Measurement, Instrumentation, Sensors Handbook: Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, Radiation Measurement

SECOND EDITION
Measurement,
Instrumentation,
and Sensors
Handbook
Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal,
and Radiation Measurement
2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Downloaded by [181.114.121.40] at 12:34 04 July 2017

SECOND EDITION
Measurement,
Instrumentation,
and Sensors
Handbook
Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal,
and Radiation Measurement
E DITE D BY
John G. Webster
Halit Eren
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Editors xvii
Contributors xix
Part I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

1 Measurements, Instrumentation, and Sensors ...................................................1-1
Halit Eren
2 Characteristics of Instrumentation .....................................................................2-1
John R. Hansman, Jr.
3 Operational Modes of Instrumentation ..............................................................3-1
Richard S. Figliola
4 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation . ............................... 4-1
Peter H. Sydenham
5 Measurement Accuracy .........................................................................................5-1
Ronald H. Dieck
6 Development of Standards ................................................................................... 6-1
Halit Eren
7 Measurement Standards ........................................................................................ 7-1
DeWayne B. Sharp
8 Calibrations in Instrumentation and Measurements ....................................... 8-1
Halit Eren
9 Intelligent Sensors and Instruments . ..................................................................9-1
Halit Eren
10 Virtual Instruments .............................................................................................10-1
David Potter and Halit Eren
v
vi Contents
11 Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices .................................................................... 11-1

Davide Quatrini, Giuseppe Fazio, Mauro Giaconi, and Adelio Salsano
12 Dynamic Error Measurements of Force Sensors . ............................................12-1
Akihiro Takita, Jin Tao, and Yusaku Fujii
Part II Spatial Variables

13 Thickness Measurement ......................................................................................13-1
John C. Brasunas, G. Mark Cushman, and Brook Lakew
14 Distance Measurement ........................................................................................14-1
W. John Ballantyne
15 Altitude Measurement .........................................................................................15-1
Dimitris E. Manolakis
16 Attitude Measurement .........................................................................................16-1

Mark A. Stedham, Partha P. Banerjee, Seiji Nishifuji, and Shogo Tanaka
17 Inertial Navigation ............................................................................................... 17-1
Halit Eren
18 Level Measurement . .............................................................................................18-1
Detlef Brumbi
19 Area Measurement ...............................................................................................19-1
Charles B. Coulbourn and Wolfgang P. Buerner
20 Volume Measurement ......................................................................................... 20-1
Ren G. Aarnink and Hessel Wijkstra
21 Tilt Measurement ................................................................................................. 21-1
Adam Chrzanowski and James M. Secord
22 Proximity Sensing for Robotics . ........................................................................22-1
Ricardo E. Saad, Ben Benhabib, A. Bonen, andK.C. Smith
Part III Displacement

23 Resistive Displacement Sensors .. ........................................................................23-1
Keith Antonelli, James Ko, and Shyan Ku
24 Inductive Displacement Sensors . ...................................................................... 24-1
Halit Eren
25 Capacitive Sensors: Displacement, Humidity, Force .. .....................................25-1
Halit Eren
26 Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers ............................................................ 26-1
Ahmad Safari, Victor F. Janas, AmitBandyopadhyay, and Andrei Kholkine
27 Laser Interferometer Displacement Sensor . ..................................................... 27-1
Bernhard Gnther Zagar

Contents vii
28 Bore-Gaging Displacement Sensors . ................................................................ 28-1

Viktor P. Astakhov
29 Ultrasonic Displacement Sensors . .....................................................................29-1
Nils Karlsson and Ole Pedersen
30 Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors . .......................................................... 30-1
J.R. Ren Mayer
31 Magnetic Displacement Sensors ......................................................................... 31-1
David S. Nyce
32 Synchro/Resolver Displacement Sensors . .........................................................32-1
Robert M. Hyatt, Jr. and David Dayton
33 Optical Fiber Displacement Sensors ..................................................................33-1
Richard O. Claus, Vikram Bhatia, and Anbo Wang
34 Optical Beam Def lection Sensors ..................................................................... 34-1

Grover C. Wetsel
35 Velocity Measurement .........................................................................................35-1
Charles P. Pinney and William E. Baker
Part IV Mechanical Variables

36 Acceleration, Vibration, and Shock Measurement ......................................... 36-1
Halit Eren
37 Strain Measurement ............................................................................................. 37-1
ChristopherS. Lynch
38 Tactile Sensing ......................................................................................................38-1
Ricardo E. Saad, A. Bonen, K.C. Smith, and Ben Benhabib
39 Pressure Measurement .........................................................................................39-1
Kevin H.L. Chau
40 Vacuum Measurement ........................................................................................ 40-1
Ron Goehner, Emil Drubetsky, Howard M. Brady, and William H. Bayles, Jr.
41 Force Measurement .............................................................................................. 41-1
M.A. Elbestawi
42 Angle Measurement .............................................................................................42-1
Robert J. Sandberg
43 Mass, Weights, and Instrumentation ............................................................... 43-1
Emil Hazarian
44 Torque and Power Measurement ....................................................................... 44-1
Ivan J. Garshelis
45 Density Measurement ......................................................................................... 45-1
Halit Eren

viii Contents
46 Fluid Viscosity Measurement ............................................................................ 46-1

R.A. Secco, M. Kostic, and J.R. deBruyn
47 Surface Tension Measurement ............................................................................ 47-1
David B. Thiessen and Kin F. Man
Part VAcoustics
48 Acoustic Measurement . ...................................................................................... 48-1
Per Rasmussen
49 Ultrasound Measurement . ..................................................................................49-1
Peder C. Pedersen
Part VI Flow and Spot Velocity

50 Capillary-Type Mass Flow Meter .. .................................................................50-1

Reza Pakdaman Zangabad and ManouchehrBahrami
51 Differential Pressure Flowmeters . ..................................................................... 51-1
Richard Thorn
52 Variable Area Flowmeters ...................................................................................52-1
Adrian Melling, Herbert Kchner, and Reinhard Haak
53 Positive Displacement Flowmeters . ...................................................................53-1
Zaki D. Husain and Donald J. Wass
54 Turbine and Vane Flowmeters ........................................................................... 54-1
David Wadlow
55 Impeller Flowmeters ............................................................................................55-1
Harold M. Miller
56 Electromagnetic Flowmeters . ............................................................................ 56-1
Halit Eren
57 Ultrasonic Flowmeters . ....................................................................................... 57-1
Hans-Peter Vaterlaus, Thomas Hossle, Paolo Giordano, and Christophe Bruttin
58 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters . ............................................................................58-1
Wade M. Mattar and James H. Vignos
59 Thermal Anemometry .........................................................................................59-1
Jugal K. Agarwal and John G. Olin
60 Coriolis Effect Mass Flowmeters . ..................................................................... 60-1
Jesse Yoder
61 Drag Force Flowmeters . ...................................................................................... 61-1
Rekha Philip-Chandy, Roger Morgan, and PatriciaJ.Scully

Contents ix
62 Pitot Probe Anemometer .....................................................................................62-1

John A. Kleppe
63 Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters . ...........................................................63-1
John G. Olin
64 Laser Anemometry .............................................................................................. 64-1
Rajan K. Menon
Part VIIThermal and Temperature Measurement

65 Temperature Measurements, Scales, and Calibrations ...................................65-1
Franco Pavese
66 Thermal Conductivity Measurement ............................................................... 66-1
William A.Wakeham and Marc J. Assael

67 Heat Flux . .............................................................................................................. 67-1
Thomas E. Diller
68 Resistive Thermometers ..................................................................................... 68-1
Jim Burns
69 Thermistor Thermometers . ................................................................................69-1
Rod White and Meyer Sapoff
70 Thermocouple Thermometry . ............................................................................70-1
R.P. Reed
71 Semiconductor Junction Thermometers ........................................................... 71-1
Randy Frank
72 Noncontact Thermometers .................................................................................72-1
Jacob Fraden
73 Pyroelectric Detectors...................................................................................73-1
Jacob Fraden
74 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers ..........................................................................74-1
Rod White and J.V. Nicholas
75 Manometric Thermometers ................................................................................75-1
Franco Pavese
76 Temperature Indicators .......................................................................................76-1
Jan Stasiek, Tolestyn Madaj, and Jaroslaw Mikielewicz
77 Fiber-Optic Thermometers ................................................................................. 77-1
Brian Culshaw
78 Thermal Imaging . ................................................................................................78-1
Herbert M. Runciman

x Contents
79 Calorimetry Measurement ..................................................................................79-1

Sander van Herwaarden and Elina Iervolino
Part VIIIRadiation
80 Radioactivity Measurement ............................................................................... 80-1
Bert M. Coursey
81 Radioactivity Detectors........................................................................................... 81-1
Larry A. Franks, Ralph B. James, and Larry S. Darken
82 Charged-Particle Measurement ..........................................................................82-1
John C. Armitage, Madhu S. Dixit, JacquesDubeau, Hans Mes, and F. Gerald Oakham
83 Neutron Measurement .........................................................................................83-1
Steven M. Grimes
84 Dosimetry Measurement .................................................................................... 84-1

Brian L. Justus, Mark A. Miller, and Alan L. Huston
Part IX Wireless Instrumentation

85 Wireless Instrumentation . ..................................................................................85-1
J.P. Carmo and J.H. Correria
86 Wireless Sensor Node Hardware ....................................................................... 86-1
Michael Healy, Thomas Newe, and Elfed Lewis
87 Mobile Instrumentation with Wireless Design and Implementation ........... 87-1
FrederickFortson and Kenneth Johnson
88 Powering Autonomous Sensors . ....................................................................... 88-1
Manel Gasulla, Maria Teresa Penella, and OscarLopez-Lapea
89 Wireless Sensing Technology . ............................................................................89-1
Gregory C. Willden, Ben A. Abbott, and RonaldT.Green
90 Telemetry .............................................................................................................. 90-1
Albert Lozano-Nieto
Part X Control and Human Factors

91 PID Control................................................................................................... 91-1
F. Greg Shinskey
92 Optimal Control and the Software...............................................................92-1
Halit Eren
93 Electropneumatic and Electrohydraulic Instruments: Modeling................93-1
M. Pachter and C.H. Houpis

Contents xi
94 Explosion-Proof Instruments.......................................................................94-1
Sam S. Khalilieh
95 Measurement and Identification of DC Brush and Brushless
SteppingMotors............................................................................................95-1
Stuart Schweid, Robert Lofthus, and John McInroy
96 Human Factors in Displays...........................................................................96-1
Jeffrey D. Onken, Barrett S. Caldwell, and StevenA.Murray
Appendix: Units and Conversions.. ...................................................... Appendix-1

B.W. Petley
Index............................................................................................................. Index-1


Preface
Introduction
The second edition of The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook comes in two vol-
umes. This edition reflects the current state of the art in measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. In
this two-volume set, all chapters have been updated, and 40 new chapters have been included to provide
the finest possible reference that is both concise and useful for engineers practicing in industry, scien-
tists and engineers involved in R&D, designers, college and university personnel and students, as well
as managers, together with many others who are involved in instrumentation and measurement design
and applications.
The handbook covers an extensive range of topics that comprise the subject of measurement, instru-
mentation, and sensors. It describes the use of instruments and techniques for practical measurements
required in engineering, physics, chemistry, environmental science, and the life sciences. It also explains
sensors, techniques, hardware, and the associated software. The handbook includes information pro-
cessing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy,
errors, calibrations, standards, and their incorporation for control purposes. Emphasis is given on mod-
ern intelligent instruments and techniques, wireless network operations, human factors, and modern
display methods, as well as virtual instruments.
The chapters include descriptive information for professionals, students, and workers interested in
measurement. They include equations to assist engineers and scientists who seek to discover applica-
tions and solve problems that arise in fields not in their specialty. They also include specialized informa-
tion needed by informed specialists who seek to learn advanced applications of the subject, evaluative
opinions, and possible areas for future study. Thus, the handbook serves the reference needs of the
broadest group of usersfrom the advanced high-school science student to industrial and university
professionals.
Organization
In this edition, the first volume has 10 parts, each having several chapters, for a total of 96 chapters
w ritten by experts in their areas. It concentrates on concepts in instrumentation and measurements,
spatial variable measurement, displacement measurement, mechanical variable measurement, acous-
tics, flow and spot velocity, thermal and temperature measurement, and radiation. It reflects recent
trends in instrumentation and measurements with the addition of a new part on wireless instrumenta-
tion. Concepts in control systems and human factors are given as a separate part.
The second volume has 10 parts, each having several chapters, for a total of 96 chapters written by
experts in their areas as in volume 1. It concentrates on sensors and sensor technology, electric variable
measurement, electromagnetic variables, time and frequency, optical measurement, chemical variables,
xiii
xiv Preface
medical, biomedical and health, and environmental measurement. Signal processing, and displays and
recorders constitute the last two parts of this volume.
Locating Your Topic

To find out how to measure a given variable, skim the table of contents, turn to that section, and find the
chapters that describe different methods of making the measurement. Consider the alternative methods
of making the measurement and each of their advantages and disadvantages. Select a method, sensor,
and signal processing method. Many chapters list a number of vendors to contact for more information.
You can also visit http://www.globalspec.com/ to obtain a list of vendors.
For more detailed information, consult the index, since certain principles of measurement may
appear in more than one chapter.
MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please contact:
The MathWorks, Inc.
3 Apple Hill Drive

Natick, MA 01760-2098, USA
Tel.: 508-647-7000
Fax: 508-647-7001
E-mail: info@mathworks.com
Web: www.mathworks.com
John G. Webster and Halit Eren

Co-Editors

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the authors for their valuable contribution toward this two-volume set book.
We appreciate the time and effort devoted by all our new authors and those authors who went an extra
mile to revise and update their chapters. We are grateful to the CRC Press team for their encouragement
to prepare this second edition. The publication of this book would not have been possible without their
tireless dedication in putting it together. Last but not least, we would like to thank all our readers in
selecting this book for advancing their knowledge and technical skills.
John G. Webster and Halit Eren

Co-Editors
xv

Editors
John G. Webster received his BEE from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1953, and his MSEE
and PhD from the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, in 1965 and 1967, respectively.
He is professor emeritus of biomedical engineering at the University of WisconsinMadison. He is
a highly cited researcher at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In the field of medical
instrumentation, he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses and does research on intracranial
pressure monitors, ECG dry electrodes, and tactile vibrators.
Dr. Webster is the author of Transducers and Sensors, an IEEE/EAB Individual Learning Program
(Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 1989). He is the coauthor, with B. Jacobson, of Medicine and Clinical Engineering
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977) and, with R. Pallas-Areny, of Sensors and Signal Conditioning,
Second Edition (New York: Wiley, 2001), and Analog Signal Conditioning (New York: Wiley, 1999).
He is the editor of Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Second Edition (New York:
Wiley, 2006), Tactile Sensors for Robotics and Medicine (New York: Wiley, 1988), Electrical Impedance
Tomography (Bristol, U.K.: Adam Hilger, 1990), Teaching Design in Electrical Engineering (Piscataway,
NJ: Educational Activities Board, IEEE, 1990), Prevention of Pressure Sores: Engineering and Clinical
Aspects (Bristol, U.K.: Adam Hilger, 1991), Design of Cardiac Pacemakers (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press,
1995), Design of Pulse Oximeters (Bristol, U.K.: IOP Publishing, 1997), Medical Instrumentation:
Application and Design, Fourth Edition (Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2010), Encyclopedia of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering (New York, Wiley, 1999), Minimally Invasive Medical Technology (Bristol, U.K.:
IOP Publishing, 2001), and Bioinstrumentation (Hoboken NJ: Wiley, 2004). He is the coeditor, with A.
M. Cook, of Clinical Engineering: Principles and Practices (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979)
and Therapeutic Medical Devices: Application and Design (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982),
with W. J. Tompkins of Design of Microcomputer-Based Medical Instrumentation (Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1981) and Interfacing Sensors to the IBM PC (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988),
and, with A. M. Cook, W J. Tompkins, and G. C. Vanderheiden, of Electronic Devices for Rehabilitation
(London, U.K.: Chapman & Hall, 1985).
Dr. Webster has been a member of the IEEE-EMBS Administrative Committee and the NIH Surgery
and Bioengineering Study Section. He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
the Instrument Society of America, the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, the
Biomedical Engineering Society, and the Institute of Physics. He is the recipient of the IEEE EMBS
Career Achievement Award.
Halit Eren received his BEng in 1973, MEng in 1975, and PhD in 1978 from the University of Sheffield,
United Kingdom. He obtained an MBA from Curtin University in 1999.
After his graduation, Dr. Eren worked in Etibank (a mining and metallurgy company in Turkey)
as an instrumentation engineer for two years. He was an assistant professor at Hacettepe University
in 19801981 and Middle East Technical University in 1982. He has been at Curtin University since
xvii
xviii Editors
1983, researching and teaching primarily in the areas of control systems, instrumentation, and
engineering management.
Dr. Eren was appointed as visiting associate professor at the Polytechnic University in Hong Kong in
2004 and is currently a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin, USA. He is a senior member of
IEEE, taking roles in Region 10 activities, various committees for organizing conferences, and as a mem-
ber of editorship in transactions. Dr. Eren has over 180 publications in conference proceedings, books,
and transactions. He is the author of Electronic Portable InstrumentsDesign and Applications (Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004) and Wireless Sensors and InstrumentsNetworks, Design and Applications
(Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006). He has coedited, with Bela Liptak, Instruments Engineers Handbook
Process Software and Digital Networks, Vol. 3, edn. 4 (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011). He is involved
in writing a number of books in the field of instrumentation and measurement. Dr. Eren is active in
researching and publishing on intelligent sensors, wireless instrumentation, wireless sensor networks,
automation and control systems, and very large control systems.

Contributors
Ren G. Aarnink W. John Ballantyne

University Hospital Nijmegen Department of Systems Engineering
Nijmegen, the Netherlands Spar Aerospace Ltd.
Brampton, Ontario, Canada

Ben A. Abbott
Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, Texas Amit Bandyopadhyay
Department of Ceramic Science and
Jugal K. Agarwal Engineering
TSI, Inc. Rutgers University
Shoreview, Minnesota Piscataway, New Jersey
Keith Antonelli
Kinetic Sciences, Inc. Partha P. Banerjee
Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
John C. Armitage
University of Alabama at Huntsville
OttawaCarleton Institute for Physics
Huntsville, Alabama
Carleton University
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
William H. Bayles, Jr.
Marc J. Assael The Fredericks Company
Faculty of Chemical Engineering Huntington Valley, Pennsylvania
Department of Chemical Engineering
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Ben Benhabib
Thessaloniki, Greece
Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Viktor P. Astakhov Engineering
Astakhov Tool Service University of Toronto
Rochester Hills, Michigan Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Manouchehr Bahrami
Vikram Bhatia
University of Tabriz
Virginia Tech
Tabriz, Iran
Blacksburg, Virginia
William E. Baker
Department of Mechanical Engineering A. Bonen
University of New Mexico University of Toronto
Albuquerque, New Mexico Toronto, Ontario, Canada
xix
xx Contributors
Howard M. Brady Charles B. Coulbourn

The Fredericks Company Los Angeles Scientific Instrumentation Co.
Huntington Valley, Pennsylvania Los Angeles, California
John C. Brasunas
Bert M. Coursey
Goddard Space Flight Center
Ionizing Radiation Division
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Physics Laboratory
Greenbelt, Maryland
National Institute of Standards and
Detlef Brumbi Technology
Krohne Messtechnik GmbH Gaithersburg, Maryland
Duisburg, Germany
Brian Culshaw
Christophe Bruttin Department of Electronic and Electrical
Rittmeyer Ltd. Engineering
Zug, Switzerland University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, England
Wolfgang P. Buerner
Los Angeles Scientific Instrumentation Co.
Los Angeles, California G. Mark Cushman
Goddard Space FlightCenter
Jim Burns National Aeronautics and Space
Burns Engineering, Inc. Administration
Minnetonka, Minnesota Greenbelt, Maryland
Barrett S. Caldwell
Larry S. Darken
Purdue University
Oxford Instruments, Inc.
West Lafayette, Indiana
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
J.P. Carmo
Department of Industrial Electronics David Dayton
University of Minho ILC Data Device Corp.
Guimares, Portugal Bohemia, New York
Kevin H.L. Chau J.R. deBruyn

Micromachined Products Division University of Western Ontario
Analog Devices, Inc. DeKalb, Illinois
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ronald H. Dieck
Adam Chrzanowski Pratt & Whitney
University of New Brunswick and
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada Ron Dieck Associates, Inc.
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Richard O. Claus
Bradley Department of Electrical Engineering Thomas E. Diller
Virginia Tech Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, Virginia Blacksburg, Virginia
J.H. Correria Madhu S. Dixit

Department of Industrial Electronics Centre for Research in Particle Physics
University of Minho Carleton University
Guimares, Portugal Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Contributors xxi
Emil Drubetsky Larry A. Franks

The Fredericks Company Sandia National Laboratories
Huntington Valley, Pennsylvania Livermore, California
Jacques Dubeau Yusaku Fujii

Centre for Research in Particle Physics Department of Electronic Engineering
Carleton University Gunma University
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Kiryu, Japan
M.A. Elbestawi
Ivan J. Garshelis
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Magnova, Inc.
McMaster University
Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Halit Eren Manel Gasulla

Department of Electrical and Computer Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya

Engineering Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Curtin University
Perth, Western Australia, Australia Mauro Giaconi
Department of Electronic Engineering
Giuseppe Fazio University of Rome Tor Vergata
Department of Electronic Engineering Rome, Italy
University of Rome Tor Vergata
Rome, Italy Paolo Giordano
and Rittmeyer Ltd.
Zug, Switzerland
Isatel Ltd.
Moscow, Russia
Ron Goehner
Richard S. Figliola The Fredericks Company
Department of Mechanical Engineering Huntington Valley, Pennsylvania
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina Ronald T. Green
Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, Texas
Frederick Fortson
Solidica, Inc.
Ann Arbor, Michigan Steven M. Grimes
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Ohio University
Jacob Fraden
Athens, Ohio
Fraden Corporation
San Diego, California
Reinhard Haak
Randy Frank University of ErlangenNuernberg
Randy Frank & Associates, Ltd Erlangen, Germany
Scottsdale, Arizona
John R. Hansman, Jr.
and
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Motorola, Inc. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Phoenix, Arizona Cambridge, Massachusetts

xxii Contributors
Emil Hazarian Kenneth Johnson

Master of Science Quality Assurance Program Solidica, Inc.
and Ann Arbor, Michigan
Bachelor of Science Quality Assurance Program
California State University, Dominguez Hills Brian L. Justus
Carson, California Department of Optical Science
Naval Research Laboratory
and
Washington, District of Columbia
ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board
ACLASS Nils Karlsson
Alexandria, Virginia Department of Sensor and EW Systems
Swedish Defence Research Agency
Michael Healy Linkping, Sweden
University of Limerick
Limerick, Ireland
Sam S. Khalilieh
Sander van Herwaarden Department of Electrical Engineering

Xensor Integration Earth Tech
Delft, the Netherlands Grand Rapids, Michigan
Thomas Hossle Andrei Kholkine

Rittmeyer Ltd. Rutgers University
Zug, Switzerland Piscataway, New Jersey
C.H. Houpis John A. Kleppe

Air Force Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Biomedical
WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio Engineering
University of Nevada, Reno
Zaki D. Husain Reno, Nevada
Daniel Flow Products, Inc.
Bellaire, Texas James Ko
Kinetic Sciences, Inc.
Alan L. Huston Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, District of Columbia
Herbert Kchner
University of ErlangenNuernberg
Robert M. Hyatt, Jr.
Erlangen, Germany
Howell Electric Motors
Plainfield, New Jersey
M. Kostic
Elina Iervolino Northern Illinois University
Xensor Integration DeKalb, Illinois
Ralph B. James Shyan Ku

Sandia National Laboratories Kinetic Sciences, Inc.
Livermore, California Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Victor F. Janas Brook Lakew

Center for Ceramic Research Goddard Space Flight Center
Rutgers University National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Piscataway, New Jersey Greenbelt, Maryland

Contributors xxiii
Elfed Lewis Rajan K. Menon

University of Limerick Laser Velocimetry Products
Limerick, Ireland TSI Inc.
St. Paul, Minnesota
Robert Lofthus
Xerox Corporation
Hans Mes
Rochester, New York
Centre for Research in Particle Physics
Oscar Lopez-Lapea Carleton University
Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Jaroslaw Mikielewicz
Albert Lozano-Nieto Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery
Penn State University Gdansk, Poland
Lehman, Pennsylvania
Harold M. Miller
Christopher S. Lynch
Data Industrial Corporation

Mattapoisett, Massachusetts
Georgia Tech
Atlanta, Georgia
Mark A. Miller
Tolestyn Madaj Naval Research Laboratory
Technical University of Gdansk Washington, District of Columbia
Gdansk, Poland
Roger Morgan
Kin F. Man School of Engineering
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Liverpool John Moores University
California Institute of Technology Liverpool, England
Pasadena, California
Steven A. Murray
Dimitris E. Manolakis University of San Diego
Alexander Technological Education Institute San Diego, California
ofThessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece Thomas Newe
University of Limerick
Wade M. Mattar
Limerick, Ireland
The Foxboro Company
Foxboro, Massachusetts
J.V. Nicholas
Temperature Standards Section
J.R. Ren Mayer
Measurement Standards Laboratory of
NewZealand
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Seiji Nishifuji
John McInroy Department of Electrical and Electronic
Department of Electrical Engineering Engineering
University of Wyoming Yamaguchi University
Laramie, Wyoming Ube, Japan
Adrian Melling David S. Nyce

University of ErlangenNuernberg Revolution Sensor Company
Erlangen, Germany Cary, North Carolina

xxiv Contributors
F. Gerald Oakham Charles P. Pinney

Centre for Research in Particle Physics Pinney Technologies, Inc.
Carleton University Albuquerque, New Mexico
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
David Potter
John G. Olin National Instruments
Sierra Instruments, Inc. Austin, Texas
Monterey, California
Davide Quatrini
Jeffrey D. Onken Italcertifer, Inc.
Purdue University and
West Lafayette, Indiana Department of Electronic Engineering
University of Rome Tor Vergata
M. Pachter
Rome, Italy
Air Force Institute of Technology
WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio Per Rasmussen
G.R.A.S. Sound and Vibration

Reza Pakdaman Zangabad
Vedback, Denmark
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
Sabanci University
R.P. Reed
Istanbul, Turkey
Proteun Services
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Franco Pavese
Thermodynamic Division
Herbert M. Runciman
National Institute of Meterology Research
Pilkington Optronics
Turin, Italy
Scotland, United Kingdom
Ole Pedersen Ricardo E. Saad

Department of Science and Technology Harmonics Lightwaves
Linkping University Sunnyvale, California
Linkping, Sweden
Ahmad Safari
Peder C. Pedersen Department of Ceramic Science and Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Rutgers University
Engineering Piscataway, New Jersey
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, Massachusetts Adelio Salsano
Italcertifer, Inc.
Maria Teresa Penella and
Urbiotica S.L. Department of Electronic Engineering
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain University of Rome Tor Vergata
Rome, Italy
B.W. Petley
Centre for Basic, Thermal and Length Metrology Robert J. Sandberg
National Physical Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering
London, England University of WisconsinMadison
Madison, Wisconsin
Rekha Philip-Chandy
School of Engineering Meyer Sapoff
Liverpool John Moores University MS Consultants
Liverpool, England Princeton, New Jersey

Contributors xxv
Stuart Schweid Shogo Tanaka

Xerox Corporation Department of Electrical and Electronic
Rochester, New York Engineering
Yamaguchi University
Patricia J. Scully Ube, Japan
School of Engineering
Liverpool John Moores University Jin Tao
Liverpool, England Department of Electronic Engineering
Gunma University
R.A. Secco Kiryu, Japan
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada David B. Thiessen
California Institute of Technology
James M. Secord Pasadena, California
Department of Geodesy and Geomatics
Richard Thorn
Engineering
School of Engineering
University of New Brunswick
University of Derby
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
Derby, United Kingdom
DeWayne B. Sharp Hans-Peter Vaterlaus

Shape of Things Department of Instrument
San Luis Obispo, California Rittmeyer Ltd.
Zug, Switzerland
F. Greg Shinskey
Process Control Consultant James H. Vignos
North Sandwich, New Hampshire The Foxboro Company
Foxboro, Massachusetts
K.C. Smith
University of Toronto David Wadlow
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Consultant
Basking Ridge, New Jersey
Jan Stasiek
Department of Mechanical Engineering William A. Wakeham
Technical University of Gdansk Department of Chemical Engineering
Gdansk, Poland Imperial College, London
London, England
Mark A. Stedham
Department of Electrical and Computer Anbo Wang
Engineering Bradley Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Alabama at Huntsville Virginia Tech
Huntsville, Alabama Blacksburg, Virginia
Donald J. Wass
Peter H. Sydenham
Daniel Flow Products, Inc.
University of South Australia
Houston, Texas
Mawsons Lakes, South Australia, Australia
Grover C. Wetsel
Akihiro Takita Erik Jonsson School of Engineering
Department of Electronic Engineering andComputer Science
Gunma University University of Texas at Dallas
Kiryu, Japan Richardson, Texas
K12208_C000c.indd 25 22/07/14 10:17 AM

xxvi Contributors
Rod White Jesse Yoder

Temperature Standards Section Flow Research, Inc.
Callaghan Innovation Wakefield, Massachusetts
Measurement Standards Laboratory of
NewZealand and
Lower Hutt, New Zealand Automation Research Corporation
Hessel Wijkstra Dedham, Massachusetts
University Hospital Nijmegen
Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Bernhard Gnther Zagar
Gregory C. Willden Department of Electrical Engineering
Southwest Research Institute Technical University of Graz
San Antonio, Texas Graz, Austria

Measurement, Instrumentation, Sensors Handbook: Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, Radiation Measurement

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SECOND EDITION

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4889-0 (eBook - PDF)

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Part I Instrumentation and Measurement Concepts

11 Fail-Safe Instruments and Devices .................................................................... 11-1

Part II Spatial Variables

16 Attitude Measurement .........................................................................................16-1

Part III Displacement

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28 Bore-Gaging Displacement Sensors . ................................................................ 28-1

34 Optical Beam Def lection Sensors ..................................................................... 34-1

Part IV Mechanical Variables

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

46 Fluid Viscosity Measurement ............................................................................ 46-1

Part VI Flow and Spot Velocity

50 Capillary-Type Mass Flow Meter .. .................................................................50-1

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

62 Pitot Probe Anemometer .....................................................................................62-1

Part VIIThermal and Temperature Measurement

William A.Wakeham and Marc J. Assael

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

79 Calorimetry Measurement ..................................................................................79-1

84 Dosimetry Measurement .................................................................................... 84-1

Part IX Wireless Instrumentation

Part X Control and Human Factors

2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Appendix: Units and Conversions.. ...................................................... Appendix-1

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2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Locating Your Topic

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Halit Eren Manel Gasulla

Department of Electrical and Computer Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya

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Sander van Herwaarden Department of Electrical Engineering

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