EE 104

Three-Phase Alternators
 Synchronous Generator Construction
In a synchronous generator, the field windings that produces
magnetic field is located on the rotor.
The rotor is then turned by a
prime mover at constant a
b
angular speed thus producing
the rotating magnetic field
(RMF).
The RMF is cut by the stator c c
windings thus inducing voltage
on the stator windings.
a
b
 Synchronous Generator Speed of Rotation
Synchronous generators are so called because the
electrical frequency of the generated voltage is locked or
synchronized with the mechanical rate of the rotation of
the generator.
nP
f
120
where f = electrical frequency, Hz.
n = mechanical speed of the magnetic field, r/min
(equals speed of rotor for synchronous
generator)
P = number of poles.
Since electrical power has a fixed frequency (50 or 60
Hz), that means the speed the prime mover that turns the
rotor must be constant.
 Synchronous Generator Prime Movers
High-speed prime movers (1200 rpm or more):
1) Steam turbines
2) Gas turnbines
 Synchronous Generator Prime Movers
Low-speed prime
movers (< 1200 rpm):
1) Water or hydo-
electric
2) Wind turbines
3) Electric motors
4) Internal combustion
engines
EE 104 BASIC ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING

Synchronous Motors
 INTRODUCTION
Is a machine that operates at a constant
speed from no load to full load.
The rotor winding is excited (feed) by a
DC power source.
Most synchronous motors are rated
between 150 kW (200 hp) and 15 MW
(20,000 hp) and turn at speed ranging
from 150 to 1800 r/min. Consequently,
these machines are used in heavy
industry.
At the other end of the power
spectrum, we find tiny single-phase
synchronous motors used in control
devices and electric clocks.
 CONSTRUCTION
Parts of a synchronous motor:
o Stator
made of stacked laminated core, slotted to accommodate 3-
phase windings.
 CONSTRUCTION
o Rotor
There are 2 types: the
salient-pole and the
cylindrical or round-
rotor.
The synchronous
motor is excited by a
DC current.
 CONSTRUCTION
o Rotor
the rotor windings are connected to give alternate
polarity and they must be the same number of
rotor field poles as the stator field poles.
o Slip rings, carbon brushes, DC-exciter
the rotor windings are connected to the slip rings
which are connected to a DC power source via the
brushes.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When the 3 stator windings are connected to 3-phase voltage source, it
draws current that creates a rotating or revolving magnetic field or flux
(RMF). The angular speed of the RMF is called the synchronous speed.
Likewise, the DC-excited rotor windings produce its own magnetic field.
Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, and the
rotor field will tend to line up with the stator field, just as two bar
magnets will tend to line up if placed near each other.
Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field (and
the rotor itself) will try to catch up
The larger the angle between the two magnetic fields (up to certain
maximum), the greater the torque load on the rotor of the machine
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

1A 120o 240o
N

2B 3B
S S
L1

L2
L3
N N
3A 2A
Note: RMF snapshot at
S
1B
time w where flux
produced by phase 1
windings is strongest.

Wye-connected Stator
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

120o 240o 1A

2B 3B

3A 2A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

120o 240o 1A

2B 3B

3A 2A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

120o 240o 1A

2B 3B

3A 2A

1B

Direction of net flux at time w

 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

120o 240o 1A

2B 3B

3A 2A

1B

Direction of net flux at time x

 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

120o 240o 1A

2B 3B

3A 2A

1B

Direction of net flux at time y

 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
w x y

120o 240o 1A

2B 3B

3A 2A

1B

Direction of net flux at time w

 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A

2B 3B

120 f s
ns
P
4f s
s
P 3A 2A
ns = synchronous speed of the
RMF in rev/min (rpm)
s = synchronous speed in rad/sec 1B
fs = frequency of the 3-phase
voltage source
P = no. of poles per phase Rotating magnetic field represented by a vector
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

120o 240o
1A

3B
1A Stator input voltage
2B 3B
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
1A
2B 3B
Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)
2B 2A

2A
3A 1B
3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
Synchronous motor rotor movement at no-load or light load
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
Synchronous motor rotor movement at medium-load
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
Synchronous motor rotor movement at heavy load
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
The angle is called the torque angle.
The larger the torque angle the larger is the mechanical
load (torque) on the motor.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A 120o 240o

3B
2B Stator input voltage
(3-phase alternating, RMF)

2A

3A

1B

Rotor input voltage

(DC current, does not rotate)
Theoretically, the torque angle cannot exceed 90o or the motor will
stall. Hence, maximum torque (called the pull-out torque) that the
motor can handle occurs at torque angle 90o.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Flexible cable

Stator RMF (speed=s)

rotor (speed=s)
T
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Flexible cable

stator RMF (speed=s)

rotor (speed=s)
T
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Flexible cable

Stator RMF
rotor break
T
The Three-Phase Induction Motor
 INTRODUCTION

Three-phase induction motors are

the most common and frequently
encountered machines in
industry.
o simple design, rugged, low-
price, easy maintenance.
o wide range of power ratings:
fractional horsepower to 10
MW.
o run essentially as constant 3-phase Induction Motor
speed from zero to full load.
o speed is power source frequency dependent
not easy to have variable speed control.
requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for optimal
speed control.
 CONSTRUCTION

An induction motor has two main

parts:
o Stator
consisting of a steel frame
that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core.
core, constructed from
stacked laminations, having
a number of evenly spaced
slots, providing the space for
the stator winding.

Steel laminations
 CONSTRUCTION

o Stator
3-phase windings are
placed in the slots
spaced 120o electrical
degrees apart.

La-1

La-2
L1
Lb-1 To 3-phase
a
L2 voltage
Lb-2 source
L3
Lc-1
a
c b
Lc-2
b

Delta-wired Stator of a 3-phase IM

 CONSTRUCTION

o Rotor
Is a cylindrical core made of steel laminations.
There are 2 types: the squirrel cage and the wound rotor.
In squirrel cage-type, aluminum bars are mounted near the
surface of the rotor. These bars are welded to two aluminum end
rings, forming a circuit similar to a squirrel cage.
Squirrel-cage IMs are constant speed machines.

Squirrel-cage rotor Squirrel-cage bars

 CONSTRUCTION

o Rotor
In wound-rotor type, the rotor is slotted to hold coils for three
single phase windings. The windings are connected in wye.
The windings terminate at three slip rings mounted on the rotor
shaft.
Riding on the rings are carbon brushes that are connected to an
external speed controller.
Wound-rotor IMs are variable speed machine.

slip rings

Wound-rotor Wound-rotor w/ external controller

 CONSTRUCTION

o Rotor

Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical
wound-rotor
IM. Notice
the brushes
and the slip
rings

Brushes
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

When the 3 stator windings are connected to 3-phase voltage source, it

draws current that creates a rotating or revolving magnetic field or flux
(RMF). The angular speed of the RMF is called the synchronous speed.
The RMF cuts the initially stationary rotor bars (squirrel cage) or windings
(wound-rotor) of the rotor.
According to Faradays Law, this flux cutting, which is maximum when the
rotor is at rest, induces voltage on the rotor bars or windings.
Since the bars or windings makes a close circuit (the bars are connected
by the end rings or the windings are connected via the external circuit),
current flows through these elements, creating a magnetic field of its
own.
The stator and rotor magnetic fields interact with each other, and torque
is produced on the rotor causing it to rotate.
The rotor accelerates and reaches a certain angular speed that is slightly
lesser than the speed of the RMF.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Aluminum bars

1A

2B 3B

L1

Aluminum rings L2

Squirrel cage L3

3A 2A

s
1B

Wye-connected Stator
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
-
E
+ 1A

+ 3B
2B
E
- L1

Er 2 N r f sr L2

Er 4.44 N r f sr L3

3A 2A
Er = induced voltage on the rotor at
startup , volts (V) s
Nr = rotor winding number of turns 1B
per phase
fs = frequency of the 3-phase
voltage source
r= flux per pole that cuts thru the Wye-connected Stator
rotor via the air gap , Weber
(Wb)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

+
E
- 1A

^
^
-
E 2B 3B
+ L1

L2
L3

3A ^ 2A
^
s
1B

Wye-connected Stator
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A

^
^

2B 3B

L1

L2
L3

3A ^ 2A
^
s
1B

Wye-connected Stator
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

1A

^
^

2B 3B

L1

L2
L3

3A ^ 2A
^
s
1B

Wye-connected Stator
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
o The forces on the
surface of the
rotor will develop
torque that will 1A
cause it to rotate.
o If the rotor is
initially at rest, the 2B 3B
torque will cause it r
to accelerate and L1
reach an angular
L2
speed that is
slightly lower than L3
the synchronous
speed s. 3A 2A
o The difference s
between the
synchronous 1B
speed s and rotor
speed r is called
the slip speed Sr.
Wye-connected Stator
END OF SESSION