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Agenda
Objectives
Study Procedure & Required Data
Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent Coordination
STAR Overview & ETAP 14 Enhancements
Features and Capabilities
Protective Device & Library
STAR Short-circuit
PD Sequence of Operation
Normalized TCC curves
TCC Print and Settings Report
STAR Auto-Evaluation (ETAP 14)
Differential Protection
Examples
Objectives
Human Safety
Prevent injury and fatality
Protection of Equipment
Permit normal operation
Isolate the equipment in case of abnormal conditions
Selectivity / Grading / Discrimination
Minimal isolation of network with abnormal conditions
Permit normal operation for rest of electrical network
Reliability and Cost
Maximum achievable reliability for protection and coordination at
minimal cost
2
It I2t I2t
t
I22t
Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen
Relay - Relay
0.12 to 0.22 seconds + downstream breaker opening time
Relay Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
0.12 to 0.22 seconds
Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker - Relay
0.12 seconds + downstream breaker opening time
Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker - Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
Clear space between curves**
Star Mode
Star Mode and Star View difference
Creation of TCC and Star View
Addition of devices to existing TCC
Graphical and Editor adjustments
Star View Toolbars and Plot Options
Relays
Microprocessor/electronic
More expensive, faster, multiple functionality
Electromechanical
Simple, cheap, slower, limited functionality
21 Distance P Phase
27 Under Voltage
N Neutral
32 Directional Power
G Ground
49 Thermal Overload
SG Sensitive Ground
50 Instantaneous Over Current
51 AC Inverse Over Current V Voltage
52 AC Circuit Breaker VC Voltage Control
59 Overvoltage VR Voltage Restrained
67 AC Directional Over Current
79 AC Recloser
81 Frequency
87 Differential
Selectivity
Time Margin at higher fault
currents
Minimum Melting
Time Curve
Ip
Current (peak amps)
ta = tc tm
Ip
ta = Arcing Time
tm = Melting Time
tc = Clearing Time
tm ta Time (cycles) Ip = Peak Current
tc
Ip = Peak Let-thru Current
2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
CLF Let-Through Chart
Assumptions:
1. Short-circuit X/R Tested Short-circuit X/R, or Short-circuit
power factor tested power factor
Assumptions
2. The fault is on the load terminal
Assumptions
3. The sum of motor full load currents contribution between the series
rated devices should not exceeds 1 percent of interrupting rating of
lowest rated device.
230,000
Peak Let-Through Amperes
300 A
12,500 100 A
60 A
5,200 100,000
Thermal Protection
Fault Protection
O/L
tLR MCP
(51) 200 HP
ts
Starting Curve
MCP (50)
LRAs LRAasym
Overload: overload
relay elements
3 OL
Short circuit:
circuit breaker current 3 CB
trip elements
Fuses 3 FU
Undervoltage: inherent
with integral control
supply and three-wire
control circuit
FUSE SIZE
MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR LENGTH FOR ABOVE AND
CLASS J
FUSE
BELOW GROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS. ABOVE GROUND CIRCUIT BREAKER
SYSTEMS HAVE DIRECT SOLAR EXPOSURE. 750 C
SIZE
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE, 450 C AMBIENT
460V NEC FLC
CONDUCTOR
GROUNDING
MOTOR HP
STARTER
MINIMUM
SIZE
SIZE
LARGER GROUND
LENGTH FOR 1%
LENGTH FOR 1%
LARGER WIRE
CONDUCTOR
DROP WITH
USE NEXT
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
LARGEST
MINIMUM
250% 200% 150%
DROP
NEXT
WIRE
WIRE
SIZE
SIZE
1 2.1 0 12 12 759 10 1251 15 15 15 5
1 3 0 12 12 531 10 875 15 15 15 6
2 3.4 0 12 12 468 10 772 15 15 15 7
3 4.8 0 12 12 332 10 547 20 20 15 10
5 7.6 0 12 12 209 10 345 20 20 15 15
7 11 1 12 10 144 8 360 30 25 20 20
10 14 1 10 8 283 6 439 35 30 25 30
15 21 2 10 8 189 6 292 50 40 30 45
20 27 2 10 6 227 4 347 70 50 40 60
25 34 2 8 4 276 2 407 80 70 50 70
30 40 3 6 2 346 2/0 610 100 70 60 90
40 52 3 6 2 266 2/0 469 150 110 90 110
50 65 3 2 2/0 375 4/0 530 175 150 100 125
60 77 4 2 2/0 317 4/0 447 200 175 125 150
75 96 4 2 4/0 358 250 393 250 200 150 200
100 124 4 1 250 304 350 375 350 250 200 250
125 156 5 2/0 350 298 500 355 400 300 250 350
150 180 5 4/0 500 307 750 356 450 350 300 400
Class El (without
Ratings Class E2 (with fuses)
fuses)
Short Circuit:
Fuses, Class E2 3 FU
IOC relay, Class E1 3 OC
Ground Fault
Typical Curve
2 t
A
T2 234
0.0297log
T1 234
Where:
A= Conductor area in circular-mils
I = Short circuit current in amps
t = Time of short circuit in seconds
T1= Initial operation temperature (750C)
T2=Maximum short circuit temperature
(1500C)
2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Cable Short-Circuit Heating Limits
Recommended
temperature rise:
B) CU 75-200C
200
Thermal
t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
(sec)
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault
2
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)2t
Inrush
Differential - -
-
Gas detection
Over excitation -
Overheating -
-
2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Question
Feeders
* Should be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence protection curve or for transformers
serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side conductors
enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by reference to the
infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
(Frequent Fault = More than 10 through faults (lifetime) for category II and 5 faults for category III)
2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Zone Viewer
General Concept
Measurement of Residual (IR) or Zero
Sequence current (3I0)
IR = 3I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic (Vector
Summation)
Balanced Fault: Ia = Ib = Ic and IR = 3I0 =
0
Unbalanced system Ia Ib Ic and IR =
3I0 > 0
Residual
Grounded-phase current is detected as the unbalance in the
current produced by the phase current transformers
GF Selective Coordination
Device ground fault overcurrent coordination with:
Other devices with ground detection
Other devices with phase overcurrent detection
Combination of phase and ground fault detection
Minimum and Maximum Fault
Phase and single-line to ground fault coordination
Overcurrent
Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
Instantaneous Over Current (IOC)
Directional
Differential
Protection Rules
Default rules based on industry practice
Adjustable evaluation criteria based on
standards or user defined
Support of NEC overload protection such as:
NEC 240.101 for HV cable protection
NEC 430.32 for motor protection
NEC 450.3 for transformer protection
Protection Rules
Default rules based on industry practice
Adjustable evaluation criteria based on
standards or user defined
Support of NEC overload protection such as:
NEC 240.101 for HV cable protection
NEC 430.32 for motor protection
NEC 450.3 for transformer protection
Coordination Rules
Delay time margins
Instantaneous minimum current ratio
Global or individual consideration of switching time for HV/MV
breakers
Optional coordination between main and tie
Selection of rules
Evaluation
Protection
Coordination
Protection & Coordination
Fault Type
Phase
Ground (Coordination)
Phase and Ground
Evaluation Messages
2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL
Results Viewer
Excel
Study assumptions
Separate sheet for each protection zone
Coordination sheet
Extensive messages
Option to have passed messages