CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR GPAT

CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR GPAT

Abortus Bang ring test: ABR test an agglutination test for brucellosis in cattle,
performed by mixing a drop of stained brucellae with 1 mL of milk and incubating
for 1 hour at 37C; agglutinated bacteria rise to the surface to form a colored ring.
Acid elution test: air-dried blood smears are fixed in 80 per cent methanol and
immersed in a pH 3.3 buffer; all hemoglobins are eluted except fetal hemoglobin,
which is seen in red cells after staining.
Acidified serum test: incubation of red cells in acidified serum; after
centrifugation, the supernatant is examined by colorimetry for hemolysis, which
indicates paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Acoustic reflex test: measurement of the acoustic reflex threshold; used to
differentiate between conductive and sensorineural deafness and to diagnose
acoustic neuroma.
Adson's test: one for thoracic outlet syndrome; with the patient in a sitting
position, hands on thighs, the examiner palpates both radial pulses as the patient
rapidly fills the lungs by deep inhalation and, holding breath, hyperextends the
neck, turning the head toward the affected side. If the radial pulse on that side is
markedly or completely obliterated, the result is positive.
Agglutination test: cells containing antigens to a given antibody are mixed into
the solution being tested for a particular antibody, with agglutination indicative of
antibody presence.
Alkali denaturation test: a spectrophotometric method for determining the
concentration of fetal (F) hemoglobin.
Ames test: a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that lacks the enzyme necessary
for histidine synthesis is cultured in the absence of histidine and in the presence
of the suspected mutagen and certain enzymes known to activate procarcinogens.
If the substance causes DNA damage resulting in mutations, some of the bacteria
will regain the ability to synthesize histidine and will proliferate to form colonies;
almost all of the mutagenic substances are also carcinogenic.
Anti-DNA test , antidouble-stranded DNA test: an immunoassay that uses
native double-stranded DNA as an antigen to detect and monitor increased serum
levels of anti-DNA antibodies; used in the detection and management of systemic
lupus erythematosus.
Antiglobulin test: (AGT) a test for non-agglutinating antibodies against red cells,
using antihuman globulin antibody to agglutinate red cells coated with the

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 CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR GPAT

nonagglutinating antibody. The direct antiglobulin test detects antibodies bound to

circulating red cells in vivo. It is used in the evaluation of autoimmune and drug-
induced hemolytic anemia and hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect
antiglobulin test detects serum antibodies that bind to red cells in an in vitro
incubation step. It is used in typing of erythrocyte antigens and in compatibility
testing (cross-match).
Aptitude tests: tests designed to determine ability to undertake study or training
in a particular field.
Association test: one based on associative reaction, usually by mentioning words
to a patient and noting what other words the patient will think of and give in reply.
Automated reagin test (ART): a modification of the rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
test for use with automated analyzers used in clinical chemistry.
Basophil degranulation test: an in vitro procedure testing allergic sensitivity to a
specific allergen at the cellular level by measuring staining of basophils after
exposure to the allergen; a reduced number of granular cells is a positive result.
Benedict's test: a qualitative or quantitative test for the determination of glucose
content of urine.
Binet's test , Binet-Simon test: a method of ascertaining a child's or youth's
mental age by asking a series of questions adapted to, and standardized on, the
capacity of normal children at various ages.
Bing test: a vibrating tuning fork is held to the mastoid process and the auditory
meatus is alternately occluded and left open; an increase and decrease in loudness
is perceived by the normal ear and in sensorineural hearing loss, whereas the
hearing of no difference occurs in conductive hearing loss.
Caloric test: irrigation of the normal ear with warm water produces a rotatory
nystagmus toward that side; irrigation with cold water produces a rotatory
nystagmus away from that side.
chi-square test: any statistical hypothesis test employing the chi-square (2)
distribution, measuring the difference between theoretical and observed
frequencies and hypothesized to approach the 2-distribution as the sample size
increases.
Chromatin test: determination of genetic sex of an individual by examination of
somatic cells for the presence of sex chromatin.
Cis-trans test: a test in microbial genetics to determine whether two mutations
that have the phenotypic effect, in a haploid cell or a cell with single phage
infection, are located in the same gene or in different genes; the test depends on

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 CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR GPAT

the independent behavior of two alleles of a gene in a diploid cell or in a cell

infected with two phages carrying different alleles.
Clomiphene citrate challenge test: measurement of fertility potential in a
woman by examination of the response of follicle-stimulating hormone level to
administration of clomiphene citrate early in the menstrual cycle.
Complement fixation test: used to detect the presence of either
specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's serum. It was widely used to
diagnose infections, particularly with microbes that are not easily detected by
culture methods, and in rheumatic diseases.
Contraction stress test (CST): the monitoring of the response of the fetal heart
rate to spontaneous or induced uterine contractions by cardiotocography, with
deceleration indicating possible fetal hypoxia.
Coombs' test (Antiglobulin test or AZT). The Direct Coombs test is used to test
for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and the indirect Coombs test is used in
prenatal testing of pregnant women, and in testing blood prior to a blood
transfusion.
Denver Developmental Screening test: a test for identification of infants and
preschool children with developmental delay.
Dick test: an intracutaneous test for determination of susceptibility to scarlet
fever.
Direct fluorescent antibodyTreponema pallidum test: DFA-TP test.; a
serologic test for syphilis using direct immunofluorescence.
Diffusion test: a test for antibiotic sensitivity in bacteria; agar plates are
inoculated with a standardized suspension of a microorganism. Antibiotic-
containing disks are applied to the agar surface. Following overnight incubation,
the diameters of the zones of inhibition are interpreted as sensitive (susceptible),
indeterminate (intermediate), or resistant.
drawer tests: tests for the integrity of the cruciate ligaments of the knee; with the
knee flexed 90 degrees, if the tibia can be drawn too far forward there is rupture of
the anterior ligaments (anterior drawer t.), if too far back then the rupture is of the
posterior ligaments (posterior drawer t.) .
Early pregnancy test: a do-it-yourself immunological test for pregnancy,
performed as early as one day after menstruation was expected (missed period); a
variety of tests exist, all based on an increase in urinary levels of human chorionic
gonadotropin after fertilization.

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 CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR GPAT

EP test, erythrocyte protoporphyrin test: determination of erythrocyte

protoporphyrin levels as a screening test for lead toxicity; levels are increased in
lead poisoning and iron deficiency.
Exercise tests, exercise stress tests: any of various stress tests in which exercise
is used in the electrocardiographic assessment of cardiovascular health and
function, particularly in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. The most widely
used forms are the treadmill and bicycle ergometer exercise tests; they are usually
graded, consisting of a series of incrementally increasing workloads sustained for
defined intervals.
FeNa test: excreted fraction of filtered sodium test, a measure of renal tubular
reabsorption of sodium, calculated as (urine Na plasma Cr) (urine Cr plasma
Na) 100.
Finger-nose test: one for coordinated limb movements; with upper limb extended
to one side the patient is asked to try to touch the end of the nose with the tip of
the index finger.
Finn chamber test: a type of patch test in which the materials being tested are
held in shallow aluminum cups (Finn chambers) that are taped against the skin,
usually for a few days.
Fishberg concentration test: determination of the ability of the kidneys to
maintain excretion of solids under conditions of reduced water intake and a high
protein diet, in which urine samples are collected and tested for specific gravity.
Flocculation test: any serologic test in which a flocculent agglomerate is formed;
usually applied to a variant form of the precipitin reaction.
Fluorescent antibody test: FAB t.; a test for the distribution of cells expressing a
specific protein by binding antibody specific for the protein and detecting
complexes by fluorescent labeling of the antibody.
Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, FTA-ABS test: the standard
treponemal antigen serologic test for syphilis, using fluorescein-labeled antihuman
globulin to demonstrate specific treponemal antibodies in patient serum.
Gel diffusion test: used in the detection, identification
and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extra
-ctable nuclear antigens.
glucose tolerance test: a test of the body's ability to utilize carbohydrates by
measuring the plasma glucose level at stated intervals after ingestion or
intravenous injection of a large quantity of glucose.
glycosylated hemoglobin test: measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin A
molecules that have formed a stable ketoamine linkage between their terminal
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amino acid position of the -chains and a glucose group; in normal persons this is
about 7 per cent of the total, in diabetics about 14.5 per cent.
guaiac test: one for occult blood; glacial acetic acid and a solution of gum guaiac
are mixed with the specimen; on addition of hydrogen peroxide, the presence of
blood is indicated by a blue tint.
Ham's test (acidified serum test): Test used in the diagnosis of paroxysmal
nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). The test involves placing red blood cells in mild
acid; a positive result (increased RBC fragility) indicates PNH or Congenital
dyserythropoietic anemia.
Histamine test:
1. Subcutaneous injection of 0.1 per cent solution of histamine to stimulate gastric
secretion.
2. After rapid intravenous injection of histamine phosphate, normal persons
experience a brief fall in blood pressure, but in those with pheochromocytoma,
after the fall, there is a marked rise in blood pressure.
Horse cell test: a modification of the Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test for antibodies
associated with infectious mononucleosis, using horse erythrocytes instead of
sheep erythrocytes.
Huhner test: The postcoital test (PCT) (also known as Sims test, Huhner
test or Sims-Huhner test) is a test in the evaluation of infertility. The test examines
interaction between sperm and mucus of thecervix.
Hydrogen breath test a test for deficiency of lactase or other hydrolases or for
colonic overgrowth of bacteria, in which the exhalations are trapped and measured
after administration of carbohydrate, with excess carbohydrate fermentation in the
colon resulting in high levels of exhaled hydrogen.
Hypo-osmotic swelling test determination of sperm viability by placing a sample
in a hypo-osmotic solution, which causes swelling and curling of the tails
ofspermatozoa with normal plasma membranes.
Immobilization test: detection of antibody based on its ability to inhibit the
motility of a bacterial cell or protozoan.
Inkblot test(Rorschach test): is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions
of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation,
complexalgorithms, or both.
Intelligence test: a set of problems or tasks posed to assess an individual's
innate ability to judge, comprehend, and reason.
intracutaneous test , intradermal test: skin test in which the antigen is injected
intradermally.
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 CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR GPAT

Kveim test: an intradermal test for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

Latex agglutination test , latex fixation test: a type of agglutination test in
which antigen to a given antibody is adsorbed to latex particles and mixed with a
test solution to observe for agglutination of the latex.
Limulus test: an extract of blood cells from the horseshoe crab (Limulus
polyphemus) is exposed to a blood sample from a patient; if gram-negative
endotoxin is present in the sample, it will produce gelation of the extract of blood
cells.
Lundh test: a test for pancreatic function in which trypsin concentrations in the
duodenum after a test meal are measured, with lowered levels of trypsin indicating
low pancreatic secretion.
Lupus band test: an immunofluorescence test to determine the presence and
extent of immunoglobulin and complement deposits at the dermal-epidermal
junction of skin specimens from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
McMurray's test: as the patient lies supine with one knee fully flexed, the
examiner rotates the patient's foot fully outward and the knee is slowly extended; a
painful click indicates a tear of the medial meniscus of the knee joint; if the click
occurs when the foot is rotated inward, the tear is in the lateral meniscus.
Mantoux test: an intracutaneous tuberculin test.
Master two-step exercise test: an early exercise test for coronary insufficiency
in which electrocardiograms were recorded while and after the subject repeatedly
ascended and descended two steps.
MIF test , migration inhibitory factor test: an in vitro test for production of MIF
by lymphocytes in response to specific antigens; used for evaluation of cell-
mediated immunity. MIF production is absent in certain immunodeficiency
diseases.
Moloney test: one for detection of delayed hypersensitivity to diphtheria toxoid.
multiple-puncture test: a skin test in which the material used (e.g., tuberculin)
is introduced into the skin by pressure of several needles or pointed tines or
prongs.
neostigmine test: on injection of neostigmine methylsulfate mixed with atropine
sulfate, lessening of myasthenic symptoms indicates myasthenia gravis.
Neutralization test: one for the neutralization power of an antiserum or other
substance by testing its action on the pathogenic properties of a microorganism,
toxin, virus, bacteriophage, or toxic substance.
Nocturnal penile tumescence test: monitoring of erections occurring during
sleep; used in the differential diagnosis of psychogenic and organic impotence.
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Nonstress test: (NST) the monitoring of the response of the fetal heart rate to fetal
movements by cardiotocography.
nontreponemal antigen test: any of various tests detecting serum antibodies to
reagin (cardiolipin and lecithin) derived from host tissues in the diagnosis of
theTreponema pallidum infection of syphilis.
Osmotic fragility test: heparinized or defibrinated blood is placed in sodium
chloride solutions of varying concentrations; increased fragility, measured as
hemolysis, indicates spherocytosis.
oxytocin challenge test (OCT): a contraction stress test in which the uterine
contractions are stimulated by intravenous infusion of oxytocin.
Pap test , Papanicolaou test: an exfoliative cytological staining procedure for
detection and diagnosis of various conditions, particularly malignant and
premalignant conditions of the female genital tract; also used in evaluating
endocrine function and in the diagnosis of malignancies of other organs.
patch tests: tests for hypersensitivity, performed by observing the reaction to
application to the skin of filter paper or gauze saturated with the substance in
question.
Patrick's test: thigh and knee of the supine patient are flexed, the external
malleolus rests on the patella on the opposite leg, and the knee is depressed;
production of pain indicates arthritis of the hip. Also known as fabere sign, from
the first letters of movements that elicit it
(f lexion, ab duction, e xternal r otation, e xtension).
Paul-Bunnell test: determination of the highest dilution of the patient's serum
that will agglutinate sheep erythrocytes; used to detect serum heterophile
antibodies in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.
Paul-Bunnell-Davidsohn test: a modification of the Paul-Bunnell test that
differentiates among three types of heterophile sheep agglutinins: those associated
with infectious mononucleosis and serum sickness, and natural antibodies against
Forssman antigen.
postcoital test: determination of the number and condition of spermatozoa in
mucus aspirated from the cervical canal soon after intercourse.
Precipitin test: any serologic test based on a precipitin reaction.
Projective test: any of various tests in which an individual interprets ambiguous
stimulus situations according to their own unconscious dispositions, yielding
information about their personality and possible psychopathology.
Psychological test: any test to measure a subject's development, achievement,
personality, intelligence, thought processes, etc.
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Psychomotor test: a test that assesses the subject's ability to perceive

instructions and perform motor responses.
Queckenstedt's test: used for diagnosing spinal stenosis
Quick's test
1. a test for liver function based on excretion of hippuric acid after administration of
sodium benzoate.
2. prothrombin time.
radioallergosorbent test (RAST): a radioimmunoassay test for the measurement
of specific IgE antibody in serum, using allergen extract antigens fixed in a solid-
phase matrix and radiolabeled antihuman IgE.
radioimmunosorbent test (RIST): a radioimmunoassay technique for measuring
serum IgE concentration, using radiolabeled IgE and antihuman IgE bound to an
insoluble matrix.
Rapid plasma reagin test RPR test: a screening flocculation test for syphilis,
using a modified VDRL antigen.
Rinne test: a test of hearing made with tuning forks of 256, 512, and 1024 Hz,
comparing the duration of perception by bone and by air conduction.
Rollover test: comparison of the blood pressure of a pregnant woman lying on
her back versus on her side; an excessive increase when she rolls to the supine
postion indicates increased risk of preeclampsia.
Rorschach test: an association technique for personality testing based on the
patient's response to a series of inkblot designs.
RPR test (rapid plasma reagin test): a type of test that looks for non-
specific antibodies in the blood of the patient that may indicate that the organism
(Treponema pallidum) that causes syphilis is present.
Rubin's test: one for patency of the uterine tubes, performed by transuterine
inflation with carbon dioxide gas.
Schick test: an intradermal test for determination of susceptibility to diphtheria.
Schiller's test: one for early squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, performed by
painting the uterine cervix with a solution of iodine and potassium iodide, diseased
areas being revealed by a failure to take the stain.
Schilling test: a test for vitamin B12 absorption employing cyanocobalamin
tagged with Co-57; used in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia and other disorders
of vitamin B12 metabolism.
Schirmer's test: a test of tear production in keratoconjunctivitis sicca, performed
by measuring the area of moisture on a piece of filter paper inserted over the

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conjunctival sac of the lower lid, with the end of the paper hanging down on the
outside.
Schwabach's test: a hearing test made, with the opposite ear masked, placing the
stems of vibrating tuning forks on the mastoid process first of the patient and then
of the examiner. If heard longer by the patient it indicates conductive hearing loss
and if heard longer by the examiner it indicates sensorineural hearing loss in the
patient.
Scratch test: a skin test in which the antigen is applied to a superficial scratch.
Sheep cell agglutination test (SCAT): any agglutination test using sheep
erythrocytes.
Sickling test: one for demonstration of abnormal hemoglobin and the sickling
phenomenon in erythrocytes.
skin test: any test in which an antigen is applied to the skin in order to observe
the patient's reaction; used to determine exposure or immunity to infectious
diseases, to identify allergens producing allergic reactions, and to assess ability to
mount a cellular immune response.
sperm agglutination test: any of various tests for the presence of antisperm
antibodies as a cause of infertility, based on the ability of large multivalent isotypes
such as IgM or secretory IgA to cross-link and agglutinate spermatozoa with such
antibodies.
Stress tests: any of various tests that assess cardiovascular health and function
after application of a stress, usually exercise, to the heart.
swinging flashlight test: with the eyes fixed at a distance and a strong light
shining before the intact eye, a crisp bilateral contraction of the pupil is noted; on
moving the light to the affected eye, both pupils dilate for a short period, and on
moving it back to the intact eye, both pupils contract promptly and remain
contracted; indicative of minimal damage to the optic nerve or retina.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): a projective test in which the subject tells a
story based on each of a series of standard ambiguous pictures, so that the
responses reflect a projection of some aspect of the subject's personality and
current psychological preoccupations and conflicts.
Thyroid suppression test: after administration of liothyronine for several days,
radioactive iodine uptake is decreased in normal persons but not in those with
hyperthyroidism.
Tine test: four tines or prongs, 2 mm long, attached to a handle and coated with
dip-dried PPD or Old tuberculin (OT) are pressed into the skin of the volar surface

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of the forearm; 48 to 72 hours later the skin is checked for palpable induration
around the wounds.
treponemal antigen test: any of various tests detecting specific antitreponemal
antibodies in serum in the diagnosis of the Treponema pallidum infection of
syphilis.
Tuberculin test: any of a number of skin tests for tuberculosis using a variety of
different types of tuberculin and methods of application.
Unheated serum reagin test , USR test: a modification of the VDRL test using
unheated serum; used primarily for screening.
VDRL test [V enereal D isease R esearch L aboratory]: a flocculation test for
syphilis using VDRL antigen, which contains cardiolipin, cholesterol, and lecithin,
to test heat-inactivated serum.
Weber's test: the stem of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on the vertex or midline
of the forehead. If the sound is heard best in the affected ear, it suggests
conductive hearing loss; if heard best in the normal ear, it suggests sensorineural
hearing loss.
Widal's test: a test for agglutinins to O and H antigens of Salmonella
typhi and Salmonella paratyphi in the serum of patients with
suspected Salmonella infection.

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