Sunteți pe pagina 1din 3

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug.

12-15, 2013 1681

Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity Measurement of


Biological Tissues
J. Hrozek1 , D. Nespor1 , and K. Bartusek2
1
Deptartment of Theoretical and Experimental Electrical Engineering, Brno University of Technology
Kolejni 2906/4, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
2
Institute of Scientific Instruments, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Kralovopolska 147, Brno 612 64, Czech Republic

Abstract This paper deals with a measurement of temperature dependencies of thermal


properties only by one measure system. Specific heat and thermal conductivity are two general
thermal properties subscribed here. Thermal properties of each matter are dependent on their
own temperature and are various in whole temperature range. Temperature dependencies of
many commercial materials are well known. But temperature dependencies of biological tissues
are very bad to find. However knowledge of these parameters is very important for the ther-
mal processes computer simulation. The methodology described here is based on deficiencies
of current measuring devices and methods. The thermal conductivity of biological tissues is
measured with special needle (very thin and quite long) called the needle probe. This method
has some good known deficiencies which are described in this paper. Specific heat is measured
with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The DSC is conventional method without serious
deficiencies. Big disadvantage of current thermal properties measurement is in necessary using
of both methods, i.e., two devices must be used. Methodology described here is based on si-
multaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and specific heat. It is the main advantage of
our methodology. Measure system was tested only for measuring of thermal conductivity of 1%
agar and for one steady state temperature. Next part of research will be focused on specific heat
measurement and temperature dependencies of both physical quantities contained here. Results
of temperature dependencies measurement will be used in computer simulation for hypothermia
cancer destroying.
1. INTRODUCTION
The thermal conduction and the specific heat are two most important thermal properties of each
matter for computer simulation. However these parameters could be very different in whole tem-
perature range. Knowledge of these temperature dependencies is very important for correct results
obtaining. For example see Figures 1(a) and (c) where temperature dependencies of stainless steel
AISI 302 are shown.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1: (a) Thermal conductivity. (b) Heat transfer scheme. (c) Specific heat.

We need to know temperature dependencies of the bio-material thermal properties. These


properties will be used for real experiment of hypothermia optimization. We have to use two
physical approaches for obtaining of all important data. The first one is calculation of thermal
conductivity from known parameters of system, see Equation (1) and Figure 1(b). Its necessary
to have only small temperature gradient T1 T2 about 1 K for exact determination of the thermal
conductivity by the temperature in 1/2 of x.
T1 T2 Q x
Q=kA k= , (1)
x A (T1 T2 )
1682 PIERS Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 1215, 2013

where Q is heat transfer [W], k is thermal conductivity [W/(m K)], A is area [m2 ], T 1, T 2 are
temperatures on both sides of material [K], x is thickness [m].
The second physical approach is the calorimetry. The main principle of the calorimetry is in
heat transferring from first matter of known weight to second matter of known weight. We need
temperature steady state for reading of specific heat by this temperature. The principle of the
calorimetry is obvious from the Equation (2).
C1 m1 (T1 T )
Q1 = Q2 C1 m1 (T1 T ) = C2 m2 (T T2 ) C2 = , (2)
m2 (T T2 )
where C 1, C 2 are specific heats of both matters [kJ/(kg K)], m 1 , m 2 are weights [kg], T 1, T 2 are
initial temperatures [K], T is the final stable temperature [K]. Equation (2) could be expressed like
Equation (3) corresponds with our experiment configuration on Figure 2.
Q
CP = , (3)
m (T T2 )
where CP is specific heat capacity at constant pressure, Q is heat [W], m is weight [Kg].

Figure 2: Scheme of thermal conductivity and specific heat measurement.

2. MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY


The laboratory preparation was made from a Plexiglas box, thermocouples type E, vacuum valve,
two 15 cm copper heat conductors, 0.5 cm stainless steel AISI 304 heat resistor with known tem-
perature dependencies, capsule with 0.5 cm of agar gel displayed in Figure 3 and box for crushed
ice.

Figure 3: Detail of capsule. Figure 4: Measure system.

Laboratory preparation is displayed in Figure 4. A vacuum within the Plexiglas box is necessary
for good insulation.
The laboratory preparation was stored in constant temperature about 18 C before the measuring
temperature of whole system was 18 C. Measuring was started at time 0 s if the crushed ice was
filled into box. Temperatures T1 , T2 and T3 were measured with thermocouples type E connected
to digital thermometer. Values were saved to the computer. Temperatures T1 , T2 and T3 were
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug. 12-15, 2013 1683

continuously measured as long as was the system came to steady state. The steady state was came
30 min after beginning of measuring. Temperatures of three boundaries were used for calculation
of thermal conductivity at this moment. T1 = 1.4 C, T2 = 2 C and T3 = 17.2 C. These values were
substitute to Equation (1) and the result is shown below:
T1 T2 1.4 2
|Q| = k A = 14 2.85 105 = 0.0475 J
x 0.005
Q x 0.0475 0.005 W (4)
k= = 5
= 0.55
A (T1 T2 ) 2.85 10 (17.2 2) mK
Thermal conductivity 0.55 W/(m K) at circa 15 C responds to known thermal conductivity of 1%
agar gel. Two regulated heat sources will be added on both sides of laboratory preparation in
next time research. This change allows setup the heat conductor temperature in wide temperature
range. Measurement of specific heat will be also possible then.
3. COMPUTER SIMULATION
A physical model for verification good function of laboratory preparation was created in COMSOL
multiphysics. Steady state temperatures along the whole composition are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Steady state temperatures along the whole composition.

4. RESULTS
Real experiment with our laboratory preparation gave us thermal conductivity of 1% agar gel
sample. Obtained value 0.55 W/(m K) at circa 15 C responds to known values.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The main goal of research discrabed in this paper is temperature dependecies meeasurement of
bio-material thermal properties. This properties are very important for next computer simulation
for optimization of hypothermia. The laboratory preparation measures the thermal conductiviti
at one steady state temperature. Two added regulated heat sources will enable measure thermal
conductivity of sample in wide temperature range. This improvement will enable measurement
of specific heat also. Next part of research will be focused on simultaneously measurement of
temperature dependencies of bio-material thermal properties. Final part of this research will be
focused on cryosurgery optimization.
REFERENCES
1. Incropera, F., et al., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th Edition, 1024 Pages, Wiley,
2006, ISBN 978-0-471-45728-2.
2. Cho, Y., Bioengineering Heat Transfer: Advances in Heat Transfer, 443 Pages, Academis Press
Limited, London, 1992, ISBN 0-12-020022-8.
3. Zhmakin, A. I., Fundamentals of Cryobiology: Physical Phenomena and Mathematical Models,
280 Pages, Springer, Berlin, 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-88784-3.
4. Akay, M., Biomedical Engineering: Volume 1 and 5, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New
Jersey, 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0-471-24967-2.
5. Hrozek, J., D. Nespor, and K. Bartusek, Temperature dependencies measurement, proposal
and preparing, PIERS Proceedings, 357360, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 2730, 2012.

S-ar putea să vă placă și