Road Safety Audit Principles-GA

24 th International Course on Transportation
Planning and Road Safety

IIT Delhi, India
November 30 to December 7, 2014
ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

AN OVERVIEW
G IRISH A GRAWAL , J.D., P H .D.

P ROFESSOR & H EAD
D EPARTMENT OF C IVIL E NGINEERING
S HIV N ADAR U NIVERSITY 1
International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Day 6 (December 5, 2014 )
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
2
Source: NCRB, 2007 Estimated 1,650,000 hospitalised in 2006 IIT Delhi February 15
1
Traffic fatalities by time of day

(nationwide in 2006)
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
Fatalities
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
0000- 0300- 0600- 0900- 1200- 1500- 1800- 2100-
0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400
Time
High night rates alcohol, speed, conspicuity 3

Source: NCRB

Percentages of traffic fatalities by road

category and state or territory (2004)
Fatality rate for national highways

Non-hilly states: 59 length,
NH : 2% road persons40%per km per year
traffic
Hilly states: 16 persons per km per year
2
Traffic fatalities and striking vehicle by road-

user type on national highways (1999)
5
Source: Tiwari, Mohan, and Gupta, 2000

Issue s Impacting Road Safety
Medians and gaps. Distance between gaps

Shoulders, markings, separation for non - motorised
transport
Conspicuity of slow moving vehicles
Conspicuity of fronts and backs of trucks
Wayside amenities
Traffic calming in semi urban locations
Roadside trees
Intersections - without grade separation
Road crossing facilities for pedestrians and animals
Guidelines for road safety audits
6
3
Safety Prioritie s for India

Pedestrians and other non-motorists in urban areas
Separation of traffic on arterial roads and traffic calming in all
other areas clear & continuous pedestrian paths mandatory
on all arterial roads
Speed control, use of scientifically designed roundabouts
instead of traffic lights, no free left turns
Pedestrian impact standards for all vehicles
Motorcycles and small cars in urban areas
Daytime running lights for motorcycles
Enforcement of motorcyclist helmet-use laws in all states
Mandatory airbags for all cars may be cost effective when
enforcement measures are lacking

Principle s of Road Safety
Geometric Design
Road surface characteristics
Road markings and delineation
Road signs, furniture and SU apparatus
Traffic management aspects relating to safety
Road works and maintenance
4
Road Safety Audit (RSA)

Definitions
A formal examination of a future or existing project
where interaction with road users takes place
An independent , qualified examination team reports
on the accident potential and safety performance of the
project
(Austroads-94)
RSAs are concerned with the safety of all the road users.

Parties Involved + Role Distribution in RSA

Client the road authority or body responsible for a
road project which appointed a person or body to
engage in the design, construction or investigation of a
road project
Audit Team Group of individuals with specialist
expertise in road safety engineering, accident
investigation and prevention, traffic engineering and
road design who undertake a road safety audit
Design Team Group of individuals appointed by the
client to plan, design or supervise the construction of a
new road project
10
5
Key requirements for Road Safety Audits

Adequate time and information to conduct road safety
audit
An independent road safety audit team or auditor
A recognized and agreed road safety audit process
Checklists for the various stages of a road project
Evaluation and monitoring of the Road Safety Audit
Process
The development of expertise
Commitment from management
11

Purpose of Road Safety Audits

Minimise
Likelihood of accidents on the road network
Severity of accidents on the road network
Expenditure on remedial measures after opening of a
new road project
Create and maintain an increased awareness of
safe design practices among traffic engineers
and road designers
Reduce the full life-cycle cost of a road project
by reducing its accident cost
12
6
Where and When Should Audits Be

Performed?
Both on urban and rural roads
On road projects at successive stages:
Planning
Design
Implementation
After
The earlier an audit is started, the easier it will be
to influence or bring changes to the project
13

Different Methods for Different

Applications
Audits performed on documents
Projects at the planning and the design stages
Audits performed on the road
Projects at the implementation and reception
stages
Existing roads
14
7
What is Needed for Audits?

Formalized procedure for data collection
including a checklist
Expertise to prepare the checklist
Independance, expertise and training to
perform the audit
For background only
Road standards (if any)
A history of the construction of the road and any
subsequent modifications
15

Checklist s for RSAs

Prepared to assist the designers and auditors
for each audit stage
Describe the problems and situations that can
affect the road safety of selected types of
project and audit stage
Conceived of as memory aids, so using the
relevant lists simply as boxes to tick cannot
replace a RSA
16
8
Building up the checklist (I):

Principles of Risk Preven ti on
Adaptation of road design and features to
vehicle dynamics and to pedestrian
movements
Error and conflict avoidance
Facilitation of emergency maneuvers and of
recovery after loss of control
Speed control
Injury prevention (forgiveness)
17

Building up the checklist (II):

Principles of Risk Preven ti on
Adaptation of road design and features to vehicle
dynamics and to pedestrian movements
Horizontal alignment
Superelevation
Roadsides
Space sharing
Road surfacing
Junction design
18
9
Building up the checklist (III):

P r i n c i p l es o f R i s k P reve n t i o n
Error and conflict avoidance
Road readability (self-explaining roads
Visibility distance (day and night)

Hazard warning
Junction design
Separation of motorized and non-motorized traffic or
adaptation of design to mixed traffic
Prevention of parking and animal crossing
19

Building up the checklist (IV):

Facilitation of emergency and recovery maneuvers
road surfacing
roadsides
Speed control
Making abrupt changes of speeds unnecessary
Modulation of desired speeds according to traffic
mix
Adaptation of road design and features to desired
speeds of vehicles
20
10
Building up the checklist (V):

Injury prevention (forgiveness)
Speed control
Elimination of deep drainage ditches and hard obstacles

from roadsides
Use of fragilized road furniture
Protection against exit of carriageway
Protection against crashes into unremovable roadside
obstacles
21

Road Characteristics to Examine (I)

On road sections
Alignment
Cross section homogeneity/discrepancies (carriageway
and shoulders)
Surfacing (carriageway and shoulders)
Signing, marking, road lighting
Occupation of roadsides
Possibility of moving obstacles
22
11
Road Characteristics to Examine (II)

At junctions: junction layout
Junction design for vehicles
Junction design for pedestrians
Advance signage
Signage at junctions
Traffic lights
Lighting
Surfacing
23

Remember!
Road safety audits should be done for all road
projects in urban and rural areas
Allows one to integrate safety equally for all road
users
Road safety audits of existing infrastructure are
useful for systematic road improvement
Formal technical auditing procedures need to be
developed and auditors/controllers trained
The checklist included in the procedure should
take into account the traffic mix on the road
24
12
Inadequate Shoulder Length to Accommodate straying vehicles

Excessive Embankment Height 2-3m 25

Inadequate Shoulder Length to Accommodate straying vehicles

Excessive Embankment Height 2-3m 26
13
90 degree entry road to National Highway without clear set back distance
27

Uncovered Side Drain and Electric Poles Adjacent to Road Edge 28
14
Insufficient Entry Length of Toll Island 29

Some Common Problems Found During

Road Safety Audits I
Lack of deflection at roundabouts
Speeds on links greater than the design speed
Lack of continuity of cyclist features
Poorly sited pedestrian crossings / not on desire
lines
Signs / lamp columns in front of safety fences
Signs obscured by vegetation or other obstructions
Poorly designed (or non-existent) tactile paving at
pedestrian crossing points
30
15

Road Safety Audits II
Lack of dropped crossings (or not flush) for
pedestrians and wheelchair users
Missed opportunity for cycle lanes
Poorly sited street furniture obstructing cycle ways
and footways
Inspection chamber covers in circulatory
carriageway and exits of roundabouts
Lack of guard railing / not high visibility
Unprotected embankments
31


Road Safety Audits III
Too many entry lanes at roundabouts
See through on existing roads
Poorly sited lay-bys and Lack of anti-skid or
insufficient length
Lack of temporary signs and Poorly sited traffic
signal heads
Poorly sited street furniture at roundabouts
especially chevrons and mini-roundabout signs
32
16
Road markings
Play a very important role in guiding the driver and
providing him or her with the information
necessary to negotiate conflict points on the road
network
Should be a high priority for those seeking to
improve road safety
Give drivers appropriate
information through
the use of different
types and colours
of road markings
33

Road markings (contd)

Centrelines can be used to indicate locations where
overtaking is dangerous while edgelines give
advance warning of changes in alignment.
Where possible, high quality paint containing small
glass beads (for reflectivity at night) should be
used.
34
17
Delineators
Delineation of the carriageway using lane markings and
small physical barriers can be extremely cost effective in
maintenance, traffic operations and safety terms.
A large range of measures exist as indicated above, and
consideration for their appropriate introduction should be
given at an early stage of design. For example, on the
interurban roads, markings should be considered as part of
the design process. Indeed, early consideration will sharpen
the designers, awareness of the overtaking and other
opportunities available in the alignment
Reflective delineators are especially useful at
night-time in guiding a driver through what
might otherwise be a potentially dangerous
location. 35

Recap RSA of Existing Roadway I

Can be undertaken soon after opening a new facility to
the public
Insight into operational behaviour and subsequent
problem areas can be gained through observation
which may not have been readily apparent before
opening the facility
Corrective measures, although much more expensive to
carry out at this stage, may still be cost effective
Safety auditing existing roads ( at any section ) is an
extension to the identification of safety problems based
on accident data
36
18
Recap RSA of Existing Roadway II

Emphasis should be given to identifying those existing
features of layout and furniture which produce unsafe
conditions or induce unsafe behaviour
Reasonable mobility needs of the following users should
be accommodated as safely as possible
The Young
The Old (including old drivers)
Pedestrians
Cyclists
Disabled persons
37
19

Road Safety Audit Principles-GA

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24 th International Course on Transportation

Planning and Road Safety

ROAD SAFETY AUDIT

G IRISH A GRAWAL , J.D., P H .D.

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Traffic fatalities by time of day

High night rates alcohol, speed, conspicuity 3

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Percentages of traffic fatalities by road

Fatality rate for national highways

Traffic fatalities and striking vehicle by road-

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Issue s Impacting Road Safety

Medians and gaps. Distance between gaps

Safety Prioritie s for India

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Principle s of Road Safety

Road Safety Audit (RSA)

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Parties Involved + Role Distribution in RSA

Key requirements for Road Safety Audits

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Purpose of Road Safety Audits

Where and When Should Audits Be

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Different Methods for Different

What is Needed for Audits?

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Checklist s for RSAs

Building up the checklist (I):

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Building up the checklist (II):

Building up the checklist (III):

Visibility distance (day and night)

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Building up the checklist (IV):

Building up the checklist (V):

Elimination of deep drainage ditches and hard obstacles

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Road Characteristics to Examine (I)

Possibility of moving obstacles

Road Characteristics to Examine (II)

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Inadequate Shoulder Length to Accommodate straying vehicles

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Inadequate Shoulder Length to Accommodate straying vehicles

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Uncovered Side Drain and Electric Poles Adjacent to Road Edge 28

Insufficient Entry Length of Toll Island 29

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Some Common Problems Found During

Some Common Problems Found During

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Some Common Problems Found During

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Road markings (contd)

International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety

Recap RSA of Existing Roadway I

Recap RSA of Existing Roadway II

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