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Fully Bayesian Image Segmentation - an Engineering

Perspective
Robin Morris, Xavier Descombes, Josiane Zerubia

To cite this version:


Robin Morris, Xavier Descombes, Josiane Zerubia. Fully Bayesian Image Segmentation - an
Engineering Perspective. RR-3017, INRIA. 1996. <inria-00073677>

HAL Id: inria-00073677


https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073677
Submitted on 24 May 2006

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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Fully Bayesian Image Segmentation an


Engineering Perspective

Robin Morris, Xavier Descombes and Josiane Zerubia

N 3017
October 1996

THEME 3

apport
de recherche
ISSN 0249-6399
 
 

   
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 ey_^ig$Z_5y7mowg$imo7gmonpey_"Ge_^yhUg$Z_FjAo_anF < Y[Z_a]tjMOmo]] mop_lmoZnOny_^w$gmo]tjAg$_
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4
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14

12

number of homogeneous cliques


10

2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

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iteration number 4
x 10

g$Z_{LnFgg$w]Dny_lhg$Z_/~_^eyw_^eOr(jFevjAovpnpimg$Z]uVSnpi5jFe+mo]tjFvp_tnF[wmo^_   U  


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Snpeyu7jFeyg$Z_FjFimjFek^_nFg$Z_i_xjAmow_^y/e]a,_^inF1Znp]Dnpvp_^e_^npw[klm O_^wmow w$!tklmo_^eg
w]tjAg$ZGjAgg$Z_!_^wgmo]tjAg$_^wjFi_i_lmjF7o_pV.npiLg$Z_!wmo]7jAgmonpewnFjFemo]tjFvp_!nF.wmo^_   U  
[mg$Z 3akljFw$w$_^wxuOZnx_lh_^i^umgmowklo_xjFig$ZGjAg!h_^i]tjFemo]tjFvp_^w![m,SjA,moehg$nNg$Z_^npe_e_xjFi
g$Z_ZGjFw_g$i$jFewmgmonpe jFwg$Z7mow[moekloy_^wjh_^ijFivp_5i$jFevp_5nFVpjAo_^wnFV V 6 8X = X
   
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mgmowmoejqGjFigmok^7jFiDkljFw$w} k^np]D]Dnpe jFw$w$]D7gmonpeRmoe<g$Z_Uw_^vp]D_^ehgjAgmonpe nFw>jAg$_lmg$_
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y7mow$g$imo7g$_^yu[mg$Z j]D_xjFe jFeyFjFimjFek^_y_^,_^ey7moevnpeRg$Z_kljFw$wxu jFeyRg$ZGjAgDg$Z_ljFi_
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2200

2000

number of homogeneous cliques


1800

1600

1400

1200

1000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Vmovpi_N` [Y[Z_]D_xjFejFeywgjFeyGjFiyy_lmjAgmonpenFg$Z_e]a,_^inFZnp]Dnpvp_^e_^npw5klm O_^w


beta

moeNg$Z_!i_xjAmowjAgmonpewnF.g$Z_[{VnFgg$w ]DnOy_lhg$Z_~_^eyw$_^eOr(jFevjAovpnpimg$Z]uSnpijFeNmo]tjFvp_
nFwmo^_  U  [mg$Z  kljFw$w_^wxuGjFwjSeklgmonpenF <

4
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12
number of homogeneous cliques

10

2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

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beta

moeNg$Z_!i_xjAmowjAgmonpewnF.g$Z_[{VnFgg$w ]DnOy_lhg$Z_~_^eyw$_^eOr(jFevjAovpnpimg$Z]uSnpijFeNmo]tjFvp_
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576 =
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w_ajte7mSnpi] y7mow$g$imo7gmonpecsgk^np7oy,_ajFivp_^yg$ZGjAg_w$Znp7oykZnOnpw$_jimonpiZ7mokZ
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Unite de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,
615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LES NANCY
Unite de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex
Unite de recherche INRIA Rhone-Alpes, 655, avenue de lEurope, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN
Unite de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unite de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex

Editeur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399

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