1

Dr. AMITAVA BISWAS

Department of Applied Physics
Electrical Engineering Section
University of Calcutta
92, APC Road, Kolkata 700 009

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TWO PORT NETWORKS

PORT
A pair of terminals at which a signal may enter or leave a network is called a port. A network
having only one pair of terminals is called a one-port network or simply a one port. No connections be
made to any other nodes internal to the one-port and it is therefore evident that i a must be equal to i b
in the one port as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 : One-port Network Fig. 2 : Two-port Network

TWO-PORT NETWORK
Two pare of terminals at which two signals may enter or leave a network is called two-port. A
network having two pair of terminals is called a two-port network. The two port network is shown in
Fig. 2. The current in the two leads making up each port must be equal and so it follows that i a i b and
i c i d in the two-port shown in Fig.2. One of the two port is called input port and the other is called
the output port. The voltages and currents at the two ports are inter-related and these relationships are
expressed in terms of network parameters.
Consider a two-port network as shown in Fig.3. Let 11 / represents the input port and 22 / the
output port. V1 and V2 are the voltages at the two ports and I1 and I 2 are the input and output
currents of the two port network in Fig.3. By convention, two of the four network variables V1 , V2 ,
I1 and I 2 are considered as independent variables and the remaining two are expressed interims of
dependent variables.

Fig. 3 : Two-port Network

Depending upon the quantities considered for establishing the relationships, for a two-port network,
there are four different sets of network parameters. These are
1. Open circuit impedance parameters or Z-parameters
2. Short circuit admittance parameters or Y-parameters
3. Hybrid parameters or h-parameters
4. Transmission parameters or ABCD parameters.
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1. OPEN-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS OR Z-PARAMETERS

For the two-port network, the input and output voltage V1 and V2 can be expressed interims of
independent variable and input and output currents I1 and I 2 are dependent variable. The Z-
parameters
are defined by the following equation
V Z I
(1) where Z is the impedance matrix. Equation (1) can be represented as
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
V Z (2)
2 21 Z 22 I 2

Equation (2) can be expressed as the following two equations

V1 Z11I1 Z12 I 2
(3)
and V2 Z 21I1 Z 22 I 2
(4)
Since zero current results for an open circuit termination, the Z-parameters are known as the
open-circuit impedance parameters.
Assuming the output port of the two-port network to be open-circuited, I 2 0 . Put the value of
I 2 in Eqs. (3) and (4), we have
V1
Z11 = Open-circuit Input driving point impedance
I1 I2 0

V2
Z 21 = Open-circuit Forward transfer impedance
I1 I2 0

Again, assuming the input port to be open-circuit, I1 0 , and put the value of I1 in Eqs. (3) and (4)
V1
Z12 = Open-circuit Reverse transfer impedance
I2 I1 0

V2
Z 21 = Open-circuit Output driving point impedance
I1 I1 0

Z11 , Z12 , Z 21 and Z 22 are called the Open-circuit Impedance or z-parameters of a two-port network.

2. SHORT-CIRCUIT ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS OR Y-PARAMETERS

For the two-port network, the input and output currents I1 and I 2 can be expressed interims of
independent variable and input and output voltages V1 and V2 are dependent variable. The admittance
parameters are defined by the following equation
I Y V
(5) where Y is the admittance matrix. Equation (5) can be represented as
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
I Y (6)
2 21 Y22 V2
Equation (6) can be expressed as the following two equations
I1 Y11 V1 Y12 V2
(7)
and I 2 Y21V1 Y22 V2 (8)
Assuming, the output port of the two-port network is to be short-circuited, i.e. V2 0 . Put the
value of V2 in Eqs. (7) and (8), we have
I1
Y11 = Input driving point admittance
V1 V2 0
 3

I2
Y21 = Forward transfer admittance
V1 V2 0

Again, assuming the input port to be short-circuit, V1 0 , and put the value of V1 in Eqs. (7) and (8)
I1
Y12 = Reverse transfer admittance
V2 V1 0

I2
Y21 = Output driving point admittance
V1 V1 0

Y11 , Y12 , Y21 and Y22 are called the short-circuit admittance parameters or Y-parameters of a two-
port network.

3. HYBRID PARAMETERS OR H-PARAMETERS

The hybrid parameters are defined by which the pair of equations relating V1 , I1 , V2 and I 2
as if V1 , and I 2 were the independent and I1 , V2 are dependant variables :
V1 h 11 I1 h 12 V2 (9)
and I 2 h I
21 1 h V
22 2 (10)
V
The nature of the parameters is made clear by first setting 2 0 . Thus,
V1
h 11 = Short-circuit input impedance
I1 V2 0

I2
h 21 = Short-circuit forward current gain
I1 V2 0

Letting, I1 0 , we obtain
V1
h 12 = Open-circuit reverse voltage gain
V2 I1 0

I2
h 22 = Open-circuit output admittance
V2 I1 0

Since the parameters represent impedance, an admittance, a voltage gain and a current gain, they
h 11 , h 12 , h 21 and h 22 are called the hybrid parameters. The subscript designations for these
parameters are often simplified when they are applied to transistors.

4. TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS OR ABCD PARAMETERS

These parameters find use in the study of transmission lines and they connect voltage and current
at the sending end. Thus the input port of Fig.3, corresponds the sending end and the output port
corresponds to the receiving end. The reference directions of currents remain the same. The voltage and
current at the input port are expressed in terms of the voltage and current at the output port. For calculate
transmission parameters, V1 and I1 are the independent and V2 and I 2 are the dependant variables:
V1 A B V2
I C D I (11)
1 2
The negative sign indicates that the current ( I 2 ) is leaving port 2.
Equation (11) can be expressed as the following two equations
V1 AV 2 BI 2 (12)
and I1 CV2 DI 2 (13)
The output port of the two-port is open, V2 0 . Thus,
V1
A = Open-circuit reverse voltage gain
V2 I2 0

I1
C = Open-circuit reverse transfer admittance
V2 I2 0

Again, the output port of the two-port is shorted, I 2 0 , we obtain

 4

V1
B = Short-circuit reverse transfer impedance
I2 V2 0

I1
D = Short-circuit reverse current gain
I2 V2 0

A, B, C and D are called the transmission parameters.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERCONNECTIONS OF TWO-PORT NETWORK

A given two-port network, with some degree of complexity, can be built up from simpler two-
port networks whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a two-port network can be
designed by combining simple two-port structures as building blocks. From the designers point of view,
it is must easier to design simple blocks and to interconnect them to design a complex network in one
piece. A further practical point is that is much easier to shield smaller units and thus reduce parasitic
capacitances to ground. There are three types of interconnections between two two-port networks:
1. Series Connection
2. Cascade Connection
3. Parallel Connection

1. SERIES CONNECTION
Let, network A and B be the two-port networks connected in series as shown in Fig. 4. All input
and output currents and voltages have been shown in Fig.4.

From network A,
V1A Z11A I1A Z12A I 2 A
and V2 A Z 21A I1A Z 22 A I 2 A

From network B,
V1B Z11B I1B Z12 B I 2 B
and V2 B Z 21B I1B Z 22 B I 2 B

Referring to Fig. 6, the interconnection results

I1A I1B I1 , I 2A I 2B I 2 ,
V1 V1A V1B and V2 V2 A V2 B Fig. 4 : Series connection of two-port networks
However, V1 V1A V1B
or V1 Z11A I1 Z12 A I 2 Z11B I1 Z12 B I 2
V1 Z11A Z11B I1 Z12A Z12B I 2
(14)
Again, V2 V2 A V2 B
or V2 Z 21A I1 Z 22 A I 2 Z 21B I1 Z 22 B I 2
V2 Z 21A Z 21B I1 Z 22 A Z 22B I 2 (15)
Equation (14) and (15) are in matrix form, we obtain
V1 Z11A Z11B Z12A Z12B I1
V Z Z 22A Z 22 B I 2
2 21A Z 21B
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
V Z Z 22 I 2
2 21
(16)
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Z11 Z12 Z11A Z11B Z12A Z12B

where, Z
21 Z 22 Z 21A Z 21B Z 22A Z 22B

The open circuit impedance parameter representation is highly used in characterizing the series
connected two-port networks. This result may be generalized for any number of two-port networks in
series. The overall Z-parameter matrix for series-connected two-port networks is simply the sum of Z-
matrices of each individual two-port network connected in series.

3. PARALLEL CONNECTION
Let, network A and B be connected in parallel as shown in Fig.6. Y-parameter representation is
very much useful.
From network A,
I1A Y11A V1A Y12 A V2 A
and I 2 A Y21A V1A Y22 A V2 A
From network B,
I1B Y11B V1B Y12 B V2 B
and I 2 B Y21B V1B Y22 B V2 B

Referring to Fig.6, the interconnection results

V1A V1B V1 , V2 A V2 B V2 ,
I1 I1A I1B and I 2 I 2A I 2B Fig.6 : Parallel connection of two-port networks
Thus, I1 I1A I1B
or I1 Y11A V1 Y12 A V2 Y11B V1 Y12 B V2
I1 Y11A Y11B V1 Y12A Y12B V2 (18)
Again, I 2 I 2A I 2B
or I 2 Y21A V1 Y22 A V2 Y21B V1 Y22 B V2
I 2 Y21A Y21B V1 Y22 A Y22 B V2 (19)
Equation (18) and (19) are in matrix form, we obtain
I1 Y11A Y11B Y12 A Y12B V1
I Y Y Y22 A Y22 B V2
2 21A 21B

I1 Y11 Y12 V1
I Y Y22 V2
2 21
(20)
Y11 Y12 Y11A Y11B Y12 A Y12B
where, Y
21 Y22 Y21A Y21B Y22 A Y22 B
The short-circuit admittance parameter representation is useful in characterizing the parallel-connected
two-port networks. The result may be generalized for any number of two-port networks connected in
parallel. The overall Y-parameter matrix for parallel-connected two-port network connected in parallel.

2. CASCADE CONNECTION
The transmission parameters are highly useful in characterizing cascaded two-port networks. In
Fig.5, let X and Y the two networks connected in cascade. The results may be generalized for any
number of networks.

From network X,
V1X A X B X V2 X
I C D X I 2 X
1X X
From network Y,
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V1Y A Y B Y V2 Y
I C Fig.7 : Cascaded connection of two-port networks
1Y Y D Y I 2 Y
Referring to Fig.5, the interconnection results
I1 I1X , I 2 X I1Y , I 2 I 2Y
V1 V1X , V2 X V1Y , V2 V2 Y

The overall transmission parameters for the combined networks as shown in Fig.7 in matrix form
become
V1 V1X A X B X V1Y
I I C
1 1X X D X I1Y
V1 A X BX A Y B Y V2
or I C D X C Y D Y I 2
1 X
V1 A B V2
I C D I
1 2
(17)
A B A X B X A Y B Y
where, C D C
X DX CY DY
This result may generalize for any number of two-port networks connected in cascade. The
overall transmission parameter matrix for cascaded two-port networks is simply the matrix product of
the transmission parameter matrices of each individual two-port network in cascade.

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAMETERS

Sometimes it becomes necessary to convert one set parameters to another. This helps in
simplifying some electrical network problems easily. We now take various case of conversion of
parameters.

1. Z- PARAMETERS IN TERMS OF OTHER PARAMETERS

To express Z-parameters in terms of other parameters, we have to write the corresponding
parameter equation and then, by algebraic manipulation, rewrite the equations as
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2 (21)
and V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2 (22)
A. Z-parameters in terms of Y parameters
Since Z and Y parameters are inverse of each other, we can write
1
Z Z12 Y11 Y12 1 Y22 Y12
Z Y 1
= 11
Z 21 Z22 Y21 Y22 Y Y
21 Y11
Y11 Y12
where, Y Y11 Y22 Y12 Y21
Y21 Y22
Y22 Y12 Y21 Y11
Z11 Z12 Z 21 Z 22
Y Y Y Y

B. Z-parameters in terms of ABCD-parameters

The transmission parameter equations are
V1 AV 2 BI 2
and I1 CV2 DI 2
Rewriting the second equation,
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1 D
V2 I1 I 2 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
C C
A AD A AD BC
Again, V1 I1 I 2 BI 2 I1 I 2 Z 21I1 Z 22 I 2
C C C C
A AD BC 1 D
So, Z11 ; Z12 ; Z 21 and Z 22
C C C C

C. Z-parameters in terms of hybrid parameters

The hybrid parameter equations are
V1 h 11 I1 h 12 V2
and I 2 h 21I1 h 22 V2
Rewriting the second equation,
h 1
V2 21 I1 I 2 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
h 22 h 22
h h h h h h 12 h 21 h
Again, V1 h 11 I1 12 21 I1 12 I 2 11 22 I1 12 I 2 Z 21I1 Z 22 I 2
h 22 h 22 h 22 h 22
h h h h h h 1
So, Z11 11 22 12 21 ; Z12 12 ; Z 21 21 and Z 22
h 22 h 22 h 22 h 22

2. Y- Parameters in Terms of Other Parameters

To express Y-parameters in terms of other parameters, we have to write the corresponding
parameter equation and then, by algebraic manipulation, rewrite the equations as
I1 Y11 V1 Y12 V2 (23)
and I 2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2 (24)
A. Y-parameters in terms of Z parameters
The relation between Y and Z parameters are given below:
Y Z 1

1
Y11 Y12 Z11 Z12 1 Z 22 Z12
Y
21 Y22 Z 21 Z 22 Z Z
21 Z11
Z11 Z12
where, Z Z11 Z 22 Z12 Z 21
Z 21 Z 22
Z 22 Z12 Z 21 Z11
Y11 Y12 Y21 Y22
Z Z Z Z

B. Y-parameters in terms of ABCD-parameters

The transmission parameter equations are
V1 AV 2 BI 2
and I1 CV2 DI 2
Rewriting the first equation,
1 A
I2 V1 V2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2
B B
D AD D AD BC
Again, I1 CV2 V1 V2 V1 V2
B B B B

Y11 V1 Y12 V2
D AD BC 1 A
So, Y11 ; Y12 ; Y21 and Y22
B C B B

C. Y-parameters in terms of h-parameters

The hybrid parameter equations are
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V1 h 11 I1 h 12 V2
and I 2 h 21I1 h 22 V2
Rewriting the first equation,
I1
1
h 11
V1
h 12
h 11
V2
Y11 V1 Y12 V2
h 21 h h h h h h 12 h 21
Again, I2 V1 12 21 V2 h 22 V2 21 V1 11 22 V2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2
h 11 h 11 h 11 h 11
1 h h h h h h
So, Y11 ; Y12 12 ; Y21 21 and Y22 11 22 12 21
h 11 h 11 h 11 h 11

3. Transmission Parameters in Terms of Other Parameters

To express transmission parameters in terms of other parameters, write the corresponding
parameter equation and then, by algebraic manipulation, rewrite the equations as
V1 AV 2 BI 2 (25)
and I1 CV2 DI 2 (26)
A. Transmission parameters in terms of Z-parameters
The Z-parameter equations are
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
and V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
Rewriting the second equation,
1 Z
I1 V2 22 I 2 CV2 DI 2
Z 21 Z 21
Z11 Z Z Z12 Z 21
Again, V1 V2 11 22 I2 AV 2 BI 2
Z 21 Z 21
Z Z Z Z12 Z 21 1 Z 22
So, A 11 ; B 11 22 ; C and D
Z 21 Z 21 Z 21 Z 21

B. Transmission parameters in terms of Y-parameters

The Y-parameter equations are
I1 Y11 V1 Y12 V2
and I 2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2
Rewriting the second equation,
Y 1
V1 22 V2 I 2 AV 2 BI 2
Y21 Y21
Y Y Y Y Y Y12 Y21 Y
Again, I1 11 22 V2 11 I 2 Y12 V2 11 22 V2 11 I 2 CV2 DI 2
Y21 Y21 Y21 Y21
Y 1 Y Y Y12 Y21 Y
So, A 22 ; B ; C 11 22 ; and D 11
Y21 Y21 Y21 Y21

C. Transmission parameters in terms of h-parameters

The h-parameter equations are
V1 h 11 I 1 h 12 V2
and I 2 h 21I1 h 22 V2
Rewriting the second equation,
h 1
I1 22 V2 I2 CV2 DI 2
h 21 h 21
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h 11 h 22 h h h h 12 h 21 h
Again, V1 V2 11 I 2 h 12 V2 11 22 V2 11 I 2 AV 2 BI 2
h 21 h 21 h 21 h 21
h h h 12 h 21 h h 1
So, A 11 22 ; B 2 11 ; C 22 and D
h 21 h 21 h 21 h 21
4. Hybrid Parameters in Terms of Other Parameters
To express hybrid parameters in terms of other parameters, write the corresponding parameter
equation and then, by algebraic manipulation, rewrite the equations as
V1 h 11 I 1 h 12 V2 (27)
and I 2 h 21I1 h 22 V2 (28)
A. h-parameters in terms of Z-parameters
The Z-parameters equations are
V1 Z11I1 Z12 I 2
and V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
Rewriting the second equation,
Z 1
I 2 21 I1 V2 h 21 I1 h 22 V2
Z 22 Z 22
Z12 Z 21 Z Z Z Z12 Z 21 Z
Again, V1 Z11 I1 I1 12 V2 11 22 I1 12 V2 h 11 I1 h 12 V2
Z 22 Z 22 Z 22 Z 22
Z11 Z 22 Z12 Z 21 Z12 Z 21 1
So, h 11 ; h 12 ; h 21 and h 22
Z 22 Z 22 Z 22 Z 22

B. h-parameters in terms of Y-parameters

The Y-parameter equations are
I1 Y11 V1 Y12 V2
and I 2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2
Rewriting the first equation,
1 Y
V1 I1 12 V2 h 11 I1 h 12 V2
Y11 Y11
Y21 Y Y Y Y Y Y12 Y21
Again, I2 I1 12 21 V2 Y22 V2 21 I1 11 22 V2 h 21 I1 h 22 V2
Y11 Y11 Y11 Y11
1 Y12 Y21 Y11 Y22 Y12 Y21
So, h 11 ; h 12 ; h 21 and h 22
Y11 Y11 Y11 Y11

C. h-parameters in terms of transmission parameters

The transmission parameter equations are
V1 AV 2 BI 2
and I1 CV2 DI 2
Rewriting the second equation,
1 C
I2 I1 V2 h 21 I1 h 22 V2
D D
B BC B AD BC
Again, V1 AV 2 I1 V2 I1 V2 h 11 I1 h 12 V2
D D D D
B AD BC 1 C
So, h 11 ; h 12 ; h 21 and h 22
D D D D
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Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry in Two Port Network

Reciprocal Network: A network is said to be reciprocal network if the ratio of the response transform to
the excitation transform is invariant to an interchange of the positions of the excitation and response in
the network.
Symmetry Network: A two port network is said to be symmetry if the input and output ports can be
interchange without altering the port voltages and currents.

Fig. 7 : Output-port is shorted Fig. 8 : Input-port is shorted

1. Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry in Z-Parameter Representation

The Z-parameter equations are
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2 (29)
and V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2 (30)
A. Condition for Reciprocity in Z-Parameter
As shown in Fig. 7, voltage Vs is applied at the input port with the output port shorted, i.e.
V1 Vs , V2 0 , I 2 I 2 /
From the Z-parameter network equations are
Vs Z11 I 1 Z12 I 2 / and 0 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
/

From these two equations, we get

/ Vs Z 21
I2
Z11 Z22 Z12 Z 21
As shown in Fig. 8, voltage Vs is applied at the output port with the input port shorted, i.e.
V2 Vs , V1 0 , I1 I 1 /
From the Z-parameter network equations are
0 Z11 I1 / Z12 I 2 and Vs Z 21 I 1 / Z 22 I 2
From these two equations, we get
/ Vs Z12
I1
Z11 Z 22 Z12 Z 21
Comparing I 2 / and I1 / , the condition of reciprocity becomes
Z12 Z 21

B. Condition for Symmetry in Z-Parameter

Applying voltage Vs at input port and keeping output port open,
Hence, V1 Vs , I 2 0
Vs
So, Vs Z11 I1 i.e., Z11
I1 I2 0
Applying voltage Vs at output port and keeping input port open,
Hence, V2 Vs , I1 0
Vs
So, Vs Z 22 I 2 i.e., Z 22
I1 I1 0

Condition of symmetry is observed when ( Vs / I1 ) and (Vs / I 2 ) leading to the condition

Z11 Z 22
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2. Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry in Y-Parameter Representation

The Y-parameter equations are
I1 Y11 V1 Y12 V2 (31)
and I 2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2 (32)
A. Condition for Reciprocity in Y-Parameter
As shown in Fig. 7, voltage Vs is applied at the input port with the output port shorted, i.e.
V1 Vs , V2 0 , and I 2 I 2 /
From the Y-parameter network equation
I2/
/
I 2 Vs Y21 i.e., Y21
Vs
As shown in Fig. 8, voltage Vs is applied at the input port with the output port shorted, i.e.
V2 Vs , V1 0 , and I1 I1 /
From the Y-parameter network equation
I1 /
/
I1 Vs Y12 i.e., Y12
Vs
/ /
From the definition of principle of reciprocity, the (I 2 / Vs ) and (I1 / Vs ) are equal, which
leads to the condition of reciprocity,
Y12 Y21

B. Condition for Symmetry in Y-Parameter

The Y-parameter form of the two port network will be symmetric if the input and output ports
can be interchanged without changing the voltage or current at each port. This is only possible if
Y11 Y22 . Thus for the symmetrical network,
Y11 Y22

3. Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry in Transmission Parameter Representation

The equations of the ABCD network are given by
V1 AV 2 BI 2 (33)
and I1 CV2 DI 2 (34)
A. Condition for Reciprocity in ABCD-Parameter
For the network to be reciprocal, use the principal of reciprocity. Applying a voltage source Vs
at the sending end, with the receiving end shorted as shown in Fig. 7.
V1 Vs , V2 0 , and I2 I2/

/ I2/ 1
So, Vs BI 2 i.e., (35)
Vs B
V2 0

Interchanging the position of excitation and response as in Fig. 8, i.e.

V2 Vs , V1 0 , and I 1 I1 /
From the transmission parameter equations become
A
0 AV s BI1 / or I2 Vs
B
AD AD BC I1 / AD BC
and I1 / CVs DI 2 or I1 / CVs Vs Vs or (36)
B B Vs B
In order to make the network reciprocal, the left-hand side of equation (35) and (36) should be
identical. This leads to the condition of reciprocity,
A B
AD BC 1 or 1
C D

B. Condition for Symmetry in ABCD-Parameter

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The definition of symmetry from the Z-parameter point of view gives Z11 Z 22 . By definition

V1 AV 2 BI 2 A
Z11
I1 I 0 CV2 DI 2 I 0 C
2 2
V2 D
and Z 22
I2 I1 0
C
The condition of symmetry is
A = D.

4. Condition for Reciprocity and Symmetry in Hybrid Parameter Representation

The equations of the hybrid parameter are
V1 h 11 I1 h 12 V2 (37)
and I 2 h 21 I1 h 22 V2 (38)

A. Condition for Reciprocity in h-Parameter

For the network to be reciprocal, use the principal of reciprocity. Applying a voltage source Vs
at the input port with the output port short circuited as shown in Fig. 7, so that
V1 Vs , V2 0 , and I 2 I 2 /
Vs
Hence, Vs h 11 I1 i.e., I1
h 11
/ / h 21Vs I2/ h
and I 2 h 21 I1 or I2 or 21 (39)
h 11 Vs h 11
As in Fig. 8, interchange the position of excitation and response, i.e.
V2 Vs , V1 0 , and I1 I1 /

/ I1 / h
Hence, 0 h 11 I1 h 12 Vs or 12 (40)
Vs h 11
From the definition of the principle of reciprocity, the left-hand side of equations (39) and (40) should be
the leads the condition for reciprocity,
h 21 h 12

B. Condition for Symmetry in h-Parameter

The definition of symmetry from the Z-parameter point of view gives Z11 Z 22 . By definition
V1 h I h V V h h h h h h h
Z11 11 1 12 2 h 11 h 12 2 h 11 12 21 11 22 12 21
I1 I 0 I1 I1 h 22 h 22 h 22
2
V2 1
and Z 22
I2 I1 0
h 22
The condition of symmetry ( Z11 Z 22 ) leads to
h 11 h 12
h 1 or h 11 h 22 h 12 h 21 1 or 1
h 21 h 22