A Proposed Davao City Multi-Media Library

ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Architecture

Architecture Division
RESEARCH METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE
Final Paper
A PROPOSED DAVAO CITY MULTI-MEDIA LIBRARY

A Study on Maintaining the Integrity of the Public Library in the Digital Age through
Adaptive Architecture
CARPIO, ABRAHAM PATRICK B.

CO, KEVIN L.
BS - ARCHITECTURE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A PROPOSED DAVAO CITY MULTIMEDIA LIBRARY:
Adaption is the evolutionary process whereby a community becomes a better

habitat. Adaptive Architecture is defined to be a system which changes its structure,
behavior or resources based on the demand of the society. ( arch2o, 2010 ) In the
present society, people are surrounded by changing forces in the environment and
nature. Thus, structures also have to adapt based on what is trending in the society,
which focuses on the lifestyle, needs, and values of people around the environment to
provide a satisfactory output.
Known as the Capital of Mindanao, Davao City has continued to become one of
the most talked about place in the Philippines. ( Davao Tourism, 2012 ) It is a city which
has grown productively over the years and is undergoing vast developments on its
structures. With all these developments being put up in Davao, new forms of technology
have also been entering the city. These have modified the way of life of the people and
contributed to society.
Public institutions have acted as the foundations of our society for thousands of
years. However, these institutions are currently undergoing and facing a transformation
as we make our way into the digital age. Thus, the public library is included in these
institutions. Nowadays, public libraries are now a place simply to store, collect, and
access books. Also, it is a place for public interaction, for researches, other forms of
learning, and for community services. Because of the dawn of the digital age, most
people do not consider these public institution as means for learning and thus remains
crucial that people do not visit the place more often.
In Davao City, only one library currently exists and only few people know that the
library exists as a physical place in the community. It is relatively small and does not
provide much information. This also does not have provide any form of archive for the
city. ( CLIC, 2011 ) This library was only active in its first year by having a mobile library
which gave children access to books by travelling to them. But as time passes by, lesser
and lesser people tend to visit the said Library. ( Palomo, 2012 ) Thus, in line with this,
adaptive architecture has been a trend to be a solution to the problem in the modern
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 2
society since the development of new technologies like the internet and tablets that
could store information via the digital network. These have allowed people to store large
amounts of data from what should have occupied multiple large libraries into a small
tablet or computer.
Through this new form of storage, new forms of libraries have been created
throughout the world. A library, by its very definition, is a building, room, or organization
that has a collection, especially of books, for people to read or borrow, usually without
payment. ( Cambridge Dictionary ) However, with the ever evolving forms of
technology, digital libraries have started replacing the old libraries. Digital libraries aim
to give people access to a myriad of forms of knowledge from anywhere and at any
time and in an efficient and user-friendly fashion. ( Simon, 2008 )
This new form of library has given the people access to information through
multiple types of media or multimedia. Multimedia, according to the Cambridge
dictionary, means a combination of pictures, sounds, and words, used esp. In
computers or entertainment. ( Cambridge Dictionary )
Giving people access to massive amounts of information within a structure

requires adaptive architecture. It is a multidisciplinary field concerned with buildings
that are designed to adapt to their environments, their inhabitants and objects as well as
those buildings that are entirely driven by internal data. ( Delos, n.d. ) This means that
the design of the building will adjust to the users and their environment while fulfilling its
purpose and providing the users needs.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Library is described as an organization that has a collection of books for people
to read or borrow without a payment. ( Cambridge Dictionary ) Nowadays, people do not
tend to visit the library for books anymore since there are the availability of portable
document format books, ebooks, and websites on the internet that can be used as
sources and information. ( Rainie, 2012 ) This has badly damaged the society of those
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 3
libraries here in the Philippines that are still using traditional books and are keeping
them in shape.
The National Library of the Philippines is slowly developing and upgrading its
resources: adapting to new technology like ebooks and online archives in order to invite
guests to visit the place. ( NLP ) But the current condition of the City Library of Davao is
still on the traditional stage. ( CLIC, 2011 ) Based on ocular inspection, very seldom is it
visited by people, and secondly is that people only bypass the area.
The proposed project intends to create and conceptualize design strategies to

preserve and integrate the image of the library as it is functioned to through adaptive
architecture. Aside from that, the library should also accommodate people in an
environment to be systematic and organized in relation to the new technologies to be
applied for the proposal. Thus, maintaining the image of the library even in the digital
age.
In line with this, the study aims to answer the following questions:
1.2.1. What are the facilities and amenities needed by the library to maintain the
integrity even in the digital age?
1.2.2.What principles and theories can be translated into architectural design to

attract people into visiting the library?
1.2.3. What are the concepts of adaptive architecture that can be applied into the
learning environment of the multimedia library?
1.2.4.How can the multi-media library improve the learning environment of the
community of Davao City?
1.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 4
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
An environment
that promotes
learning and
research through
the use of multi-
media in a public
MEDIATING VARIABLE library.
Kind of technology used

Information availability
Coniderations for a
INDEPENDENT learning environment that
VARIABLE attracts people
Multi-media Adaptive Architectural
Libary solution for designing an
effective public library
The proposed project is the multimedia library with a research on maintaining the
integrity of the public library by the use of adaptive architecture. The considerations
needed for the multimedia library are: The kind of technology used, the information
availability, considerations for a learning environment that attracts people, and principles
for designing an effective public library.
The Kind of technology used should be user friendly, it would invite users to
come and learn in the library. This would also serve as an attraction due to its modernity
and innovative experience. Information should have a wide enough range that it would
compete with the information available in the internet alone. It should also provide
reliable resources to know about the knowledge the researcher wants to obtain.
Considerations for a learning environment that attracts people should be specific
enough for the common people of Davao. Following the anthropometrics and the local
resources available that would invite users to explore the surrounding. It would also
invite to consider the tourists to visit the area to learn about Davaos History. Principles
of the adaptive architecture for designing an effective public library that blends in with
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 5
the modern society. Adjusting according to the needs and demands of the user to
effectively promote a livable environment.
1.4 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of the proposed multi-media library is to invite the people to learn
through the use of multi-media while maintaining the integrity of the public library.
This can be done by achieving the following objectives
1.4.1 To determine the new facilities and amenities required while maintaining the
function of a library.
1.4.2 To identify the adaptive design solutions with the application of technology
that can be applied to the design of the library.
1.4.3 To analyze the application of adaptive architecture on the integrity of the

public library in relation to its users.
1.4.4 To study the effects of the learning environment of a multi-media library on

students and young researchers.
1.5 ASSUMPTIONS
Despite the constant development of Davao, the public institutions of the city
continue to remain unchanged. Due to the Lacking sustainability of these institutions,
especially the library, it is assumed that there is a need for a new public library that
would promote a learning environment for the people through the use of multimedia and
new technology.
Adaptability is a concept wherein a system is capable of changing based on the

demand of the society. Due to Davaos constant development, it is assumed that the
need for adaptive architecture should be applied to constantly adapt alongside the city.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 6
It can also be assumed that this concept will be able to provide the needs and demands
of the learning environment of the public library.
For the purpose of the study, it is assumed that the City Government of Davao
will initiate the proposed multi-media library due to the nature of public institutions.
Specifically the Department of Education, and the National Library under the Office of
the mayor, executive department, will fund for the project to be initiated.
1.6 HYPOTHESIS
By using architecture that is capable of adapting to the current learning
environment without destroying the very definition of the buildings function, a public
multimedia library can be developed in such a way that is adapts to the style of the
digital age. The use of modern technologies and mechanisms will cater to the needs of
the users in the digital age. Materials that are durable, long-lasting, and adaptable in
nature also contribute to the design of the multimedia library.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The focus of the study is on designing a public library for the city which applies
the concept of adaptive architecture. The study will dwell on adaptive architecture as a
solution for both maintaining the integrity of the public library and applying adaptability
to the system of the library. The Adaptive Architectural solution will be limited on the use
of the function of movement on the interior to make it adaptable, and an adaptive
exterior facade, both of which can be controlled automatically and manually. The
integrity of the design will be limited to its visual appearance, thermal comfort, and
acoustics which affects the overall learning environment of the library. Visual
appearance, thermal comfort and acoustics are limited to the architectural solutions
which can provide convenience to each. New technology will be limited to devices which
uses multimedia as pictures, sounds and words for research and learning.
The study will solely deal with architectural solutions with regards to the problem
stated. Factors beyond the control of the proponent such as management and
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 7
administrative policies of the facilities are outside the scope of the study. As for the
architectural translations, the mechanical, electrical, and structural aspects will only be
designed only according to their arrangement and not down to the last detail.
Computations for the interior furniture and added decors of the project are outside the
scope of the study.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.8.1 Adaptive Architecture - a multidisciplinary field concerned with buildings
that are designed to adapt to their environments, their inhabitants and objects as
well as those buildings that are entirely driven by internal data. ( Schndelbach,
H., n.d. )
1.8.2 Multimedia - the combination or mixture of multiple forms of media. This

includes text, graphics, audio, video, etc. ( Witten, I. H., 2010 )
1.8.3 Integrity - The quality of being honest and fair of the image and the state of
which a structures preservation is being prolonged through carefully planned
interventions. ( Johnson, S., n.d.)
1.8.4 Modern Technology - The advancement or the the improved product of

the application of scientific technology. It may be the same with the technologies
before but it was designed to make works more easier. ( Pickering, A., 2006 )
1.8.5 Digital Age - Also called the information age, where information is passed
down through the recent technologies available in a digital form ( Hilbert, M.,
2011 )
1.8.6 Public Institutions - an organization, establishment, foundation, society, or

the like,devoted to the promotion of a particular cause or program for public use.
( Dictionary.com, 2016 )
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 8
1.8.7 Visual Appearance - The fundamental elements that make up a good

design by looking at its physical aspects with its corresponding details.
( Responsive to Adaptive The shifting trends in Architecture., n.d.)
1.8.8 Livable Environment - It is an environment in which the sum of the factors

add up to a communitys quality of life including the built and natural
environments. ( Livable Communities, 2016 )
1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is the use of adaptive architecture as a means for
maintaining the integrity of the library. The study hopes to convey a new way of
designing a public institution that would adapt to the current and future learning
environment and the needs of the society. It encourages to use adaptive architecture as
not merely a style but to incorporate it to the design of public institutions.
This study will also provide solutions for the architects and designers to consider
the evolution of technology and architecture. Due to the changing form and standard of
technology, it is important that the architectural spaces are capable of adapting to these.
Giving allowance for future changes allows the building to stand the test of time in terms
of functionality.
Lastly, this promotes the usage of modern technology with the incorporation of
structures for the benefit of the users and the learning environment. The library has
functioned throughout time as a place for learning. However, through time, the materials
used for learning have evolved into data which can only be accessed through different
kinds of computers. The space allocation and consideration of these are vital when it
comes to the design of the new libraries. It is therefore important that new methods of
incorporating the new technology are formulated and applied into the design.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 9
02 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 10
2.1. Adaptive Architecture
2.1.1 Overview of Adaptive Architecture

Adaptability is the capacity of a structure to accommodate the different
and unknown future uses to satisfy the needs of users with a minimum cost and
effort. The meaning of adaptability is an attempt to combine of what users imply
about responsive, flexible, and interactive needs. ( Kronenburg, 2007 ) This term
is often used in the field of architecture in relation to timely changes and
evolution in the society. Changes are visible as to the construction and aesthetic
style of various buildings. This shows that architectural style shifts through time
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 11
as it passes by. It is a result of the changing society, the changing time, period,
economy, environment, and user needs. The changes and demand to satisfy the
needs of the users are always constant, leading to the need for architectural
objects to adapt to the current trend and demand. This is a continuing process
that flows with time and generation, where advancements in technology and
economy as well as innovations contribute to the response for adaptability. In
modern society, this lead to the local use of materials and the consideration of
global climate in order for structures to survive and sustain itself. ( Responsive to
Adaptive, n.d. )
All structures built and to be built are adaptable in a way, since buildings in
some way can be adapted manually. Adaptive architecture focuses on structures
that are intended to adjust to their surroundings, to objects in them, and to their
inhabitants particularly. This can happen on multiple levels and usually takes in
account of technologies like sensors, controllers, and other communication
technologies. Summing up the context of above, the framework and definition is
there an attempt to integrate different approaches such as interactive, smart,
responsive, intelligent, media, mixed-reality, and hybrid architecture. All these are
with their own particular area of focus, but Adaptive architecture as it is
presented, is structured to be independent of any of these particular concerns.
( Harper, 2003 ) Design processes that are adaptive to data collected from the
field, inhabitants or related objects are not included in the framework. Generative
design methods and data based architecture may show such adaptiveness in the
design process but these does not necessarily lead to buildings which are
adaptive.Like every other aspect of human achievement the design of buildings
is subject to continuous change, with the ambition of making improvements. A
mobile, adaptable, transformable building could be wonderful in the true sense of
the world: full of wonder - a magical stage that would allow dramatically different
activities to occur within the same, but changing, space ( Kronenburg, 2007 )
2.1.2 Benefits of Adaptive Architecture
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 12
The cybernetic system in architecture area let architecture be a

responsive machine that can get the feedback of the users and environment,
then adjust itself and satisfy the demand of users. (Wang, 2016) This means that
making the design of a structure adaptive will allow it to change in such a way
that it will conform to the wants and needs of individuals or groups within.
The development of technology throughout time has proven to be

applicable in architecture. Use of motors and computers have allowed parts of
buildings to move and adapt to the needs of certain situations. In a sense,
buildings that apply this kind of technology have become huge robots which can
either be manually adjusted to fit what is needed or automatically sense and
react to the needs of the proponent.
According to Kronenburg (2007), the benefits of having an adaptable

building are the following:
2.1.2.1 Longer use
Adaptable buildings are designed with huge open spaces and are
usually sustainable buildings due to their use of new technology and
innovations. This allows the building to be used for multiple functions even
when its previous one is no longer needed. Thus, by designing it in such a
way, the building remains useful throughout time.
2.1.2.2 Better Environment

The development of sensors have allowed buildings to recognize
changes and patterns within buildings. By the use of these and some well-
planned programming, the components within can adapt. This allows the
building to serve what may be the best for the people.
In order to accomplish this, it would require a lot of research,

planning, and prediction. Due to the nature of having countless unique
individuals entering and exiting the building, it would require lots of
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 13
standards and generalization to provide the perfect environment for them.

However, through the continuous development of technology, it becomes
easier to predict the needs of people by the use of sensors. Light, sound,
physical form and size, permeability of architectural configuration, density
of information, environmental properties, and architectural typology is
easily modified by the use of motors and other machines hidden within the
walls, floors, and ceiling of the building.
2.1.2.3 Use of Latest Technology

When a structure is created to be adaptable, it also makes
use of the latest trends in technological advances. This means that
it has already allotted space for that technology to be used in the
building.
Upon development of newer technology, the components of
the building may be detached and replaced in order to update
them. This is due to the use of moveable and removable parts of
the building. Since the spaces have already been considered for
certain technology, it would be easy to upgrade them to the latest
versions.
2.1.2.4 Economical and Ecological

Since adaptable buildings are able to cater many different
kinds of functions, it can be concluded that these are also
economical for the community. Whenever the building has lost its
previous use, it need not be demolished since it can easily adapt to
the new function needed.
Also, since it uses the latest technology to adapt to changes,
the building is also ecological in a sense that it does not require
much energy from outside sources to function on its own. Its
capable of sustaining itself and reducing the cost of energy.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 14
2.1.2.5 Adapts to Latest Cultural and Social Trends

The buildings capacity to move, detach and attach its
components allow it to constantly change throughout time.
Whenever a new trend in architecture comes up, the building is
capable of adapting to it by moving or changing its parts.
2.1.3 Components of Adaptive Architecture

For a structure to be adaptive, many factors need to be considered. The
structure needs to provide a setting for its users and neighboring communities
which provides for their needs and at the same time serves its own purpose as a
part of the community.
In order for this to be done, many components of a structure need to adapt

to the situation at hand. The following components are a sum of what Holger
Schndelbach (2010) discusses in his paper.
2.1.3.1 Users
The users are the main consideration of an adaptive buildings
design. It considers their comfort and basic needs and provides these by
adapting.
These adaptations may be of automatic or manual means. This

means that if users would need a large space it can be automatically be
provided them via a terminal or remote which would mechanically adjust
or the users can manually adjust the dividers to set up the space they
need. After all, the users are the best dictators or commanders to ask for
what they need.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 15
Fig. 2.1.3.1.1 Compact Apartment in Madrid: A person can manually modify the
space to make use of its varying functions. (Frearson, 2014)
2.1.3.2 Sensors and Programming

When the need for automatic adaptation is needed, sensors are
used to detect changes using the same five senses of the human being.
This allows adaptation to occur automatically without the need for the
users to adjust their setting.
As sensors detect the changes, programming done beforehand is

used to transmit the data from the sensors to the motors used to adjust
the components of the building.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 16
Fig. 2.1.3.2.1 Allianz Arena in Germany: The exterior lights up and projects images or
patterns based on its programming. This gives life and a sense of excitement to the
exterior environment. (Mikeverwegen 2015)
2.1.3.3 Exterior Environment

The setting outside the structure should show its character and at
the same time provide comfort to the internal environment. The facade of
a building gives its neighboring communities a preview of what the
building is. However, due to the constant change of nature, some designs
may be effective at one time and not during another time.
Adaptability in a structures exterior may provide shade during hot

sunny days or rainy days while letting in some sun during cooler days.
Also, a structures facade may adjust to maximize natural light entering all
throughout the day and provide light to the outside environment during the
night.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 17
Fig. 2.1.3.3.1 Bengt Sjostrom Starlight Theater: Transforming roof connects

audience to the sky when it is open. (Photos Studio Gang ODonnell, n.d.)
2.1.3.3.1 Sun
The sun generates unlimited energy to the earth. The
amount of solar energy transferred to the earth is only a small
percentage compared to its travel path into the surface of the earth.
The sun can be used as a generator for buildings and for facilitating
natural air circulation.
2.1.3.3.2 Light
Light is the radiation that is perceived by the human eye in
which the limits of wavelength are between 380 and 780
nanometers. The human eye perceives then the intensity of light as
shades and colors. Buildings can be design to perform to cast
certain shades on specific time to prevent too much light passing
inside the building. Providing adequate lighting and at the same
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 18
time enhancing the perspective image of a structure based on the

lighting.
2.1.3.3.3 Wind and Water
An adaptive barrier could be used to control the wind and
precipitation going in and out of the building. Wind velocities are
high and cool on windy days and this would cool the interior of the
structure. Adaptable water barrier then could be used outside in
accordance to the sun shading to provide a rain shower barrier
which would reduce maintenance on the building facade.
2.1.3.3.4 Acoustics
Adaptable sound insulation installed is useful that the
insulation on the exterior facing the road should be greater than an
insulation on the exterior facing the landscape because noise levels
should be adequate but not zero for zero noises are perceived as
uncomfortable for the ears.
2.1.3.4 Spaces
Spaces define the function of a certain area of a structure.
However, the function a space may serve may not always be needed by
the users. It may also be possible that the space may be uncomfortable
during certain times. It is important therefore that spaces adapt to its users
and its needs.
There are many ways in which a space can adapt. There are times
when it can enlarge or shrink itself in order to serve a certain number of
people. It can divide into two different spaces to provide for different
functions or it can join to have easy access from one to the other. Spaces
may also adapt by moving horizontally, vertically, or a circular manner.
Spaces may also adjust to make transport of materials from one

part of the area to another easier. Hallways can be made wider during
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 19
closing hours for the ease of transport from storages or deliveries to other
areas.
Fig. 2.1.3.4.1 Suite Vollard: Plan of a typical unit in a residential building which
revolves every hour. (Mikls ,2014)
2.1.3.5 Interior Surfaces
Interior surfaces are mostly comprised of the walls. This is one of
the most well planned component of every architectural design. These
allow areas to be assigned to specific purposes and organize the overall
flow of the users. Not all areas however may be able to serve their
purpose at all times. This may be due to some events within an area to
need more space than another area.
Moving surfaces may be able to adapt to the current need. These

different sorts of surfaces may move horizontally or vertically to merge,
divide, lengthen, or shorten certain spaces.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 20
Revolving surfaces on the other hand may allow each side to be

presented to either side. This may also hide one side while revealing the
other depending on the need.
Technological advances have also allowed surfaces to project

images and make them similar to that of a large TV screen. This allows for
advertisement, guidance or even interaction with the users.
Fig. 2.1.3.5.1 Space Needle Skypad: An interactive wall allows users to access
information. (Belle & Wissell Team, n.d.)
2.1.4 Design Strategies in Adaptive Architecture

______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 21
Fig. 2.1.4.1 Framework of Adaptive Architecture

Figure 2.1.4.1 shows the framework of Adaptive architecture. Which
begins with motivations and drivers, through questioning of why should one build
an Adaptive Architectural style structure. The next steps then are more on the
detailing components like how the building reacts to in terms of the learning
environments and what elements are being adapted in the process.
Adaptive architecture has taken many forms in todays advanced
structures. These forms and components are seen in Fig. 2.1.4.2. These are
listed as Convertible, Scalable, Movable, Adjustable, Versatile and Refitable.
Fig. 2.1.4.2 Adaptable Architecture Types

One main unifying factor in these several components is the use of open
space. A huge space allows freedom of movement of a structure and its ability to
transform itself to serve from one function to another.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 22
Moving walls are one of the design strategies which makes a building
adaptable. Taken from Japans traditional structures, moving walls allow spaces
to enlarge or shrink based on the need of its users. It also allows or blocks
accessibility from one space to another. Some of its potential uses are dividing
huge halls into smaller meeting rooms or merging some spaces to create space
for a temporary exhibit or gallery.
Another component of adaptive architecture is demountable

furniture like the one seen in Fig. 2.1.4.3. When a space changes its function,
storage space will be needed to keep the previous furniture and replace them
with the needed ones. Flexibility of furniture will allow less work in terms of
storing these and will demand less need for storage space due to them being
easily kept within the walls of the structure. Multi-purpose furniture also allows for
less space to be occupied.
Fig. 2.1.4.3 Bed with multiple drawers and compartments (ION, 2015)
2.2 Integrity
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 23
2.2.1 Etymology of Integrity

Integrity comes from the latin word integritas meaning intact. According
Websters dictionary ( 2016 ) , Integrity is the state of being integral, the
unimpaired extent, amount, or constitution; the wholeness or completeness.
2.2.2 Types of Integrity on a building

2.2.2.1 Structural Integrity
Structural integrity is the margin of a building by which it is safe
from disaster and harm. The term is used mostly on the engineering of
buildings specifically on the location of the structure to be built and the
materials to be used so it would be as safe as possible in calamities and
disasters. ( Johnson, n.d. ) This is a concept to manufacture materials that
are not only for aesthetic purpose but also to function for a desired needs
for the life of the users.
Designers should consider certain properties in order to consider a

structure integral or firm such as the toughness, strength, elasticity,
hardness, and weight. A material might have high strength that could resist
the bending from the loads, but without the toughness of it, the given
material should be large enough to support the load.
Structural integrity is a must in the consideration of building design

or any object that bears any load. There must be a balance between the
properties of the materials used in the structure in relation to its size and
supports. The integrity of individual components must be matched to its
application in order for the structure to support it without failing and
preventing to cause stress that would lead to other structural failures.
2.2.2.2 Environmental Integrity
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 24
The environment is a complex system that makes the living

possible. It is everything in the surrounding such as the air, the ground, the
water, and the energy. But it is not only composed of these elements, but
also the processes that these elements undergo to maintain the system
which can be local or global. Human activities sometimes interfere in
these processes and so consideration is important to preserve the integrity
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 25
in nature under the changing conditions happening.
Fig. 2.2.2.2.1 Diagram on Environmental Integrity

Environmental Integrity is the preservation of important life processes
which supports the nature, specifically plants and animals, which must be
able to continue without much change. The life sustained supports of
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 26
nature like air, water, and soil, is the objective of Environmental Integrity.
Preserving and protecting the purity of natural communities or
ecosystems, and diversity within the environment.
Figure 2.2.2.2.1 shows the diagram by which the environmental integrity is

achieved through a process that starts with the current situation. Analyzing
the problems and advantages of the current situation and based on that,
plan and implement the results from the data collected, and then analyze
for improvements and continue to improve the environmental integrity
through innovative ways.
2.2.2.3 Aesthetic Integrity

Aesthetic Integrity is the wellness of the appearance and
application of an entity with relation to its function. It is not on the beauty of
the entity being seen. This would mean that that the design should follow
some common principles like consistency, a good alignment, contrast,
proportions, visual hierarchy, and etc.
Aesthetic Design may vary from the perception of users in relation

to the entity. But despite the variations of the perceptions, what contributes
overall on the aesthetics should be balanced also with other requirements
such as supporting information which are useful for users not to be
confused. Aesthetic integrity is not merely on pure visuals but this implies
a design which is well-structured.
2.2.3 Criteria on the evaluation of building integrity
2.2.3.1 Visual Appearance
The goal of achieving a good visual appearance is pleasing the eye
of the users. The visual perception of each individual differs based on their
preferences. Rooms in general should be designed in such a way that the
human eye can adjust and grasp immediately the surrounding and then
receive instantly a clear impression of the said space. Easy navigation,
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 27
lighting, and minor differences in the contrast of colors tweak the

perception of a user within a room and promote the visual comfort. This
helps users maintain and develop an ease in the environment and feel
welcomed. ( Boyce, 2009 )
Light also plays a major role in the visual appearance of an object.

It gives us the ability to see. The abundance or lack, the brightness or
darkness, the absence or presence of an object determine the way in
which we perceive everything in this world. All elements surrounding us
reflects light into which we perceive images and therefore influence the
development of an individuals perspective attributes and senses. Lighting
affects an individuals performance depending on the brightness to be able
to see what ones doing. As brightness increase, so does the visual
abilities and performance. But over brightness may decrease the abilities
and performance. Glare is an example of an over brightness that reduces
the ability to see and perform tasks. So it is important to maintain an
adequate lighting to enhance the visual appearance of entities. ( Boyce,
2009 )
2.2.3.2 Thermal Comfort
The human body emits and absorbs heat by the air in a process
known as convection. Through this process, energy is transferred in the
airflow but also radiation interferes and adds up to the process, affecting
the surrounding. This is why heat needs to be considered to achieve
thermal comfort for users. Adjusting the temperature felt or what is
commonly termed as room temperature to a commonly suggested
temperature which is around 18C to 27C maximum. Though the comfort
level through which human mind would work at their most comfortable is
around 23C to 25C. Going below 18 and above 27 would discomfort
users in their work area or field already. Degrading their mind to work
properly or fully functionally. ( ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 )
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 28
2.2.3.3 Acoustics
Sounds transferred from the outside of the building to inside and
from a person to another affects the acoustical comfort of users. Traffic
noises and site construction sounds are the biggest factors that are
outside, affecting the inside of the building. Inside the building, noise of the
user may be one of the common factors affecting the sound. These noises
reduces the comfort level of the users.
Acoustical comfort is a key in order for users to to perform well and

do well in their workplace. Finding a quiet time and place is essential in
supporting complex works, and this needs time and no disturbances for
the development of the work. The human mind works better if the process
of thinking is continuous and is without interference. Therefore, Acoustical
comfort is achieved when the workplace gives users appropriate support
for interaction and at the same time allows concentrative work with
minimum noise. This would help users maintain their area of workplace
and feel comfortable. ( GSA, 2011 )
2.3 Library
2.3.1 Function of a library
The Library has many functions to the society and one of them is to
preserve the heritage and culture, to cultivate the knowledge from the books and
medias, and to collect information dwelled from the past and current trend. The
Library is also open for the additional collection of archives, music creations,
electronic creation, and other documents which is historical or unique.
The Library should also then cater to the public, giving them access to the
collections by means of visiting and through other networks like the internet or
other means. It should also serve as a research area that focuses on their field of
expertise. In relation to this, the library would also serve as the University
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 29
research library for various universities which could benefit both for the Library
and University.
Collections, whether permanent or changing, is to be displayed for the

public. Culture, activities and other events should also be focused towards the
public and to maintain professional ties with them. Lastly, the library should serve
as a haven for the books and other medias like computers. The library is set for
the public to attend to for studies, preservation, documents, and presentation of
research and a data of collection for research to be enhances. ( Brophy , 2006)
2.3.2 Public Library

2.3.2.1 Overview
A public library is a type of library that can be accessed by the
public and generally living for the public, with the public providing its
source and survivability. The funds of the public library generally come
from public sources such as taxes. Public libraries are also governed by
the board that is open to all and is voluntary, providing the service and
needs of public users and sustaining the library, adding collections and
enhancing the knowledge available. ( Rubin, 2010 )
Public Libraries can be found almost anywhere in the world. From

the ancient times up till the recent era, it is considered as an essential part
for it provides general information and local data for the people to be
educated. It also provides work areas and quiet study rooms for students
of professionals to learn, it also encourages young children to be more
educated.
2.3.2.2 Facilities
Some common facilities of the library consist of the following
spaces: Study space, Group study room, IT facilities, and Library lockers.
These are spaces that are basic in the library. Secondary Spaces would
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 30
include the Accessability centre, University Bookshop, and Library Cafe.

( Kapitzke, C., 2006 )
The Library provides a quiet and silent study space on all floors that
would consist of reader spaces and a mixture of study desks and informal
seating. Silent Study zones would accommodate users who study alone
and in silence. Quiet Study zones would accommodate users who study
with some occasional low-volume conversation. The Quiet Group Study
Zones which would accommodates a small groups with a low-volume
conversation. And the Group Study zones which accommodates a larger
group with a medium-volume conversation of sound that should
encompass the area for the group to hear. An IT facility is also provided for
users using Netbooks and Multimedias as means for their research and
study, also a socket would be provided for each study desk. A Library
locker is also available for users to leave their extra belongings and is
accessible by everyone. Lockers are located at the Ground level to
accommodate also those person with disabilities.
The Accessibility Centre is an additional facility of a library for those

who are disabled or having a learning difficulty whether physical, mental or
mobility. The centre would offer services and special equipments and is
environment friendly and safe. The facility is available only for those who
are disabled or having a learning difficulty. A bookshop can also be
provided that would sell academic books and reading lists both
internationally and locally for users wanting a collection. Lastly, Library
Cafes can also function both as a place to stay for users who would study
and want food. It would also accommodate users who would want to stay
for leisure.
2.3.2.3 Strategies in designing
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 31
The 6 basic strategies in designing a library to achieve its

functionality and monumentality are Education, Access, Culture, Inclusion,
and Space. (Worpole, K., n.d.)
Education is one consideration in the key strategies of designing a

public library. The library should be able to encourage literacy and
learning. A successful library design should be able to make a foundation
for education and to be able to encourage teenagers and adults to
enhance their literacy skills, boosting their educational goals. It should
also cater users to engage on the advance digital learning methods
through the use of technologies and multimedia for both a visual and
knowledgeable learning. Lastly, it should promote the awareness of
people on the informations available on both the important past and recent
events for people to remember.
Access is another consideration to improve library design. Access

makes books and other entities like pdf and other multimedia data easier
to find, borrow, and return. It helps create an organized program wherein
user flow are related and would lead them to a common area to gather.
Culture and arts promotes the local history and highlights of the
city. It provides recreational opportunity for people to impart to the local
society.
Inclusion helps present an inviting environment that would give a

concrete strength to library accessibility. Inclusion also promotes a
universal design in which it improves services to all people.
Arrangement of spaces are also important to provide an attractive

and functional connection that would lead to provide a clear physical
footprint with the current modernized library designs. It would offer flexible
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 32
spaces and create an accommodating environment that would incorporate

modern technologies to facilitate digital learning and meeting the evolving
needs of the users. A well-arranged space would also allow the library to
adopt and lessen renovation changes that would require much work, but
rather renovate to beautify only and innovate the services and
technologies used.
Also, Key elements of success in accordance to the viewpoints of

the staffs, administrations, and users in a recent library case study of the
David Wilson Library were concerned in natural daylighting that would
lessen the consumption cost at the same time promotes the natural
environment. Creating a visual interest and intimacy on spaces that would
attract users to visit, providing a warm ambience that would welcome the
users to the area. Provide a smoothing transition between spaces,
Designing a place wherein users would be pleased to stay longer rather
than for only a short period of time, consider clarity and zoning that would
accommodate a wide range of behaviours ranging from the silent to a low-
volume and into social spaces, and lastly, design a setting with a positive
impact and behaviour on the users to encourage them to visit again.
2.3.2.4 Standards in designing

The Library space types are areas where paper documents, film, or
magnetic media are stored. A Library space type may include both open
and closed storage systems and moveable shelving systems, and be
applicable to file rooms and other dense storage of material in conditioned
office environments. Libraries are assumed to be general purpose, and
may include display spaces and reading, meeting, and electronic
workstations, as defined by the desired level of access to materials being
stored.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 33
The Library space types are areas where bound paper documents,
film, or magnetic media are stored. A Library space type may include both
open and closed storage systems and moveable shelving systems, and be
applicable to file rooms and other dense storage of material in conditioned
office environments. Libraries are assumed to be general purpose, and
may include display spaces and reading, meeting, and electronic
workstations, as defined by the desired level of access to materials being
stored. ( NIBS, 2016 )
There are seven broad types of library space:
1.) Collection space

2.) Public electronic workstation space
3.) User seating space
4.) Staff work space
5.) Meeting space
6.) Special use space
7.) Non-assignable space (including mechanical space)
Typical spaces of library features an applicable objective elements

within the building which are listed below:
Integrated Technology: The design process starts with an

understanding of the current technological needs to be places and are
required on the spaces, by which future consideration is seen as to the
demand of the users.
Shelving systems: Design of shelves can be integrated as modular

or adaptable units. Shelving systems are needed to store either books and
other objects owned by either the library or the user.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 34
Heavy floor loads: Load consideration is important because

libraries carry a huge amount of load with stacks of books and
equipments, plus the human weight and object they bring.
Acoustic and Visual Privacy: Some library spaces will required

private study or work while some are only on the general circulation and
general work areas. Acoustic is important to put up noise barriers between
the public and private area to ease users in their activity. Visual Privacy is
also important so as not to disturb an activity with other activities in private
areas and some part of the general circulation and work area.
Special Lighting: Provide lighting needs that would accommodate

the comfort of the users depending on the space provided. An adequate
general lighting on the circulation. Lights that would improve user
concentration when studying on work areas, and lights for visibility on the
shelvings.
Occupancy: The type of occupancy to be used based on the

preference is a consideration to cater the demands of the people. whether
Business, or Assembly occupancy. The preference type of seating
capacity would differ. Different occupancy calls for different areas of
spaces.
Flexibility: Library design should be flexible enough to be durable

and at the same time adaptable. This kind of design usually involves for
the features of raised floor for wirings and HVAC, at the same time for
storage use and maintenance.
Table 2.3.2.4.1 shows the division of spaces and building program

for the library space type.
Table 2.3.2.4.1 Library Spaces
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 35
2.3.2.5 Accessibility Law - Category III Group C. 5.1.2 ( B. P. 344 )

Minimum Requirements
Outside and Around Building:
C. Walkway and Passageway
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 36
1. Walkways should be kept as level as possible and

provided with slip-resistant material.
2. Whenever and wherever possible walkway should have a
gradient no more than 1:20 or 5%
3. Walkway should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100
4. Walkways should have minimum width of 1.20m
5. In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided
at some point along the route so that a wheelchair may pass
another or turn around. These spaces should have a
minimum dimension of 1.50m and should be spaced at a
maximum distance of 12.00m between stops
7. Walkway headroom should not be less than 2.00m and
preferably higher.
8. Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by
street furniture, bollard, sign post or columns along the
defined routed, as they can be hazardous.
D. Handrails
2. Handrails shall be installed at 0.90m and 0.70m above the
steps ramps. Handrails for protection at great heights may
be installed at 1.0m to 1.06m
3. A 0.30m long extension of the handrail should be provided
at the start and end of ramps and stairs.
F. Signages
2. Signs should be kept simple and easy to understand;
signages should be made of contrasting colors and
contrasting gray matter to make detection and reading easy.
3. The international symbol for access should be used to
designate routes and facilities that are accessible
Parking
A. Parking Area
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 37
2. Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as

possible to building entrances of to accessible entrances.
3. Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking
spaces should be perpendicular or to an angle to the road or
circulation aisles.
4. Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of
3.70m
5. A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20m clear width
shall be provided between the front ends of parked cars.
6. Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking
level where access walkways are raised
Inside Building and Structures
A. Entrances
2. One entrance level should be provided where elevators
are accessible
4. Entrances with vestibule shall be provided a level area
with at least a 1.80m depth and 1.50m width.
B. Ramps
2. Ramps shall have a minimum clearance width of 1.20m
3. Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at
0.70m and 0.90m from the ramp level
C. Doors
1. All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80m
2. A minimum clear level space of 1.50m x 1.50m shall be
provided before and extending beyond a door.
3. Out swinging doors should be provided at storage rooms,
closets and accessible restroom stalls
G. Corridors
1. Corridors shall have minimum clear width of 1.20m;
waiting areas and other facilities or spaces shall not obstruct
the minimum clearance requirement
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 38
2. Recesses or turnabout spaces should be provided for

wheelchairs to turn around or to enable another wheelchair
to pass; those spaces shall have a minimum area of 1.50m x
1.50m and shall be spaced at a maximum of 12.00m
3. Turnabout spaces should also be provided at or within
3.50m of every dead end.
4. As in walkways, corridors should be maintained level and
provided within a slip resistant surface.
H. Washroom and Toilets
1. The minimum number of accessible water closets on each
floor level or on that part of floor level accessible to the
disabled shall be one (1) where the total number of water
closets per set on that level is 20; and two (2) where the
number of water closet exceed 20
J. Elevators
1. Accessible elevators should be located not more than
30.00m from the entrance and should be easy to locate with
the aid of signs
2. Accessible elevators shall have a minimum dimension of
1.10m x 1.40m
2.3.3 Multimedia Library

2.3.3.1 Overview
A multimedia library is a library that functions in relation to the
modern society needs and through recent technologies with the use of
multimedia like audio books and documentaries. It is a hybrid library by
which it consists not only of paper sources for reading but also electronic
books and digital datas that relay information to the users. ( Kronenburg,
R., 2007 )
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 39
Digital library collections contain permanent documents. The digital

environment will enable quick handling and/or ephemeral information.
Digital libraries are based on digital technologies. The assumption that
digital libraries will contain only digital materials may be wrong. Digital
libraries are often used by individuals working alone. The physical
boundaries of data have been eliminated. Support for communications
and collaboration is as important as information-seeking.
2.3.3.2 Modern Technologies and Architectural Mechanism

The use of interactive walls, audio devices, Virtual Reality images
and scenes, ebooks, and audio-visual rooms are modern technologies
that are commonly used in the recent development and trend that are in
the society and available to the public. ( Bullivant, L., 2005 )
2.3.3.3 Benefits of a Multimedia Library

Some advantage of Multimedia Library are the access to large
amounts of information to users wherever they are and whenever they
need it. Access to primary information sources. Support multimedia
content along with text. Network accessibility on Internet. It gives a user-
friendly interface. It also provides an advanced search and retrieval
providing ease to users who needs data on their research in relevance to
their topic or field. and Multimedia Libraries can have an integration with
other digital libraries since it relays information through the world storage
data and is in a digital form where information sharing and storage is
efficient.( Hull, D., 2015 )
2.3.3.4 Examples and Existing Trends
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 40
Fig. 2.3.3.4.1 FPT Technology Building

Fig. 2.3.3.4.1 shows the building design which won first place in the
Education category of the 2014 World Architecture Festival or WAF for
short.(Vietnam, 2014) The building was designed to incorporate passive
cooling and natural lighting in order to compensate for its location which
has a limited power supply.
For its lighting, a wide open plan was designed in such a way that
light would naturally enter all throughout the building. This allowed for it to
reduce the need for artificial light.
As for the ventilation, the building was oriented towards the
prevailing winds and allowed it to pass through. The winds were not warm
due to the presence of trees and the lake. These cooled the air passing
through the area. Trees were also placed on each window to act as
sunshade. This served the purpose of louvres which blocked direct sun
yet still allowed light to pass through. This kept the building from gathering
too much heat within.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 41
Fig. 2.3.3.4.2 Antakya Museum Hotel Ground Floor Plan
Fig. 2.3.3.4.3 Antakya Museum Hotel Second Floor Plan
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 42
Fig. 2.3.3.4.4 Antakya Museum Hotel Terrace Floor Plan
Fig. 2.3.3.4.5 Antakya Museum Hotel Exterior
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 43
Fig. 2.3.3.4.6 Antakya Museum Hotel Interior
The Antakya Museum Hotel took advantage of the excavation site on its lot to
create a multi-function structure. The ground floor is mostly composed of the excavation
site while the upper floors may view it. The plan seen in Fig. 2.3.3.4.3 shows how it is
open to allow natural ventilation and lighting to enter. The rooms seen in Fig. 2.3.3.4.4
are composed of rectangular prism cells which are separated from one another. This
allows for minimal heat gain within the structure since air is able to penetrate the facade
and flow through as sen in Fig. 2.3.3.4.5. The whole structure is topped with a roof
which unifies the diverse spaces within.(Antakya, n.d.)
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 44
Fig. 2.3.3.4.7 Dalarna Media Library Interior

The award winning higher educational structure, Dalarna Media Library seen in
Fig. 2.3.3.4.7, involves a spiraling staircase around a central floorspace which
resembles an arena. This wide open plan is capable of serving multiple functions at the
same time while serving its main purpose of being a library. It is a plan with a simple
style yet involves intricate details which allows multiple uses to operate at the same
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 45
time.(WA Contents, 2014)
Fig. 2.3.3.4.8 Dalarna Media Library Exterior

The facade of the library seen in Fig. 2.3.3.4.8 features multiple lamellae which
keeps the heat off the building while reflecting the surroundings as a form of artwork. It
serves a similar function to that of louvres yet appears artistic. The inner facade is made
of wood while the lamellae is made of stainless steel.(WA Contents, 2014)
2.4 Digital Age
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 46
2.4.1 Definition
The digital age, also known as the Information age, is characterized by the
use of digital technologies brought by the Digital Revolution. At this period, the
society creates an economy of highly based advance technologies that operates
in an efficient manner of storing called as the digital storage wherein data
inputted would be stored in a worldly storage and then shared and accessed by
selected or all. The invention of the internet is one of the most influential events
that occur, advancing the Digital Age and influence a vast population for
information is easily conveyed and transferred through this process rather than
the previous manual style. ( Hilbert, M. 2011 )
2.4.2 Progression
2.4.2.1 Library Expansion
The first ever progression made was in the year 1945 where in the
capacity to store was improved due to the demanding needs to expand
the world storage. This demand then duplicated the needs once in awhile
due to fast converging and relaying of information through the internet
since it is efficient in transferring. At a later period then the digital
technology replaces the analog form of transferring images into digital
imaging. Reducing datas into micro data which represents the bytes and
data storage use we currently use. This then produces a rapid pace in the
information growth. Increasing the needs for more of microdata storages
and capacity of world storage and decreasing the need for physical entity
storages since it consumes space and volume and digital storages
consume only bytes which does not consume any physical space.
( Kowalski, G., 2000 )
2.4.2.2 Information storage

The worldly storage capacity started from a 2.6 exabyte storage
capacity and upgraded into 15.8 in 7 years, and into 54.5 in another 7
years. In common user terms. The changes on information storage
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 47
upgrades every once in awhile. In architectural terms, the digital

technologies used and stored will be updated once in awhile, particularly
at a 7 years interval to enhance and accommodate the needs of the users.
2.4.3 Application to Architecture

The Digital Age provides an information which is easily transmitted via the
network system and deals with information overload. Information comes in from
every angle in every part of the word. This suggests that in the near future there
will be a sensemaking and adaptability that would be applied in the field of
architecture.
Incoming informations lead to the development and innovations of

Architecture, using technologies that would be programmed to provide
information for the public use and using sensors as security basis. Interaction
between technology and humans would make information and their surrounding
meaningful through knowledge. Visuals, Vocals, Sounds, Sense, these together
could convey messages clearer than those only on reading. A synchronization of
these in the structure and applying this on material study by kinetic movements
or Adaptive architecture would expand innovations in so many different ways.
( MLL DESIGN LAB, 2016 )
2.5 Davao City Context

2.5.1 History of Davao City
The following is a brief summary of the whole history of davao which
shows how the land grew from being a center of trade to a farmland to todays
city. The complete history can be seen in Appendix A.
Davao region began functioning as the center trade in southeast asia. Its
location easily allowed ships to sail to and from the gulf to the many surrounding
ports in asia.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 48
When the spanish forces arrived in the country, forces were sent to invade
the Davao region. However, the first fleet was not enough to conquer the south.
Only upon sending Oyanguren did the Spanish finally conquer Davao. However,
the region was not well managed due to the Spanish having problems with
multiple tribes opposing the rule set by the invaders.
During the American rule huge portions of land were divided amongst
them and the Japanese due to the lands potential for agricultural growth. The
location of the mindanao island was also practical as a center for trade since it
was at the heart of the southeast Asian islands.
Due to the massive farming, exports, and imports of abaca, copra, and
lumber, President Manuel L. Quezon set up Davao City to become the capital
and manage the farmlands.
Davao City was inaugurated on the 1st of March 1937. The city was
composed of 244,000 hectares of land. Its population was noted at 68,000 and
increased to 98,000 in 1940.
During World War II, the city was taken by Japan. It was set to be one of
their fortresses against the Americans. However, by 1945, the region was freed
by American forces.
After the war, new products were planted and the land was used to farm
lumber, plywood, logs, copra, and banana products. Aside from these, a wide
variety of fruits have been planted to serve the country and to be exported.
Up until this day, the city has been continuously growing economically
through the export of multiple produce. The population has greatly risen since
and many businesses have been put up. (City Government of Davao, 2013)
2.5.2 Library in Davao City

Currently, only one public library exists in Davao. It is in the form of a
mobile transport which is capable of visiting areas in need of books for education.
After its first year of operation, it ceased functioning efficiently until today when
only a few people acknowledge its existence.(Palomo, 2012) This library is
merely the size of a bus and does not supply sufficient information for the wide
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 49
variety of topics a public library should provide. This also does not have the
capacity to store archives for the city. (CLIC, 2011)
2.5.3 Ethnicity in Davao City

About 179 ethnic groups in Davao City were included in the Census of
Population and Housing in 2010. The top four (4) ethnic groups comprised 84.83
per cent of the total household population (1,262,590) distributed as follows:
Bisaya/Binisaya (42.26 per cent), Cebuano (24.36 per cent), Boholano (9.30 per
cent), and, Davaweos (8.90 per cent). Bagobo, one of the city's indigenous
people particularly those in the districts of Calinan, Baguio, Marilog, Paquibato,
Tugbok and Toril, constituted 1.50 per cent of the total household population.
(City Government of Davao, 2013)
Table 2.5.3.1 Ethnicity-Davao City, 2010

2.5.4 Religion in Davao City
In 2010, people in Davao City were predominantly Roman Catholic including
Catholic Charismatic. They comprised 80.45 per cent of the total household
population. The other religions that came on top of the list were: Evangelicals
(Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches) that made up 5.50 per cent, Islam,
3.17 per cent; and, Iglesia Ni Cristo, 2.24 percent. The remaining 8.64 per cent
belonged to other religions. (City Government of Davao, 2013)
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 50
Table 2.5.4.1 Religious Affiliations, 2010
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 51
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 52
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 53
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1.1 Descriptive Method
The Proponent will use descriptive research method as it will determine

the current condition and problems of library institutions in Davao City relative to
the study, particularly the condition of the indoor environment and functionality of
the exterior facade of the library. Two specific types of descriptive research which
will be employed in the study are the following:
3.1.1.1 Descriptive Status
This descriptive method will be used to aid the proponent in

describing the existing conditions of the library. With the use of qualitative
description, the proponent will be able to describe techniques in designing
and developing a multi-functional and interactive interior design that would
integrate the function of the library.
3.1.1.2 Descriptive Survey
This descriptive method will be used to aid the proponent in

describing the current circumstances related to the institution users, as
well as determining their needs for a public library.
3.1.2 Experimental Design
The Proponent will use Experimental design for the study seeks to provide
solutions to maintain the integrity through Adaptive Architecture for the proposed
multimedia library. The main solution will be enhancing the facade and interior to
an adaptable one. This will allow an adaptive interior and exterior that would
meet and satisfy the needs of the users and provide optimal solution on maintain
the integrity of the library.
3.2 RESEARCH SUBJECTS
The primary topic of the research is the incorporation of adaptive solutions to a

library. This will include problem identification in the libraries of the city and the country
and adapt solutions which adaptive architecture presents, and how designs take
advantage of this form of solution. Thus, experimental design is the focus.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 54
The primary respondents of the study will be those involved in the process of
creating a solution into maintaining the integrity, such as professionals who are experts
in the field and uses Adaptive Architecture as design solutions, and professionals that
are involved in maintaining the integrity of buildings. Furthermore, library staff, young
professionals ranging from 18-24 and students on collegiate levels from different
universities that visits the library will serve as secondary respondents. Queries with and
about their needs for the public library will be considered. They may contribute on
information that may serve as practical basis on how the integrity should be maintained
in a public library that follows Adaptive Architectural solutions.
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Throughout the study, huge amounts of data will be needed from several
sources. The following are sources from which the proponent will gather data:
3.3.1 Books
This instrument is used for gathering information especially in acquiring

the adaptive design approach and components necessary to be applied in the
multimedia library. In addition, architectural handbooks provide information on the
design and guidelines for the required spaces of a public library. Other necessary
books are also of use to the additional knowledge of that matters concerning the
study.
3.3.2 Interviews
These will be conducted with professional librarians not limited to Davao

City alone but with those throughout the country and potentially the world. This is
to gather information on potential problems in library designs and discover the
solutions to each of these.
Interviews will also be made with experts on adaptive solutions in

architecture in order to gather data on how these are applied and how they
interact with their users.
3.3.3 Surveys
This gathers information on the various points of view of the people of the
city. This updates the proponent with the current preferences and views of the
crowd.
3.3.4 Ocular Inspection
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 55
Inspection of current libraries will be needed to gather information on

spaces and design solutions. This can also provide the proponent with
information on current problems the libraries experience. These involve
inspection of design solutions for temperature, lighting, spaces, and Human
reactions can also be observed within the library. This gathers information on
how man and structure interact.
3.3.5 INTERNET
The internet will be harvested on its knowledge on Adaptive Architecture

components. From here, data on how these interact with the people and the
structure can be gathered.
This may also provide secondary case studies for libraries around the
world which would be inaccessible to the proponent within the given amount of
time.
3.3.6 INFRARED THERMOMETER
An Infrared thermometer will be used to measure the temperature inside

the chosen institutions. The results will serve as data for analysis on the
architectural solutions.
3.3.7 LIGHT METER
A light meter will be used to measure illumination level of various rooms.

The results will serve as data for analysis on the architectural solutions.
3.4 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

3.4.1 Interviews
A personal interview will be conducted with Arch. Ian Kelby U.

Yamyamin, the architect of the Proposed Provincial Library at Provincial
Capitol Nabunturan, Compostela Valley about the design of the library and
the considerations in designing it. (See Appendix D)
A personal interview will be conducted with Arch. Ramon Tanglao, a

professor at Ateneo de Davao University and University of South Eastern
Philippines, and Arch. Belinda A. Anghag, a professor of Interior Design at
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 56
Philippine Womens College, for information data regarding the design of a

Library in terms of aesthetic design and flow. (See Appendix D)
A personal interview will also be conducted with Ms. Pedrita M.

Badar, current City Librarian at the Davao City Library, and an emailed
interview will be conducted with Ms. Nora Fe H. Alajar, a former City
Librarian of Davao City Library, and currently the vice-chair of the National
Commission for culture and the arts in Manila about informations that
would help the proponent in the design of the Library. (See Appendix F)
A personal interview will also be conducted with Dr. Randell U.

Espina, an electronics and comm engr and professor at the Ateneo de
Davao University. The proponent finds the respondents expertise in
Interactive systems and sensors will be relevant to the result of the study.
(See Appendix E)
An emailed interview will also be conducted with Dr. Sam Griffiths,

a MSc/Mes Spatial Design professor at the Bartlett School of Architecture.
The proponent finds the respondents expertise in Interior Space designs
and spaces will be relevant to the result of the study. (See Appendix G)
An emailed interview will also be conducted with Dr. Tomasz

Jackiez, an architect and expert on adaptive systems. The proponent finds
the respondents expertise in determining the adaptive components to be
integrated. The proponent will ask questions regarding the components
that are applicable to be integrated in the Library in Davao and strategies
in designing. (See Appendix G)
3.4.2 Ocular Inspection

The proponent will conduct an ocular inspection at Davao City,
Manila, and Singapore.
In Davao, ocular inspection will be conducted at Davao City Library

and Ateneo de Davao University Library.
In Manila, ocular inspection will be conducted at Ateneo de Manila

University Library, 3rd Floor of the Cultural Center of the Philippines
Building in Manila,and Manila City Library in Ermita.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 57
In Singapore, ocular inspection will be conducted at the Pasir Ris

Public Library, Library at Orchard, and Jurong Regional Library.
Pictures and Illustrations will be documented as well as the

observation made during the visit. Inspection will also including taking of
varying temperature levels and illumination levels of the various areas to
be analyzed and interpreted into architectural solutions.
3.5 DIRECTORY OF EXPERTS AND ORGANIZATIONS USED AS REFERENCES

3.5.1 Experts
Arch. Belinda A. Anghag, UAP
Professor of Interior Design, Architect
Philippine Womens College
University Ave., Juna Subdivision, Matina, Davao City
Arch. Ian Kelby U. Yamyamin, UAP

Architect
IKYTHX Architecture Studio
2nd Floor Tiresmart Bldg, Ecoland, Davao City
Arch. Ramon Tanglao, PIA

Engineer, Architect, Professor
Ateneo de Davao University, University of South Eastern Philippines
E. Jacinto Street 8016 Davao City, Davao City
Dr. Randell U. Espina

Dean, School of Engineering and Architecture
Chair, Electronics and Comm. Eng. Department
Ateneo de Davao University
Dr. Sam Griffiths

Editorial Board, Professor
The Bartlett School of Architecture
140 Hampstead Road, London NW12BX
Ms. Pedrita M. Badar

City Librarian
Davao City Library
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 58
Ms. Nora Fe H. Alajar

Vice-chair
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
633 General Luna Street, Intramuros, Manila
3.5.2 Organizations
Ateneo de Davao University
Davao City Library

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

633 General Luna Street, Intramuros, Manila
Philippine Womens College

University Ave., Juna Subdivision, Matina, Davao City
The Bartlett School of Architecture

140 Hampstead Road, London NW12BX
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 59
APPENDIX A- HISTORY OF DAVAO

The beginnings of Davao as a distinct geopolitical entity started during the last fifty
years of Spanish rule in the country. While Spanish sovereignty had been established
along the northeastern coasts of Mindanao down to Bislig as early as 1620, it was not
until the conquest of Davao Gulf area in 1848 that Spanish sway in these parts became
de facto, and Davaos history began to be recorded.
In that year, Don Jose Cruz de Oyanguren, a native of Vergara, Guipuzcoa, Spain,
having received a special grant from Don Narciso Claveria, Governor- General of the
Archipelago, to conquer and subdue the entire gulf district, expel or pacify the Moros
there, and establish the Christian religion.... arrived in Davao as head of a colonizing
expedition comprising 70 men and women. They found an ally in Datu Daupan, chief of
the Samal Mandayas, who saw in Oyangurens colonizing venture a chance to get even
with Datu Bago, Muslim chief of Davao Gulf, who had treated the Mandayas as vassals.
Oyangurens initial attack against Datu Bagos fortified settlement at the mouth of Davao
River proved futile. His ships could not maneuver in the narrow channel of the Davao
River bend (where Bolton Bridge is now located) and was forced to retreat. He erected
at Piapi a palisade for his defense and constructed a causeway across nipa swamps to
the dry section of the meadows (now at Claveria Street junction), inorder to bring his
canons within range to Datu Bagos settlement. In the three months that he devoted to
constructing the causeway, Oyanguren had also to fend off Datu Bagos harassing
attacks against the workers.
Finally, late in June help came from Zamboanga. Don Manuel Quesada, Navy
Commanding General, arrived with a company of infantry and joined in the attack
against Datu Bagos settlement. The out-gunned defenders, despite their tenacious
resistance, finally fled in the cover of night to different Muslim communities in the hope
of carrying on the fight some other day.Oyanguren was reported to have peaceful
possession of the Davao Gulf territory at the end of 1849, despite lack of support from
the government in Manila and his principals in the venture. He campaigned hard among
the different tribes --the Mandayas, Manobos, etc. urging them to live in settlements or
reducciones in order to reach them for trade and commerce, but to no avail. The
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 60
Moros** continued to threaten those who collaborated with the Espaoles. Little
headway was made in economic development of the gulf region.
Vergara had a population of 526 residents and while relative peace with the natives
prevailed, population expanded very slowly that even in the census report of 1855, the
Christian inhabitants and
converts increased to only 817 which included 137 exempted from paying tributes.
In 1867, the original settlement by the side of Davao River (end of present Bolton
Street) was relocated to its present site with the Saint Peters church as the center
edifice on the intersection of San Pedro and Claveria Streets.
In the meantime, in response to the Davaowenos clamor, Nueva Vergara was
renamed Davao. The name is derived from its Bagobo origins: the Tagabawa who
called the river Dabo, the Giangan or Diangan who called it Dawaw, and the Obo
who called it Davah, with a gentle vowel ending, although later usage pronounce it
with a hard v as in b. The pioneer Christian inhabitants of the settlement
understandably were the proponents behind the official adoption of the name Davao in
1868.
The arrival of an initial batch of three Jesuit missionaries in Davao in 1868 to take
over the mission from the lone Recollect priest in the Gulf area, marked a systematic
and concerted effort at winning over the native inhabitants to the folds of Christian life.
Through their zeal and frequent field work, the Jesuit fathers gradually succeeded in
winning over the different indigenous tribes to live in reducciones, thus easily reached
for instructions in Christian precepts and practices.
By the 1890s, even the Moslems were starting to become converts, through the
efforts of their own datus (Datu Timan and Datu Porkan), although many others
remained steadfast in their Islam faith. Fr. Saturnino Urios who labored among the
Moros of Hijo in 1892 further swayed the latters faith that led to the splitting of their
population. Those who wanted to live among the Christians left Hijo and were resettled
in Tigatto and Ma-a, under the supervision of Don Francisco Bangoy and Don Teodoro
Palma Gil, Sr. respectively. These separatist groups generally refer to themselves today
as Kalagans.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 61
During the early years of American rule which began in late December 1898 the
town began to mark its role as a new growth center of the Philippines. The American
settlers, mostly retired soldiers and investor friends from Zamboanga,Cebu, Manila and
the U.S. mainland immediately recognized Davaos rich potential for agricultural
investment. Primeval forest lands were available everywhere. They staked their claim
generally in hundreds of hectares and began planting rubber, abaca and coconuts in
addition to different varieties of tropical plants imported from Ceylon, India, Hawaii, Java
and Malaysia. In the process of developing large-scale plantations, they were faced with
the problem of lack of laborers. Thus, they contracted workers from Luzon and the
Visayas, including the Japanese, many of whom were former laborers in the Baguio,
Benguet road construction. Most of these Japanese later became land-owners
themselves as they acquired lands thru lease from the government or bought out some
of the earlier American plantations.The first two decades of the 20th century, found
Davao one of the major producers of export products --- abaca, copra and lumber. It
became a regular port of call by inter-island shipping and began direct commercial
linkages abroad - US, Japan, Australia, etc. Some 40 American and 80 Japanese
plantations proliferated throughout the province in addition to numerous stores and
business establishments. Davao saw a rapid rise in its population and its economic
progress gave considerable importance to the countrys economy and foreign trade.
Japanese immigration to Davao increased substantially from 1903 to 1925 and their
domination of Davaos economic life engendered suspicions of their presence as
inimical to the national interest. Davao became the subject of national and international
commentaries and projected Davaos economic opportunities, which in turn attracted
laborers most from the Visayas to come. The national government in turn campaign
among the landless to come and encouraged settlement in the Mindanao region by
homeseekers from Luzon and the Visayas.
Government roads leading to wide inaccessible virgin plains were constructed with
workers given free transportation and subsidized food supply. It was a move to
accelerate Davaos or Mindanaos development by Filipino themselves and check
expansion of Japanese land acquisition.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 62
Opportunities engendered by the presence of these foreign investors had in no

small measure enhanced in-migration from different parts of the Philippines. Davao
progressed more than it had ever experienced before. This was Davao when its leaders
with the encouragement of President Manuel L. Quezon, opted to create Davao as a
city.
On October 16, 1936, by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 51 otherwise known as
the Charter of the City of Davao, the municipality of Davao became a city under the
sponsorship of the then Assemblyman Romualdo C. Quimpo. The city was joyously
inaugurated in March 1, 1937 with Hon. Elpidio Quirino, then the Secretary of Interior as
President Quezons representative in the celebration program. Davao Citys territory of
244,000 hectares covered the municipality of Davao and the municipal district of
Guianga. A photo taken of that inaugural ceremony held on the large stage along the
steps of the City Hall - shows Secretary Quirino, Mayor Santiago Artiaga, the appointive
city mayor with member of the city council, Assemblyman Romualdo C. Quimpo, Dr.
Alberto Zamora, last Municipal President of Davao, Father Reyes of the San Pedro
Parish, Gen. Paulino Santos and many leading citizens of Davao.
When the City of Davao began on March 1, 1937, its population was listed at about
68,000. By 1940 it increased to 98,000. By 1945,despite the toll and dispersion caused
by the Japanese invasion in December 1941, the citys population by estimate in 1946
increased to 111,263. In the census of 1960, population figure doubled to 227,635. In
1970, this rose to 750,000. (population estimates by officials and business sector).
World War II brought considerable destruction to the new city and numerous
setbacks to the earlier economic and physical strides made prior to the Japanese
occupation. Davao was among the earliest to be occurred by the invading Japanese
Forces, and they immediately fortified the city as the bastion of Japanese defense
system. It was subjected by the returning forces of Gen. Mac Arthur to constant
bombing, long before the American Liberation Forces landed in Leyte in October 1945.
In the US Liberation of Davao, the Japanese Forces put up their tenacious stand in
countless pillboxes and tunnels. It was here where the longest battle campaign took
place in the liberation of the Philippines: six months duration and the enemy holding on
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 63
for over a month more following the officials surrender of Japan in mid - August 1945.
More lives were lost here than in any other city in
the country. Davaos destruction, followed by a swell of thousands of guerrillas who
wanted to squat former-Japanese owned plantations, together with a deluge of sickly
refugees from the mountains, added to the physical and economic problems of the City.
The concomitant process of rebuilding was greatly assisted by the US Armys
PCAU-29 officials and President Roxas promise of distributing enemy property to the
veterans. These twin factors attracted more veteran settlers speculators and sincere
investors to Davao.
Gradually, the city regained its status as the premier agricultural and trade center of
Mindanao. Logs, lumber, plywood, copra and banana products gradually replaced
abaca as the major export product. Numerous varieties of fruits have likewise been
produced for country-wide consumption as some, like bananas and mangoes , are now
being exported. While its rich mineral resources particularly
copper and gold remains a challenge for those with capital to invest, thousands of
manual gold diggers and panners have began to extract the precious metal, particularly
in Mt. Diwata , Northern Davao and the eastern side of Davao Gulf at Boringot ,
Pantukan.
Today, the City of Davao looks forward to accelerating further its economic
development. The lure of business opportunities with the fast rising population, along
with its agricultural and industrial potentialities, has continuously brought ever
increasing number of adventurous and equally ambitious investors as well as men and
women of every profession, art and trade. Tagalogs, Pampangos,
Ilocanos and Visayas have found grounds in the city wherein to start or renew their
base in life. They have all molded to become Davaoweos and Davao City has earned
the honor and is justifiably proud to be called the Melting Pot of the Philippines. And
more, they are participating in reaching out to supplement the governments activities to
realize Davaos thrust as the new Gateway of the
Philippines. Mindanao envisions closer tie-up with its neighbors to the south in
renewing its ancient cultural , economic and commercial relations.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 64
One interesting feature of Davao is the composition of its inhabitants--- a mix 5 that
would make a visitor or newcomer readily feel at home. That mixture--- of indigenous
natives and practically all the ethnic groups representing the different parts of the
country from the Ilocos region, the Mountain Provinces of Luzon, the Capampangans
and Tagalogs of Central Luzon, the Caviteos, Batangueos and Bicolanos have
blended into a new breed of Filipinos as they came in contact with the Visayas---
Ilongos, Negrenses, Cebuanos, Boholanos and Leyteos--- in their search for new
homes and opportunities for advancement in life. They have come to the welcoming and
helpful arms of inhabitants preceding them in Davao.
The Davaoweos have imbibed the religious precepts and teaching in their early
contact with Spanish missionaries, the pragmatism, punctuality and promptness
exacted by the Americans, the determination, cooperation and devotion to duty of the
Japanese, traits which combined to develop a helpful, hardworking, sympathetic and
kind people in the present generation of Davaoweos.
The trend to identify the ethnic origins of the diverse Davao natives today are
beginning to resurge after a prolonged silence, as tourism promotion thrusts highlight
their unique culture, customs, dances, songs and varied art forms in weaving, metal
crafts, and other personal adornments. How the promotional attributes given vis-a-vis
nativo culture affects the younger generation of Davaoweos in their personal conduct
and inter-communication with people from other parts of the country or foreigners in
general, can be appreciated when they openly admit now that his father or mother is
Bagobo, Mandaya, Kalagan or whatever else.
Home province languages or dialects have given to the general usages of
Cebuano, Tagalog and English. However, one can speak the current dialects spoken in
different regions of the country and most likely would be understood by the elder ones
and even the smarter teenagers.
As it had always been in the past, the Davao population milieu has rich components
of Mandayas, Bagobos and other nativos. The Islams from Lanao Province or
Maranaon the Tausug or Jolonos and the Maguindanawons (from Cotabato, the original
realm of the Sultanate of Maguindanao) are present in the heart of the city but they are
less noticeable wearing clothes like anyone else as they pursue their daily activities to
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 65
earn their living. There is however a growing number of Muslim women going about
town in their white shawls and the cap, indicating that they had joined on a pilgrimage to
Mecca.
The Davao nativos definitely are no longer distinct from any other people
inhabiting Davao except perhaps when one speak a distinctly Davaoweo dialect, in
which case the nativo would brighten up and perhaps wonder how the speaker has
acquired the dialect.
The people of Davao, like people from anywhere else in the country is definitely
worthy of ones trust, for basically he is a friendly, helpful and understanding person who
has long recognized that Davao is a melting pot that has opened for their elders
precious opportunities for a new base in life, and thus highly sympathetic towards those
seeking guidance or assistance.
Visitors to Davao may still wonder what has happened with the aboriginal
inhabitants --- the Nativos or Lumads. Basically in the area surrounding Davao City
particularly to the west from upper Bangkal to Catalunan, Ula and Biao could be found
some remnants of the Bagobos. Up beyond these places towards the boundary of
Cotabato/Bukidnon still reside the Obos, another subgroup of the Bagobos. The same
Obos also are known as Guiangans.
Places surrounding the approaches to Mt. Apo are still populated by another sub-
tribe of the Bagobos, who prefer to be called Tagabawa. They are the more numerous of
the Bagobo tribe and occupies the Catigan, Toril, Sirib, Sibulan, Sta. Cruz and down to
Bansalan territory.
To the north in the uplands, west of Davao del Norte could be found the Atas, while
along the shores on the mouths of rivers such as Lasang, Tuganay, Bincungan,
Libuganon and Hijo could be found the Muslims. Many of them are identified as
Kalagans, meaning those who are not fully islamized in their religious beliefs. The
Kalagans could also be found at Sirawan, and at the sitios of Mandug and Ma-a.
Also in the north could be found the Mansakas, whose last enclave is in the uplands
of Maragusan Valley. Further up north and to the west of the Compostela-Butuan rivers
are the Manobos and the Dibabaons with some Mandayas. Towards the east of
Northern Davao down to the coast line of Davao Oriental from Cateel down to Mati are
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 66
the Mandayas who were considered the most numerous of the Davao lumads. The
mountains between Mati to Sigaboy are inhabited by remnants of Manobo and Mansaka
tribes.
On the western side of Davao Gulf, starting at Sarangani are the Sangils and the
Blaans. The latter dominate the highland up to the mountain range that extend to
Malita. Among the Blaans area, a sprinkling of Tagacaulos can be found.
From Malita to the highlands of Padada and Magsaysay towns are still Blaans
territory. The southern side of Mt. Apo is the place of some Blaans with the Tagabawa
Bagobos.
The Atas who are similar to the Obos, are the earliest lumads who have inhabited
Davao thru the centuries. Their numbers have diminished greatly and were forced to
flee into the hinterlands of Davao as stronger and dominant successive tribes came to
settle in this territory. There is a group who identifies themselves as Matigsalug, most
likely the result of the admixture of the Obos and the Ata groups.
It should also be noted that most of the Bagobos who originally possessed the
lands surrounding Davao Poblacion and the coasts to Digos have intermarried with the
Spaniards, the Americans and later the Japanese, thereby creating the mestizo breed of
Spanish-Bagobos, America-Bagobos and Japanese-Bagobos.
The Lumads from Malita down to Sarangani have mainly intermarried with the
American pioneer planters in that territory and have produced the American - Blaan
mestizos. The eastern gulf of Davao from Sigaboy down to cape San Agustin and up to
Mati and Cateel, Davao Oriental, the main lumad group, the Mandayas had primarily
came in contact with early Spanish explorers and settlers
and thus we have among them the preponderant Spanish-Mandaya
mestizos/mestizas.
It is therefore no wonder that Davao may rightly claim the honor as the place of
beautiful people, for reasons that the inhabitants here have been exposed to a more
varied racial stock for over three centuries!
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 67
APPENDIX B- BP 344 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESSIBILITY

Outside and Around Building
A.Dropped Curbs
1.Change of level walkways should be by a dropped curb
2.Dropped curs should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at the end
of walkways of a private street or access road
3.Dropped curbs at crossing have a width corresponding to the width of
the crossing; otherwise the minimum width is 0.90m
4.Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient
not more than 1:12
5.Dropped curbs shall be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross
gradient of 1:20 to prevent water from collecting at the walkway
6.The lowest point of the dropped curb should not exceed 25mmfrom the
road or gutter.
B.Curb Cut-outs
1.Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct a walkway
or in any way lessen the width of a walkway.
2.The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be0.90m
3.Curb cut-outs should have a gradient not more than 1:12
C.Walkway and Passageway
1.Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-
resistant material.
2.Whenever and wherever possible walkway should have a gradient no
more than 1:20 or 5%
3.Walkway should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100
4.Walkways should have minimum width of 1.20m
5.If possible, grating should never be located along walkway. When
occurring along walkway, grating should have a maximum dimension of
13mm x 13mm and shall not project more than 6.50mm above the level of
the walkway
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 68
6.Walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in

angle or interruption by cracks or breaks creating edges above 6.50mm
7.In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point
along the route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around.
These spaces should have a minimum dimension of 1.50m and should be
spaced at a maximum distance of 12.00m between stops
8. To guide the blind, walkway should as much as possible follow
straightforward routes with right angle turns.
9.Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular
maintenance is essential to ensure branches of trees or shrubs do not
overhang walkways or path as not only do these present a particular
danger to the blind, but they also reduce the effective footway width
available to pedestrian generally.
10.Walkway headroom should not be less than 2.00m and preferably
higher.
11.Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street
furniture, bollard, sign post or columns along the defined routed, as they
can be hazardous
D.Handrails
1.Handrails should be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and at
the outer edge of dropped curbs. Handrails at dropped curbs should not
be installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct
pedestrian flow.
2.Handrails shall be installed at 0.90m and 0.70m above the steps ramps.
Handrails for protection at great heights may be installed at 1.0m to 1.06m
3.A 0.30m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start
and end of ramps and stairs.
4.Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30mm to
50mm
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 69
5.Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50mm

from the wall. Handrails on ledge should have a clearance not less than
40mm
E.Open Spaces
1.When open spaces are provided, the blind can become particularly
disoriented. Therefore, it is extremely helpful if any walkway or paths can
be given defined edges either by the use of planters with dwarf walls, or a
grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture different from the path.
F.Signages
1.Directional and informational sign should be located at point
conveniently seen even by a person on wheelchair and those with visual
impairment.
2.Signs should be kept simple and easy to understand; signages should
be made of contrasting colors and contrasting gray matter to make
detection and reading easy.
3.The international symbol for access should be used to designate routes
and facilities that are accessible
4.Should a sign protrude into a walkway or route, a minimum headroom of
2.00m should be provided.
5.Signs on walls and doors should be located at a maximum height of
1.60m and minimum height of 1.40m.
6.Signages labeling public rooms and places should have raised symbols,
letters or numbers with minimum of 1mm; braille symbols should be
included in signs indicating public places and safety routes.
Parking
A.Parking Area
1.Parking spaces for the disabled should allow enough space for a person
to transfer to a wheelchair from a vehicle
2.Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible to
building entrances of to accessible entrances.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 70
3.Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking spaces should be

perpendicular or to an angle to the road or circulation aisles
4.Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70m
5.A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20m clear width shall be
provided between the front ends of parked cars;
6.Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level where
access walkways are raised
7.Pavement markings, signs or other means shall be provided to delineate
parking space for the handicapped
8.Parking spaces for the disabled should never be located at ramped or
loping area.
Inside Building and Structures
A.Entrances
1.Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the
interior lobby
2.One entrance level should be provided where elevators are accessible
3.In case entrances are not o the same level of the site arrival grade,
ramps should be provided as access t the entrance level
4.Entrances with vestibule shall be provided a level area with at least a
1.80m depth and 1.50m width.
B.Ramps
1.Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb,
an elevator or other mechanical device.
2.Ramps shall have a minimum clearance width of 1.20m
3.The maximum gradient shall be 1:12
4.The length of a ramp should not exceed 6.00m if the gradient is 1:12;
longer ramps whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with landing not
less than 1.50m
5.A level area not less than 1.80m should be provided at the top and
bottom of any ramp
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 71
6.Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70m and 0.90m
from the ramp level
7.Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a minimum
height of 0.10m
8.Any ramp with a rise greater than 0.20m and leads down towards an
area where vehicular traffic is possible, should have a railing across the
full width of its lower end, not less than 1.80m from the foot of the ramp
C.Doors
1.All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80m
2.Clear openings shall be measured between the surface of the fully open
door at the hinge and the door jamb at the stop
3.Doors should be operable by a pressure or force not more than 4.0kg,
the closing device pressure an interior door shall not exceed 1kg.
4.A minimum clear level space of 1.50m x 1.50m shall be provided before
and extending beyond a door. EXEMPTION: where a door shall open onto
but not into a corridor, the required clear, level space on the corridor side
of the door may be minimum of 1.20m corridor width
5.Protection should be provided from doors that swings into corridor
6.Out swinging doors should be provided at storage rooms, closets and
accessible restroom stalls
7.Latching or not-latching hardware should not require wrist action or fine
finger manipulation
8.Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between 0.82m and
1.06m above the floor; 0.90 is preferred
9.Vertical pull handles, centered at 1.06m above the floor, are preferred to
horizontal pull bars for swing doors or doors with locking devices
10.Doors along major circulation routes should be provided with kick
plates made of durable material at a height of 0.30m to 0.40m
D.Thresholds
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 72
1.Thresholds shall be kept to a minimum; whenever necessary, thresholds

and sliding door tracks shall have a maximum height of 25mm and
preferably ramped.
E.Switches
1.Manual switches shall be positioned within 1.20m to 1.30m above the
floor
2.Manual switches should be located no further than 0.20m from the latch
side of the door.
F.Signages
(see Signagesunder Outside Around Buildings)
G.Corridors
1.Corridors shall have minimum clear width of 1.20m; waiting areas and
other facilities or spaces shall no obstruct the minimum clearance
requirement
2.Recesses or turnabout spaces should be provided for wheelchairs to
turn around or to enable another wheelchair to pass; those spaces shall
have a minimum area of 1.50m x 1.50m and shall be spaced at a
maximum of 12.00m
3.Turnabout spaces should also be provided at or within 3.50m of every
dead end.
4.As in walkways, corridors should be maintained level and provided
within a slip resistant surface.
H.Washroom and Toilets

1.Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy passageway
of a wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a stall close the door and
transfer to the water closet from either frontal or lateral position
2.Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70m x
1.80m. One movable grab bar and one fisedto the adjacent wall shall be
installed at the accessible water closet stall for lateral mounting; fixed grab
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 73
bars on both sides of the wall shall be installed for stalls for frontal
mounting
3.A tuning space of 2.25sg.m. with a minimum dimension of 1.50m for
wheelchairs shall be provided for water closet stalls for lateral mounting
4.All accessible public toilets shall have accessories such as mirrors,
paper dispensers, towel racks and fitting such as faucets mounted at
height reachable by a person in a wheelchair.
5.The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor level or
on that part of floor level accessible to the disabled shall be one (1) where
the total number of water closets per set on that level is 20; and two (2)
where the number of water closet exceed 20
6.In order to aid visual impaired person to readily determine where a
washroom is for men or women, the signage for mens washroom door
shall be an equilateral triangle with a vertex pointing upward, and those for
women shall be a circle; the edges of the triangle should 0.30m long as
should be the diameter of the circle; these signs ages should at least be
7.5mm thick; the color and gray value of these geometric forms should be
distinct from the color and gray value of the doors; the words men and
women or the appropriate stick figures should still appear on the
washroom doors for the convenience of the fully sighted
7.The maximum height of water closet should be 0.45m; flush control
should have a maximum height of 1.20m
8.Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80m with a knee recess of
0.60 0.70m vertical clearance and a 0.50m depth
9.Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the maximum
height of the lip should be 0.48m
I.Stairs
1.Tread surfaces should be a slip-resistant material; nosing may be
provided with slip resistant strips to further minimize slipping
2.Slanted nosing are preferred to projecting nosing so as not to pose
difficulty for people using crutches or braces whose feet have a tendency
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 74
to get caught in the recessed space or projecting nosing. For the same
reason, open stringers should be avoided
3.The leading edge of each step on both runner and riser should be
marked with a paint or non-skid material that has a color and gray value of
the rest of the stairs; markings of this sort would be helpful to the visually
impaired as well as to the fully sighted person
4.A tactile strip 0.30m wide shall be installed before hazardous areas such
as sudden changes in floor levels and at the top and bottom of stairs;
special care must be taken to ensure the proper mounting or adhesion of
tactile strips so as not to cause accidents.
J.Elevators
1.Accessible elevators should be located not more than 30.00m from the
entrance and should be easy to locate with the aid of signs
2.Accessible elevators shall have a minimum dimension of 1.10m x 1.40m
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 75
Appendix C - Survey Questionnaire for Collegiate Students and Young

Professionals that visits the Library
This survey was made by Abraham Patrick B. Carpio and Kevin L. Co, 4th year
B.S in Architecture Students from Ateneo de Davao University as part of the subject
Research Methods of Architecture. This is done as part of their Proposed Davao City
Multimedia Library: A Study on Maintaining the Integrity of the Public Library in the
Digital Age through Adaptive Architecture.
General
What is your occupation? What is your purpose in a library?

Anong trabaho mo? Anong ginagawa mo sa aklatan?
O College Student Estudyante O Study/Research Nag-aaral
O Working Professional Nagtratrabaho O Borrow Books Hiram ng Libro
O Read books Nagbabasa
If College, What year level are you? O Leisure Nagpapalipas oras
Ika-ilang taon ka na sa kolehiyo? O Wifi network
O 1st O Others (specify): _____________
O 2nd
O 3rd Who are you with when studying in a
O 4th library?
O 5th Sinu kasama mo mag-aral sa aklatan?
How often do you go to the library? O Solo Mag-isa

Gaano ka kadalas pumupunta ng aklatan? O Friend Kaibigan
O Group Maraming Kasmama
O Once a week
O Once every three weeks Are you willing to share spaces and
O Once a month tables with other strangers in the
O Once every six months library?
O Once a year O Yes
O No
If you have not visited the Public Library in the last year, which of the following reasons
describes why? ( May shade multiple )
O The library hours were not convenient O I dont feel welcome at the library
O The service at the library isnt very good O The library is only for children
O The library is not handicap accessible O The library is too far
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 76
O I get all the information I need elsewhere O I dont know where the library is
O The library would not have what I needed
O other (specify)_____________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
What would make you want to visit a library?

Ano ang humihila sayo na pumasok sa aklatan?
O Leisure reading Magbasa

O To connect with the wifi
O Use of computers Paggamit ng kompyuter
O Movies/ Video Viewing Sine
O Cafe Karihan
O Group Study Area Mag-aral
O Interactive Learning via Touch Screen
O Audio Learning via headphones
O Others (specify) atbp. (pakilista)
________________________
Do you always find what you were looking for in the library?
Lagi mo bang nahahanap ang gusto mo sa aklatan?
O Yes Oo
O Sometimes Minsan
O No Hindi
If not, What do you expect to find in a library? ( May shade multiple )

Ano ang gusto mong makita sa aklatan?
O More Books Masmaraming Libro

O VHS/VCD/DVD/BluRay
O Wifi/Internet
O Computers Kompyuter
O Interactive learning via touch screen
O Paintings Pinta
O Other forms of media (specify)
atbp.(pakilista)
________________________
Building Assessment
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 77
Rate the thermal comfort experienced within the current public library.
Gaano kakumportable ang nararanasang init o lamig sa aklatan?
O too hot masyadong mainit

O hot mainit
O just right tamang tama lang
O cold malamig
O too cold masyadong malamig
If not just right, why would you say it is too hot or too cold?
Kung hindi katamtaman, bakit mo masasabing masyadong mainit o malamig?
__________________________________________________________________
Rate the lighting comfort within the current library

Gaano kakumportable and nararanasang liwanag sa aklatan?
O too dark masyadong madilim

O slightly dark medyo madilim
O just right tamang tama lang
O slightly bright medyo maliwanag
O too bright masyadong maliwanag
If not just right, why would you say it is too bright or too dark?
Kung hindi katamtaman, bakit mo masasabing masyadong madilim o maliwanag?
________________________________________________________________
Rate the current acoustical comfort (sound quality) within the current public library
Gaano kakumportable and nararanasang ingay sa aklatan?
O too quiet masyadong tahimik

O quiet tahimik
O just right tamang-tama lang
O noisy maingay
O too noisy masaydong maingay
If not just right, why would you say it is too noisy or too quiet?
Kung hindi katamtaman, bakit mo masasabing masyadong tahimik o maingay?
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 78
If a library were to be constructed within Davao City, what is the most convenient
location for it to be built?
Kung may ipapatayong aklatan dito sa Dabaw, saan banda mo siya ipupuwesto?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Open ended questions: Other Comments
Please list any additions you feel the library could make to its collection of materials and
services.
How does the library not meet your expectations?
What future technologies/features would you like to be implemented in a library?
What do you like best about the library?
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 79
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 80
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 81
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 82
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 83
REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved August 29 from National Library of the Philippines:
http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/
(n.d.). Retrieved August 29 from SunStar Davao:

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2012/08/29/city-purchase-another-
mobile-lib-239808
Adaptive Architecture - A Conceptual Framework. (2010, January). Retrieved

from https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net
%2Fpublication%2F235218510_Adaptive_Architecture_-
_A_Conceptual_Framework&h=aAQFHXTnE
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy
Antakya Museum Hotel. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2016, from

http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/hznfz/antakya_museum_hotel-
project-pages.html
Belle & Wissell Team. (n.d.). SkyPad Interactive Wall. Retrieved August 24,
2016, from http://www.bwco.info/work/skypad/
Boyce, P. (2009) The SLL Lighting Handbook. The Society of Light & Lighting,
London
Brophy, P. (2006). The Academic Library (2nd ed.). London: Facet Publishing.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 84
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/library
Cascaro, L. A. (2012, October 17). Davao to transform public library into idea
center. Retrieved from MindaNews:
http://www.mindanews.com/booksmindanews/2012/10/17/davao-to-transform-
public-library-into-idea-center/
Cascaro, L. A. (2012, December 1). Upgrading of Davao Citys public library to

start in 2013. Retrieved from MindaNews: http://www.mindanews.com/top-
stories/2012/12/01/upgrading-of-davao-citys-public-library-to-start-in-2013/
City Library and Information Center. (2011). Retrieved from

http://www.davaocity.gov.ph/citylib/about.aspx
Davao Life Is Here. (2012). Retrieved from Davao Tourism:

http://www.davaotourism.com/home/thedavaolife/viewAll/0&subPage=whyLifeIsH
ere
Delos. (n.d.). Retrieved from Digital Library Architecture:
http://dbis.cs.unibas.ch/static/delos_website/
Dictionary.com, LLC ( 2016 ). Retrieved September 2, 2016 from

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/institution
Bullivant, L. (Ed.) (2005) 4dspace: Interactive Architecture, Wiley-Academy.
Frearson, A. (2014, January 12). Day-in-the-life movie follows the resident of an

apartment with moving walls and secret furniture. Retrieved August 25, 2016,
from http://www.dezeen.com/2014/01/12/day-in-the-life-movie-madrid-apartment-
moving-walls-secret-furniture/
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 85
Glossary of Terms. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2016, from

http://www.losl.org/boardroom/glossary_e.php?id=e
Hilbert, M., & Lopez, P. (2011). The World's Technological Capacity to Store,
Communicate, and Compute Information. Science, 332(6025), 60-65.
doi:10.1126/science.1200970
History. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kris Library: http://www.krislibrary.com/history.html
Hull, D., Pettifer, S. R., Kell, D. B., Shupe, E. I., Pung, S. K., Bennett, S., . . .
Bruehl, M. (2015). Next-Gen library redesign. United Kingdom: Koros Press.
ION. (2015, June 10). Benefits of Multi-Functional Furniture for Your Home.
Retrieved August 24, 2016, from http://designlike.com/benefits-of-multi-
functional-furniture-for-your-home/
Johnson, S. (n.d.). Types of Integrity. Retrieved August 12, 2016, from

http://www.ehow.com/info_8480105_types-integrity.html
Kapitzke, C., & Bruce, B. C. (Eds.). (2006). Libr@ries: Changing information

space and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kronenburg, R. (2007). Flexible: Architecture that responds to change. London:

Laurence King.
Kowalski, Gerald, Mark T. Maybury, and Gerald Kowalski. Information Storage

and Retrieval Systems: Theory and Implementation. Boston, MA: Kluwer
Academic, 2000. Print.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 86
Livable Communities ( 2016 ),Partners for Livable Communities, 1429 21st

Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. Retrieved September 2, 2016 from
http://www.livable.org/about-us/what-is-livability
Mikeverwegen. (2015). Allianz Arena.jpg. Retrieved August 25, 2016, from

http://sqmegapolis.wikia.com/wiki/File:Allianz_Arena.jpg
Mikls, V. (2014, January 17). These Buildings Can Actually Move by Rotating.
Retrieved August 24, 2016, from http://io9.gizmodo.com/these-buildings-can-
actually-move-by-rotating-1503301995
MLL DESIGN LAB ( 2016 ), Sensing Architecture, Retrieved September 2, 2016

from http://sensingarchitecture.com/196/architectural-technology-from-
information-age-to-sensemaking-era/
National Institute of Building Science ( 2016 ) , Whole Building Design Guide.

Retrieved August 26, 2016 from https://www.wbdg.org/
Paloma, J. O. (2012, August 29). City to purchase another mobile lib. Retrieved
from
http://www.davaocity.gov.ph/citylib/newsimages/Citytopurchaseanothermobilelib2
20120903163652.pdf
Photos Studio Gang ODonnell. (n.d.). Glasslimited. Retrieved August 24, 2016,
from http://www.glasslimited.eu/#!bengt-sjostrom-starlight-theatre/c1xdt
Pickering, A. (2006). Archigram: Architecture without Architecture (review).

Technology and Culture, 47(3), 661-663. doi:10.1353/tech.2006.0196
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 87
Rainie, L., Zickuhr, K., Purcell, K., Madden, M., & Brenner, J. (2012, April 4). The
rise of e-reading. Retrieved from PewInternet:
http://libraries.pewinternet.org/2012/04/04/the-rise-of-e-reading/
Responsive to Adaptive The shifting trends in Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved

August 12, 2016, from http://www.arch2o.com/responsive-to-adaptive-the-
shifting-trends-in-architecture/
Rogers, S. (2015). Adaptive Architecture: 12 Transforming & Convertible

Buildings. Retrieved August 12, 2016, from
http://weburbanist.com/2015/03/11/adaptive-architecture-12-transforming-
breathing-buildings/
Rogers, Y. (2006) Moving on from Weiser's Vision of Calm Computing: Engaging

UbiComp Experiences. IN DOURISH, P. & FRIDAY, A. (Eds.) UbiComp. Orange
County, USA, Springer.
Rubin, Richard E. Foundations of Library and Information Science (3rd ed). 2010.
Neal-Schuman Publishers: New York.
Schndelbach, H. (n.d.). Adaptive Architecture Framework. Retrieved August 26,

2016, from http://mrl-vm.cloudapp.net/mindmap/
Schndelbach, H., GLOVER, K. & IRUNE, A. (2010) ExoBuilding - Breathing Life

into Architecture. NordiCHI. Reykjavik, ACM Press
Schndelbach, H., PENN, A. & STEADMAN, P. (2007) Mixed Reality

Architecture: A Dynamic Architectural Topology. Space Syntax Symposium.
Istanbul, Turkey, Technical University Istanbul..
Schroepfer, T., & Margolis, L. (2006). Integrating Material Culture. Journal of

Architectural Education, 60(2), 43-48. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314x.2006.00078.x
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 88
Simon , S. J. (2008, May 24). Information Architecture for Digital Libraries.

Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2183/2059
Tscherteu, G. (2009) Media architecture. Vienna, Austria, Media Architecture Group.
Vietnam project wins 'Education' category at 2014 World Architecture Festival.

(2014, October 06). Retrieved August 31, 2016, from
http://tuoitrenews.vn/education/22994/vietnam-project-wins-education-category-
at-2014-world-architecture-festival
WA Contents. (2014, October 07). ADEPT behind world's best higher education
building. Retrieved September 02, 2016, from
http://worldarchitecture.org/authors-links/chhhn/adept-behind-worlds-best-higher-
education-building.html
Wang, M. (2016, February 13). Adaptive Architecture & Spatial Management.

Retrieved August 26, 2016, from http://www.interactivearchitecture.org/adaptive-
architecture-spatial-management.html
Welcome to Davao City! (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2016, from

http://www.davaocity.gov.ph/davao/profile.aspx?id=about
Witten, I. H., Bainbridge, D., & Nichols, D. N. (2010). How to Build a Digital
Library (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Worpole, K. (n.d.). Contemporary Library Architecture: A Planning and Design

Guide.
______________________________________________________________________
CARPIO, CO 89

A Proposed Davao City Multi-Media Library - Final Paper - Carpio, Co

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

A Proposed Davao City Multi-Media Library - Final Paper - Carpio, Co

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Architecture

RESEARCH METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE

CARPIO, ABRAHAM PATRICK B.

Adaption is the evolutionary process whereby a community becomes a better

Giving people access to massive amounts of information within a structure

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The proposed project intends to create and conceptualize design strategies to

1.2.2.What principles and theories can be translated into architectural design to

1.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Kind of technology used

1.4 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

This can be done by achieving the following objectives

1.4.3 To analyze the application of adaptive architecture on the integrity of the

1.4.4 To study the effects of the learning environment of a multi-media library on

Adaptability is a concept wherein a system is capable of changing based on the

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.8.2 Multimedia - the combination or mixture of multiple forms of media. This

1.8.4 Modern Technology - The advancement or the the improved product of

1.8.6 Public Institutions - an organization, establishment, foundation, society, or

1.8.7 Visual Appearance - The fundamental elements that make up a good

1.8.8 Livable Environment - It is an environment in which the sum of the factors

1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

02 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Adaptive Architecture

2.1.1 Overview of Adaptive Architecture

2.1.2 Benefits of Adaptive Architecture

The cybernetic system in architecture area let architecture be a

The development of technology throughout time has proven to be

According to Kronenburg (2007), the benefits of having an adaptable

2.1.2.2 Better Environment

In order to accomplish this, it would require a lot of research,

standards and generalization to provide the perfect environment for them.

2.1.2.3 Use of Latest Technology

2.1.2.4 Economical and Ecological

2.1.2.5 Adapts to Latest Cultural and Social Trends

2.1.3 Components of Adaptive Architecture

In order for this to be done, many components of a structure need to adapt

These adaptations may be of automatic or manual means. This

2.1.3.2 Sensors and Programming

As sensors detect the changes, programming done beforehand is

2.1.3.3 Exterior Environment

Adaptability in a structures exterior may provide shade during hot

Fig. 2.1.3.3.1 Bengt Sjostrom Starlight Theater: Transforming roof connects

time enhancing the perspective image of a structure based on the

Spaces may also adjust to make transport of materials from one

Moving surfaces may be able to adapt to the current need. These

Revolving surfaces on the other hand may allow each side to be

Technological advances have also allowed surfaces to project

2.1.4 Design Strategies in Adaptive Architecture

Fig. 2.1.4.1 Framework of Adaptive Architecture

Fig. 2.1.4.2 Adaptable Architecture Types

Another component of adaptive architecture is demountable

2.2.1 Etymology of Integrity

2.2.2 Types of Integrity on a building

Designers should consider certain properties in order to consider a

Structural integrity is a must in the consideration of building design

2.2.2.2 Environmental Integrity

The environment is a complex system that makes the living

in nature under the changing conditions happening.

Fig. 2.2.2.2.1 Diagram on Environmental Integrity