Last Lecture Important Reminders Problem-Solving Strategy 4-steps

Conclusion of Angular Momentum
Today
Final Exam Review
Suggestions
Focus on basic procedures, not final answers.
Make sure you understand all of the equation sheet.
Look over the checklists and understand them.
Work on practice problems without help or books.
Get a good night s sleep.
8.01L IAP 2006
Dont try to see your way to the final answer
Sorry about the last minute Focus on the physical situation, not the specific question
Mastering Physics problems.
Think through the techniques to see which one (or
Final Exam is next Monday: 9am - noon.
ones) apply to all or part of the situation
Question & Answer Review Sunday 1-4pm Focus on the conditions under which techniques work
1-2pm
Think carefully about the geometry
2-4pm
Here is the one place where lots of practice can help
Sadly no extra office hours, would not be healthy
for you or for me Make sure you are efficient in applying techniques
If you missed the course evaluations and Here is one place where memorization can help
diagnostic exam on Wed, they are available today
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Helpful Hints Problem Solving Tool: Setting up

Make a careful drawing
N is not Mg f is not N
Dont memorize special cases (N=mg, for example). Think carefully about all of the forces
N is not Mg f is not N
Think about why things you write are true Chose an axis, put it on your drawing
N is not Mg f is not N
For example, never write f=N without thinking (or Think carefully about the angles
N is not Mg f is not N
preferably writing down) why that is true
N is not Mg f is not N Problem Solving Tool: Component checklist
Draw a careful picture. Loop through vectors:
N is not Mg f is not N
Think about special cases ( =0, for example) to Is there a component?
N is not Mg f is not N
check that you have the geometry correct. Is there an angle factor
Is it sine or cosine?
Watch out for missing minus signs. Is it positive or negative?

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 Key Kinematics Concepts Circular Motion Summary Newtons Three Laws

1) If v is constant, then F must be zero and if F=0,
Change=slope=derivative Motion in a circle with constant speed and radius is then v must be constant.
dx dv
d2x accelerated motion. ! !
v =
x dt
a = x = 2
x The velocity is constant in magnitude but changes
2) ! F = ma
dt dt 3) Force due to object A on object B is always exactly
direction. It points tangentially.
velocity is the slope of position vs t, acceleration is the equal in magnitude and always exactly opposite in
slope of velocity vs t and the curvature of position vs t The acceleration is constant in magnitude but direction to the force due to object B on object A.
changes direction. It points radially inward.
Even in simple 1D motion, you must understand the
vector nature of these quantities The magnitude of the acceleration is given by: Some Advice
Your instincts are often wrong. Be careful!
Initial conditions ! v2 ! !
All formulas have assumptions
a = ! F = ma is your friend. Trust what it tells you.
R
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Properties of Friction - Magnitude Properties of Spring Force

Problem Solving Tool:(Revised)Free-Body Checklist
Draw a clear diagram of (each) object Not slipping: The magnitude !
of the friction force can The direction is always unambiguous!
!
Think carefully about all of the forces on (each) object
only be calculated from ! F = ma . However, it has a In for stretched spring, out for compressed spring.
maximum value of f ! N
Think carefully about the angles of the forces s
The magnitude is always unambiguous!
Chose an axis, put it on your drawing
Just about to slip: f = N where N is the Normal
s |F|=k( l l0 )
force and s is the coefficient of static friction which
Think carefully about the acceleration and put what you is a constant that depends on the surfaces
know on your drawing Two possibilities for confusion.
Calculate components: ! Fx = max ! Fy = may ... Slipping: f = N where N is the Normal force and Double negative: Using F=kx where it doesn t belong
k
k is the coefficient of kinetic friction which is a
Solve Forgetting the unstretched length, l0
constant that depends on the surfaces
Note: !
s k
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 Work done by a Force Checklist to use Work/Energy Work/Energy Summary

Not a vector quantity (but vector concepts needed
to calculate its value).
Depends on both the direction of the force and the
direction of the motion.
Four ways of saying the same thing
Force times component of motion along the force.
Distance times the component of force along the motion.
W=|F||d|cos() where is the angle between F and d.
! !
W = ! Fidswhere the s vector is along the path
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Clearly define what is inside your system. W = !E = EF " EI E = PE + KE KE = 12 mv 2
PEgravity = mgy PEspring = + 2 k ( L ! l0 )
1 2
Clearly define the initial and final conditions, which
include the location and speed of all object(s) ! !
W = ! Fids W = F ds cos(" )
Think carefully about all forces acting on all objects Every force goes in the work term or in the PE
All forces must be considered in the Work term or in Minima and maxima of the PE correspond to F=0,
the Potential Energy term, but never in both. which are equilibrium points. PE minima are stable
equilibrium points, maxima are unstable.
W = !E = EFinal " EInitial
= (KEFinal + PEFinal ) " (KEInitial + PEInitial )
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Momentum Simple Harmonic Motion - Summary Gravity Summary

! !
Very simple formula: pTot = ! ( mi vi ) 2
Basics: Fx = !kx = m d x Numerical constant: G = 6.673 ! 10 "11
Nm 2
dt 2 kg 2
Note the vector addition!
General solution: x = A cos(! t + " ) ! = km
Momentum of a system is conserved only if: GM 1 M 2
Practical solutions: Force: FG = ! r
No net external forces acting on the system.
t=0 when position is maximum x = A cos(! t)
r2
Or, study the system only over a very short time span. and therefore v=0 ! = 0 vx = "A! sin(! t)
GM 1 M 2
ax = "A! 2 cos(! t) Energy: PE(r) = !
! ! r
!pTot = " Fdt
t=0 when speed is maximum x = Asin(! t)
and therefore a=0 " vx = A! cos(! t) Escape velocity: ETotal = KE + PE = 0
and therefore x=0
!=
2 ax = "A! 2 sin(! t)
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 Some Derived Results Ideal Gas law Kinematics Variables

Found from applied F=ma Physicists version: PV = NkT Position x Angle

N=number of molecules or separate atoms Velocity v Angular velocity
Pressure versus height (if no flow):
Boltzman constant: k = 1.38 ! 10 "23 Joule Acceleration a Angular acceleration
P2 ! P1 = ! " g(y2 ! y1 ) y is positive upward K per molecule
Force F Torque
P = P0 + ! gh Chemists version: PV = nRT
Mass M Moment of Inertia I
n=number of moles
Buoyancy forces (causes things to float): Avogadros number: 1 mole = 6.0 ! 10 23 atoms or molecules Momentum p Angular Momentum L
FB = ! fluid gVdisp Vdisp is the volume of fluid displaced Different constant: R = 8.3 Joules K per mole
!object d" d! d 2"
Vsubmerged != #= = 2
= dt dt dt
Vobject ! fluid
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Torque Torque Checklist Right Hand Rules

How do you make something rotate? Very intuitive! Make a careful drawing showing where forces act For angular quantities: , ,
Larger force clearly gives more twist. Clearly indicate what axis you are using Curl the fingers of your right hand in the direction of the
motion or acceleration or torque and your thumb points in
Force needs to be in the right direction (perpendicular to a Clearly indicate whether CW or CCW is positive
the direction of the vector quantity.
line to the axis is ideal). For each force: The vector direction for clockwise quantities is into
The twist is bigger if the force is applied farther away If force acts at axis or points to or away from axis, =0 the page and counterclockwise is out of the page
from the axis (bigger lever arm).
! ! ! Draw (imaginary) line from axis to point force acts. If Vector cross-products (torque, angular momentum
In math-speak: ! = r " F ! = r F sin(# ) distance and angle are clear from the geometry =Frsin() of point particle) generally AB
F Draw (imaginary) line parallel to the force. If distance
Point the fingers of your right hand along the first vector,
Torque is out from axis measured perpendicular to this line (lever arm)
is clear, then the torque is the force times this distance curt your fingers to point along second vector, your thumb
Axis of the page
points in the direction of the resulting vector
r Dont forget CW versus CCW, is the torque + or
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4
 Moment of Inertia Parallel Axis Theorum Everything you need to know for
Linear & Rotational Dynamics
Most easily derived by considering Kinetic Energy ! !
(to be discussed next week). Very simple way to find moment of inertia for a large !F = Ma
number of strange axis locations. ! !
I = !mi ri = " r dm
2 2 !" = I#
This is true for any fixed axis and for an axis through the
Some simple cases are given in the textbook on center of mass, even if the object moves or accelerates.
page 342, you should be able to derive those below d
except for the sphere. Will be on formula sheet.
c.m.
Axis 1 Rolling without slipping: v = R! a = R" f # N
Hoop (all mass at same radius) I=MR2 Friction does NOT do work!
Solid cylinder or disk I=(1/2)MR2
Rolling with slipping: v ! R" a ! R# f = N
Rod around end I=(1/3)ML2 I1 = Ic.m. + Md2 where M is the total mass.
Rod around center I=(1/12)ML2 Friction does work, usually negative.
Sphere I=(2/5)MR2 Rarely solvable without using force and torque equations!
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Kinetic Energy with Rotation Pendulums Angular Momentum

Adds a new term not a new equation! Simple pendulum: Small mass at the end of a string Conserved when external torques are zero or when
you look over a very short period of time.
Rotation around any fixed pivot: KE = 12 I pivot! 2 Period is T = 2! l where l is the length from the
g True for any fixed axis and for the center of mass
pivot to the center of the object. ! !
Formula we will use is simple: L = I!
Moving and rotating: KE = 12 I CM ! 2 + 12 M Tot vCM
2
Physical pendulum: More complex object rotating Vector nature (CW or CCW) is still important
about any pivot ! ! !
Point particle: L = r ! p
Period is T = 2! I where l is the distance from
Conservation of angular momentum is a separate
Mgl
the pivot to the center of mass of the object, M is the total equation from conservation
! of linear momentum
mass, and I is the moment of inertia around the pivot. ! dL ! !
Angular impulse: ! = "L = # ! dt
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