 8
3x = 3
x=1
x = 1 and y = 2
14
Example 2 Solve the equations
Exercise 3
Solve the following simultaneous equations
1. 5x + 7 y = 29 2. 5x − y = 17
x + 2y = 7 4 x + 3y = 6
3. 5x + y = 22 4. 3x − 4 y = 30
2 x − 5y = 25 4x + 5y = 9
5. 6 x − 5 y = 11 6. 10 x + 3y = −24
4 x + 3y = 1 5x − 4 y = −23
7. x + 2 y = 10 8. 4 x = −5 y − 8
3x = 5 y − 3 6 x = 2 y + 26
9. 2 x + 3y = 2 10. 12 x − 3y = 1
8x − 9 y = 1 4x + 6 y = 5
15
MULTIPYING BRACKETS
Expanding (3x − 4 y ) will become the first term squared, plus twice
2
the product of the first and second terms, plus the second term
squared.
So (3x − 4 y ) 2 = 9 x 2 − 24 xy + 16 y 2
Exercise 4
5. (x + 2 )(x + 3) 6. (2 x + 3)(3x − 5)
7. (2x + 3y ) 8. (2x − 3y )
2 2
16
Factorising Quadratic Functions
Then if a = 1 x 2 + (m + n ) + mn = x 2 + bx + c
So b = m + n and c = mn
Example 1 Factorise x 2 + 5x + 6
x 2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)
Example 2 Factorise x 2 + 2 x − 150
As − 3 × +5 = −15 and − 3 + (+ 5) = +2
x 2 + 2 x − 15 = (x − 3)(x + 5)
Example 3 Factorise 2x 2 + 7 x + 6
As 3 × 2 = 6 and 2x × 2 = 4x and x × 3 = 3x
Giving 4x+3x=7x
2 x 2 + 7 x + 6 = (2 x + 3)(x + 2 )
Example 4 Factorise 3x 2 − 4 x − 15
Giving 5x + ( −9 x ) = −4 x
3x 2 − 4x − 15 = (3x + 5)(x − 3)
17
Exercise 5 Factorise the following quadratic functions
1) x 2 + 7 x + 12 2) x 2 + 2 x − 15
3) x 2 − 3x − 28 4) x 2 − 11x + 28
5) x 2 − 15x + 56 6) 30 − 11x + x 2
7) 12 + 4m − m 2 8) 20 − a − a 2
9) 2 x 2 + 5x + 2 10) 3x 2 + 13x + 14
18
Solution of Quadratic Equations
Example 1 Solve x 2 + 5x − 14 = 0
If x 2 + 5x − 14 = 0 then (x − 2)(x + 7 ) = 0
Therefore x − 2 = 0 and x+7=0
So x = 2 and x = −7
Example 2 5x 2 − 23x − 10 = 0
(5x + 2)(x − 5) = 0
5x + 2 = 0 and x − 5 = 0
2
x = − or − 0 ⋅ 5 and x = 5
5
1) x 2 − 4x = 0 2) x2 − 4 = 0
3) 25x 2 − 16 = 0 4) x 2 + 5x = 0
5) x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 0 6) x 2 − x − 12 = 0
7) x 2 − 11x + 28 = 0 8) x 2 − 11x + 30 = 0
9) x 2 + 12 x + 35 = 0 10) x 2 − 63 = 2 x
19
Solution of Quadratic Equations by Formula
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
Then x=
2a
Example 1 Solve 3 x 2
+ 2 x − 8 = 0 using the quadratic
formula
Comparing 3x 2 + 2 x − 8 = 0 with ax 2 + bx + c = 0
Therefore a = 3 , b = 2 and c = −8
− 2 ± 2 2 − 4 × 3 × −8
So x=
2×3
− 2 ± 4 + 96
x=
6
− 2 ± 10 4
x= x= and x = 2
6 3
Example 2 Solve 2 x 2 − 9 x − 7 = 0
a = 2 , b = −9 and c = −7
− (− 9 ) ± (− 9) − 4 × 2 × (− 7 )
2
So x=
2× 2
9 ± 81 + 56 9 ± 137
x= x=
4 4
x = 5 ⋅ 18 and x = −0 ⋅ 68
20
Exercise 7 Solve the following quadratic equations by formula
1) 4 x 2 − 3x − 2 = 0 2) x2 − x −1= 0
3) 3x 2 + 7 x − 5 = 0 4) 7 x 2 + 8x − 2 = 0
5) 5x 2 − 4 x − 1 = 0 6) 2x 2 − 7 x = 3
7) x (x + 4 ) + 2 x (x + 3 = 5) 8) 5x (x + 1) − 2 x (2 x − 1) = 20
2 3 x+2 5
9) + =5 10) − =4
x + 2 x +1 3 x+2
3x − 5 x 2 − 2
11) = 12) x (x + 5) = 66
4 x
12 1
12) (2x − 3) 2
= 13 14) − =2
x+2 x
21
Indices
Laws of indices
x m × x n = x m+n
x m ÷ x n = x m+n
(x )m n
= x mn
x0 =1
x1 = x
1
x −m =
xm
1
m
x = xm
m
m
x =xn n
3
x2 × x 2 1
2 1 5
1. = x × x ×−2
3 2
+ −2=−
x2 3 2 6
5
−
=x 6
3
⎛ 1⎞
2
x ×⎜x2 ⎟
5
⎝ ⎠
2 1 3
2 1 3 51
2. 3
= x5 × x8 × x4 + + =
− 5 8 4 40
x 4
51
= x 40
22
Exercise 8
1 1
3) 8 3
4) 64 6
2 3
5) 8 3
6) 25 2
3
⎛ 14 ⎞ 1
7) ⎜16 ⎟ 8) 3
⎝ ⎠ 9
−
2
1
−
⎛1⎞ 2
9) ⎜ ⎟ 10) 16 0⋅5
⎝ 4⎠
(4 )
1
−3 2
11) 36 −0⋅5 12)
−3
⎛ 1 ⎞
5
⎛ 1 ⎞2 ⎜ ⎟
13) ⎜ ⎟ 14)
⎝ 4⎠ ⎜ 2⎟1
⎝ 16 ⎠
1
−
1 ⎛9⎞ 2
15) 16) ⎜ ⎟
( 3) −2
⎝ 4⎠
23
Exercise 9 Simplify the following expressions, expressing each as
a single power.
1) x 2) 5
x4
1 1
3) 4)
x 3
x4
1
5) x −3 6) 4
x −0⋅3
( )
2
2
7) 3
−x 8) x 3
3
−
( x) ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 4
9) 3
10) ⎜3 4 ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
x 3
x −3
11) 12)
x × x
2 2
3
x
5 −3
x 3
x ×x 2 2
13) 3
14) 1
−
x 2
x 2
3 5 3
− −
x 4
x2 × x 2
15) 5
16) 7
− −
x 2
x 2
× x2
3
⎛ 12 ⎞
⎜x ⎟
17) ⎝ ⎠ 18)
x
(x )
1
3 2 x3
19)
4
x3
20)
( x)4
3
x x
4
x2 3
x × x3
21) 22) 5
7
x −2 x2
24