1/4/2017 RCretainingwalldesign

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Reinforcedconcretedesignofretainingwall

Contents

Designforcesandcriticalsections
Designofstem
Designhorizontalreinforcementforshrinkageandexpansion
Designofheel
Designoftoe
ExampleR.1RCdesignofretainingwallforexampleS.1
ExampleR.2RCdesignofretainingwallforexampleS.2
ExampleR.3RCdesignofretainingwallforexampleS.3

Designforcesandcriticalsections

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Designofstem

Designthicknessofstem

Designcode:ACI31805

1.Calculatefactoredshearforceatbottomofstem

Vu=1.6*(KaH2/2+qKaH)[6.1]

Where1.6isloadfactor,isunitweightofsoil,Kaisactivelateralearthcoefficient,hisheightofearth,qissurcharge.

2.Calculateshearstrengthofstem

Vc=0.75*(2fc)bd[6.2]

Where0.75isstrengthreductionfactor,fciscompressivestrengthofconcrete,bisonefootwidthofwall,diseffectivedepthofstem
andisequaltothicknessofstemminus2coverandhalfbarsize.
3.Compareshearforcewithshearstrength,designshearreinforcementwhennecessary.
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IfVcVunoshearreinforcementisrequired
IfVc<Vuincreasethicknessofstemordesignshearreinforcement

Designverticalreinforcementofstem

1.Calculatefactoredmomentatbaseofstem

Mu=1.6*(KaH3/6+qKaH2/2)[6.3]

2.Designflexuralreinforcementforstem

Reinforcementratio:

[6.4]
Where
R=Mu/(0.9bd2),m=Fy/(0.85fc),Fyisyieldstrengthofsteel.
Therequiredreinforcement,As=bdshouldbewithinmaximumreinforcement.
Therequiredminimumreinforcementisthesmallerof

As,min=(3fc/Fy)or(4/3)As.ifAsislessthanAs,min(ACI10.5)

Theminimumtotalverticalreinforcementratioforwall(bothfaces)is
0.0012fordeformedbars#5orsmalleror0.0015forotherbars(ACI14.3.2)

Designhorizontalreinforcementforshrinkageandexpansion

Oneofcommonmistakeinretainingwalldesignisneglectingorinadequatehorizontalreinforcement.Whenretainingwallgetstoo
long,thewallwillcrackduetoshrinkageofconcrete.Verticalcontroljointsandhorizontalreinforcementarenormallyusedtocontrol
cracksinthestems.Thespacingofcontroljoistdependsontheamountofhorizontalreinforcement.Largerspacingrequiresheavier
reinforcement.ThereinforcementratiorecommendedbyConcreteReinforcingSteelInstitute(CRSI)isshownbelow.

1.Designhorizontalreinforcementtoavoidshrinkagecracks.

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Figure1:Jointspacingrelatedtosteelforshrinkage.
(ReproducedfromCRSIhandbook)

Theminimumtotalhorizontalreinforcementratioforwall(bothfaces)is
0.002fordeformedbars#5orsmalleror0.0025forothers.

2.Determineminimumwidthofexpansionjoints.

Insomecase,whentemperaturechangeislargeandtheretainingwallhastobewatertied,expansionjoistareused.Thewidthof
expansionjointdependsontemperaturechangeandthelengthbetweenjoints.Withoutconsiderthecontributionofhorizontal
reinforcement,thewidthofexpansionjointscanbecalculatedas

D=1.5*(0.0000055*T*L)[6.6]

Where0.0000055iscoefficientofexpansionofconcreteperdegreeF,Tismaximumrangeoftemperaturedifference,Listhelengthof
wallbetweenexpansionjoints,1.5isfactorofsafety.

Designofheel

Forcesthatapplytotheheelareweightofsoil,footing,surcharge,andfootingbearingpressure.Weightofsoil,footing,andsurcharge
aredownwardforces.Footingbearingpressureisupwardforces.Sometime,footingbearingpressureareneglectedtobeconservative.
Otherwise,factoredfootingpressuresarecalculatedasfollows:

Calculatedfactoredfootingpressure

1.Thecenterofthetotalweightfromtheedgeoftoeis

Xu=(1.2*MR1.6Mo)/(1.2W)[6.7]

WhereWistotalweightofretainingwallincludingstem,footing,earthandsurcharge.
2.Theeccentricity,eu=B/2Xu
3.IfeuB/6,themaximumandminimumfootingpressureiscalculatedas

Qmax=1.2(W/B)[1+6eu/B][6.8]
Qmax=1.2(W/B)[16eu/B][6.9]

Where,Qmax,Qminaremaximumandminimumfactoredfootingpressure,Bisthewidthoffooting.
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Thefactoredfootingpressureatanypointinthefootingiscalculatedas
Q=Qmin+(QmaxQmin)*(BL)/B
WhereBisthewidthoffooting,Listhedistancefromtoe

Ifeu>B/6,themaximumfootingpressureiscalculatedas

Qmax=(1.2W)(2)/(3Xu)[6.10]

Thelengthofbearingareais
Lb=3*Xu
Thefootingpressureatanypointinthebearingzoneis

Q=Qmax*(LbL)/Lb[6.11]

Listhedistancefromtoe

Designthicknessoffooting

Thecriticalsectionofshearintheheelistakenatthefaceofsteminsteadofatoneeffectivedepthfromthestembecauseitdoesnot
producecompressiontothestemaccordingtoACIcode.
1.Calculatedfactoredshearforceatfaceofstem

Vu=1.2*(We+Whl+Wq)R[6.12]

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Where1.2isloadfactor,Weisweightofearth,Whlisweightofheel,Wqisweightofsurcharge,andRisresultantoffactoredbearing
pressure.
2.Calculatedshearstrengthofstem.

Vc=0.75*(2fc)bd[6.13]

Where0.75isstrengthreductionfactor,fciscompressivestrengthofconcrete,bisonefootwidthofwall,diseffectivedepthofstem
andisequaltothicknessofstemminus2coverandhalfbarsize.

3.Compareshearforcewithshearstrength,ifVc<Vu,increasethicknessofstem.

Designheelreinforcementintransversedirection

Thecriticalsectionofmomentisatthefaceofstem.Theheelreinforcementiscalculatedasfollows:
1.Calculatefactoredmomentatfaceoftoe

Mu=1.2*(We+Whl+Wq)*C/2R*Xr[6.14]

WhereCisthelengthofheel,XristhedistancefromRtofaceofstem.

3.Designflexuralreinforcementforheel

Reinforcementratio:

Where
R=Mu/(0.9bd2),m=Fy/(0.85fc),Fyisyieldstrengthofsteel.
Therequiredreinforcement,As=bdshouldbewithinmaximumreinforcement.
Therequiredminimumreinforcementisthesmallerof

As,min=(3fc/Fy)or1.33AsifAsislessthanAs,min(ACI10.5)

Designlongitudinalreinforcementforshrinkageandtemperature

Reinforcementratio:0.002forgrade40,50deformedbars,0.0018forgrade60deformedbars.
Designoftoe

Theforcesthatapplytothebottomoftoeisfootingbearingpressure.Inanormalsituation,thelengthoftoeisshorterthanthatof
heel.Themaximumshearforceislessthanofheel.Thedepthoffootingforheelisusuallyenoughfortoe.Itisalsoanormalpractice
tobendthedowelbarsatthebottomofstemfortoereinforcement.Itisnormallysufficientfortoereinforcement.Insomesituation,
whentoeisextralong,then,itwillbenecessarytocheckshearstrengthanddesignreinforcementfortoe.

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Designthicknessoftoe

1.Calculatefactoredshearatoneeffectivedepthfromfaceofstem

IfeuB/6,thefactoredfootingpressureatoneeffectivedepthfromfaceofstemis

Q=Qmin+(QmaxQmin)*(BLc)/B[6.15]

Ifeu>B/6,thefactoredfootingpressureatoneeffectivedepthfromfaceofstemis

Q=Qmax*(LbLc)/Lb[6.16]

WhereLcisthedistancefromedgeoftoetooneeffectivedepthfromfrontfaceofstem.
Thefactoredshearforceatthecriticalsectionis

Vu=(Q+Qmax)*Lc/2Wc[6.17]

WhereLcisweightofconcreteandsoilabovetoe.

2.Calculateshearstrengthoftoe

Theshearstrengthoftheconcreteis

Vc=0.75*(2fc)bd

Designreinforcementfortoe

1.Calculatefactoredmomentatthefrontfaceofstem

IfeuB/6,thefactoredfootingpressureatoneeffectivedepthfromfaceofstemis

Q=Qmin+(QmaxQmin)*(BLd)/B

Ifeu>B/6,thefactoredfootingpressureatoneeffectivedepthfromfaceofstemis

Q=Qmax*(LbLd)/Lb

WhereLdisthedistancefromedgeoftoetofrontfaceofstem.

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Thefactoredmomentatthecriticalsectionis

Mu=R*XrWt*Ld/2[6.18]

WhereXristhedistancefromtheresultantforcetothefrontfaceofstem,Wtisweightofconcreteandsoilabovetoe.

2.Designflexuralreinforcement

reinforcementratio:

Where
R=Mu/(0.9bd2),m=Fy/(0.85fc),Fyisyieldstrengthofsteel.
Therequiredreinforcement,As=bdshouldbewithinmaximumreinforcement.
Therequiredminimumreinforcementisthesmallerof

As,min=(3fc/Fy)or1.33AsifAsislessthanAs,min(ACI10.5)

RelatedTopics

Lateralearthpressure

ReinforcedConcreteDesign

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