SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Holy Angel University
#1 Holy Angel Avenue, Sto. Rosario, Angeles City

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Reading and Writing, First Mid-Quarter Period
WHAT IS READING

Reading is a complex "cognitive process" of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning
(reading comprehension). It is a means of language acquisition, communication, and of
sharing information and ideas. (De Certeau, Michel. "Reading as Poaching)

"Reading" is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them. It is
making meaning from print. (http://www.readingrockets.org)

SCANNING VS SKIMMING

Scanning aims to cover a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of information.
Skimming is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over the text with the purpose of getting only the main
ideas and general overview of the content.

READING STRATEGIES

Previewing enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading
it closely. It reviews titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content
of a reading selection

Activating Prior knowledge is the association of the knowledge that the learner already has to the new
information they have at hand. Some call it schema, relevant background knowledge, or just plain
experience.

Making predictions is a strategy in which readers use information from a text (including titles, headings,
pictures, and diagrams) and their own personal experiences to anticipate what they are about to read (or
what comes next). It usually asks "What do you think will happen next?"This is related to this are guessing
and estimation.

Visualizing is the ability to create pictures in the heads based on text read or words heard. It is constructing
a mental image or graphic organizer for the purpose of extracting meaning from the text.

Summarizing requires students to determine what is important in what they are reading and to put it into
their own words. Instruction in summarizing helps students:identify or generate main ideas; connect the
main or central ideas; and, eliminate unnecessary information.

Asking Question/ QAR Strategy encourages learners to understand what kind of information they got from
the text they read. Questions can be effective because they: give students a purpose for reading; focus
students' attention on what they are to learn; help students to think actively as they read; encourage
students to monitor their comprehension; and, help students to review content and relate what they have
learned to what they already know.

Comparing and Contrasting explores likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better.
This maybe done with the elements included in the text. Say for stories, students can compare and contrast
characters, events, settings, and details. But it is more important in expository and persuasive writings.

Organizers illustrate concepts and relationships between concepts in a text or using diagrams or word.
Graphic organizers are known by different names, such as maps, webs, graphs, charts, frames, or clusters.
Semantic organizers can be outlines and the like.
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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION

Brainstorming - is the most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas. It helps in: establishing
patterns of ideas; developing new ways of thinking; activating background knowledge; and, overcoming
mental block.

Brainstorming Strategies

1. Cubing is a strategy that requires cubic (six sides) method of discussion asking the six different angles of
the text. These are the following: 1) Describe the topic (what is it about?); 2) Compare it (what is it like?); 3)
Associate it (what does it make you think of?); 4) Analyze it (what constituent parts is it made of?); 5) Apply it
(how can it be used?); and 6) Argue for and/or against it (how can you support or oppose it?)

2. Freewriting is a strategy that asks the writer to jot down without restrictions not pausing in order to spell
correctly, not going back to rewrite any composed items, and by turning off the inner editor's self. It can be
considered done when one closes the eyes while writing or typing, or turn the computer monitor off.

3. Listing is the enumeration of words that are related to the given topic. This does not require outlining or
connection between or among the terms listed. Nonfiction lists opinions, facts, and questions. Fiction lists
people, places, and qualities.

4. Mapping (clustering, webbing) is a form of listing that involves jotting down ideas on a large writing
surface and then making connections by associating similarly themed ideas. How you produce the map,
exactly, is up to you, but as with any other brainstorming tool, wait until youve (temporarily) run out of ideas
before you begin making connections but dont hesitate to continue recording new ideas as you marshal
others.

5. Researching is a brainstorming that asks the writer to visit a particular resource/s to populate the idea at
hand. The ideas will be listed down in a more structured illustration.

Graphic Organizers - are visual representation of concepts that helps structure information into a pattern.
They present information and connect these info into a coherent framework.

Types of Graphic Organizers

Venn Diagram is used to compare and contrast. It uses

two or more overlapping circles to show similarities and
differences.

Network Tree is used to represent hierarchy,

classification, and branching. It is useful in showing scientific categories,
family tree, even lineage

Problem Solving Map is used to display the nature of the problem and how it
can be solved. The map show the problem, its causes and effect, and the
logical solution

Spider Map/ Semantic Map is used to investigate and enumerate

aspects of the central idea through concepts, topic, or theme. The central
idea is placed at the center, the main ideas are placed diagonal from the
central idea, and the details are placed connected to the main ideas

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Persuasion Map is used to map out arguments and evidence and show these
pieces of information to lead to a logical conclusion. This map is usually used
when processing a persuasive text.

Timeline is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar
labeled with dates and specific events. Timeline can be Linear or Comparative -
Linear shows how events happened in a time; Comparative shows two events that
happened at the same time

Plot Diagram is used to map events in the story. It is used to analyze

major events to be placed in Exposition, Inciting Event, Rising Action,
Climax, Falling Action, and Resolution or Denouement.

Chain of Events is used to describe stages or sequence of events and

explain how one event leads to another to arrive at the final event

Cycle is used to describe a series of events interact to produce a set of

results repeatedly. Some events that may need cycle are water cycle,
metamorphosis, and poverty cycle.

Fishbone Map (use for Cause-Effect Map) is used to

understand the causal relationship of a complex
phenomenon. It shows the factors that caused a specific
event as well as details of each of them

Outlining - is a tool used to organize ideas which can be presented

through decimal or alphanumeric forms. Outlining can be Topic
Outlining or Sentence Outlining

The traditional alphanumeric outline follows a specific format of

letters and numbers. First, number the main sections or topics with
Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on) Use capital Letters (A, B, C and
so on) for the first level of subsection under the Roman numerals. If
there is a further level of subsections after that, use Arabic numerals (1,
2, 3 and so on). If there is still another level after that, use lowercase
letters (a, b, c and so on).

Principles of Outlining
1. Coordination - ideas of the same relevance are to be labeled the
same way (I,II,III or A,B,C)
2. Subordination - minor details have to be placed under the major
details
3. Division - no cluster should contain only one item
4. Parallel Construction - all entries must use the same format of
presentation
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 Topic Outline uses words and phrases as entries. It is
used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a
number of ways.

Sentence Outline uses complete sentences as

entries. It is used if the topic involved is complicated
that requires details.

PATTERNS OF COMMUNICATION

Narration/ Narrative Writing

A narrative is a writing form that tells a story. I is the story (fiction or non-fiction) told and the order in which it
is told. Sometimes, there is a narrator, a character or series of characters, who tell the story. Sometimes, as
with most non-fiction, the author himself/herself in the narrator. (Lexington High School,
http://lps.lexingtonma.org/Page/2254)

Characteristics:
Has a clear focus
Presents events in order
Has well developed plot
Uses sensory details
Uses narrative elements (Plot, Setting, Character, Theme, POV, Literary Devices, Atmosphere)
Uses effective sentence structure

Forms of Narrative
Fiction Narrative Non-Fiction Narrative
Realistic Fiction Personal Narratives
Fantasy Stories Biographical Narratives
Historical Fiction Diary
Mystery Stories Blogs
Myths Eyewitness accounts
Legends Memoirs
Science Fiction Reflective Essays
Tall Tales
Fiction Narrative - a narration/ story that comes from the imagination of the writer.

Realistic Fiction portrays invented characters and events in everyday situations. It is a genre
consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting.
These stories resemble real life, and fictional characters within these stories react similarly to real
people. Stories that are classified as realistic fiction have plots that highlight social or personal
events or issues that mirror contemporary life, such as falling in love, marriage, finding a job, divorce,
alcoholism, etc. They depict our world and our society.

Characteristics of Realistic Fiction

1.Realistic fiction stories tend to take place in the present or recent past.
2.Characters are involved in events that could happen.
3.Characters live in places that could be or are real.
4.The characters seem like real people with real issues solved in a realistic way (so say goodbye
to stories containing vampires, werewolves, sorcerers, dragons, zombies, etc.).
5.The events portrayed in realistic fiction conjure questions that a reader could face in everyday
life.

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Check these examples!
- The Fault In Our Stars by John Green
- From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (Paperback) by E.L. Konigsburg
- Loser (Mass Market Paperback) by Jerry Spinelli
- The Thing About Jellyfish (Hardcover) by Ali Benjamin
- High School Musical by Peter Barsocchini

Check this link and watch the video discussion about Realistic Fiction:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-realistic-fiction-definition-characteristics-examples.html

Fantasy Story is a fiction genre that uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot
element, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where
magic and magical creatures are common. These are highly imaginative writing that contain
elements not found in real life that involve characters, situations, worlds, and creatures.
- In a fantasy story, events occur outside the ordinary laws that operate within the universe.
- Magic is central to the fantasy genre.
- Fantasy stories often involve journeys and quests.

Portals between worlds as seen in fantasy movies./ texts

Protagonists usually cross some kind of opening or portal between the two worlds
- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe: a wardrobe
- The Voyage of the Dawn Treader: a painting
- Haroun and the Sea of Stories: sleep
- Harry Potter books: platform 9 and
- Peter Pan: magical flight
- Inkheart: a gifted storyteller reads aloud

Historical Fiction is about imaginary people in real places and times of history. This may involve real
persons as they interact with fictional (invented) characters. These movies and novels are stories
which are made up but are set in the past that sometimes borrow true characteristics of the time
period in which they are set. For example, a novel that makes up a story about a Civil War battle that
really happened.

Check these examples:

- Einstein Prophesy by Robert Masello
- Hollow City (Miss Peregrines Peculiar Children) by Ransom Riggs, on its World War II feats
- Dracula vs Hitler by Patrick Sheane Duncan
- Abraham Lincoln: The Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame-Smith

Mystery Stories present unexplained or strange events that characters try to solve. These stories
are often packed and full of surprises. The mystery genre is a type of fiction in which a detective, or
other professional, solves a crime or series of crimes. It can take the form of a novel or short story.
This genre may also be called detective or crime novels. The purpose of a mystery novel is to solve
a puzzle and to create a feeling of resolution with the audience.

Check these examples

- The Vanishing Girl by Chris Bedell
- Ghajini (Movie, 2008) by A.R. Murugadoss
- Truth or Dare by Rryan Thomas
Check this link and watch the video discussion about Mystery Stories:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/mystery-genre-definition-characteristics-elements.html

Myths are fictional tales that explain actions of gods or heroes and/or the origins of nature. They
were generally handed down by words of mouth for generations. It is a story based on tradition (or
legend) which has a deep symbolic meaning. A myth 'conveys a truth' to those who tell it and hear it,
rather than necessarily recording a true event. Myths are often used to explain universal and local
beginnings and involve supernatural beings. The great power of the meaning of these stories, to the
culture in which they developed, is a major reason why they survive as long as they do - sometimes
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for thousands of years. Mythology, however, refers to the collected local stories of the people which
maybe about their culture, gods and goddesses, custom, and people.
Check these examples of Myths:
- Wrath of Titans (2012)
- Percy Jackson and the Olympians, The Lightning Thief (2010)
- The Legend of Hercules (2014)

Legends are widely told stories about the past that may or may not have foundations in reality.
These are traditional stories sometimes popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated.

Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of
"possibility", but may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep
them fresh and vital, and realistic. Many legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never
being entirely believed by the participants, but also never being resolutely doubted.

It is a semi-true story, which has been passed on from person-to-person and has important meaning
or symbolism for the culture in which it originates. A legend usually includes an element of truth, or
is based on historic facts, but with 'mythical qualities'. Legends usually involve heroic characters or
fantastic places and often encompass the spiritual beliefs of the culture in which they originate.

Check these examples:

- Atlantis
- El Dorado, The City of Gold
- The Fountain of Youth
- The Holy Grail
- Robin Hood
- Shangri La
- Romulus and Remus

Tall Tales are short stories with an unbelievable plot twist and line. Storytellers read tall tales as if
they were true. Tall tales usually have exaggerations of actual events. In addition, many tall tales
take place in an existing location, such as the American Old West, a European country, or at the
beginning of a major historical event. They tell larger-than-life characters in real life settings. These
characters can perform amazing acts of strength and bravery. Tall tales are usually very funny
because the exaggerations in the story tend to be the main focus of the whole story.

Checklist for a tall tale story:

It should be unbelievable
It has many exaggerations
The main character has a problem to solve
The character is bigger than life and has superhuman abilities
The plot twists loom on its being funny and surprisingly impossibility
In the end the character solves the problem and becomes happy

Check these examples (American Tall Tales):

- Pecos Bill legendary cowboy who "tamed the wild west"
- Paul Bunyan huge lumberjack who eats 50 pancakes in one minute

Examples from Philippine Tall tales:

- Biag ni Lam Ang by Pedro Bukaneg (an Ilocano epic)
- Bernardo Carpio (a Philippine Legend)

Science Fiction is a writing that tells about science and technology. It is a fiction based on imagined
future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently
portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.

Check these examples:

- The Matrix (1999) - District 9 (2009) - Avatar (2009)
- The Martian (2015) - Jurasic World (2015)
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Non-Fiction Narratives - a narration/ story and a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to
create factually accurate narratives.

Personal Narratives/ Autobiography tell true events in a person's life. This is written by the person
himself.

Biographical Narratives are accounts of someone's life written by someone else. It can be short or
book-long.

Diary/ Journals are highly personal experiences, thoughts, and feelings. The audience however is
private, unless intended to be shared.

Blogs are online journals that may include autobiographical narratives, reflections, opinions, and other
types of comments that target a particular audience.

Eyewitness Accounts are writings that focus on historical or other important events. The writer is the
narrator who shares thoughts about the event he/she just witnessed.

Memoirs are accounts written by someone about meaningful scenes about his life and experiences.

Reflective Essays present personal experiences that generally focus on sharing observations and
insights the writer had.

Description/ Descriptive Writing

This type of writing expresses ideas about real or imagined people, events, and ideas primarily using the
senses. It uses precise language and sensory expressions to create vivid images and figurative language.
Its purpose is to allow its readers to experience the the environment it introduces.

Characteristics:
- has clear purpose and sense of purpose
- uses details and precise words
- presents details in logical order

Sensory Images in Descriptive

Visual/ Sight
- can show outline, sizes, distance, perspective, motion, color, light, or surface

Auditory/ Hearing
- can distinguish volume (loud/soft), quality, pitch, and cause or source of sound

Tactile/ Touch
- can allow feeling of texture, temperature, resistance (hard/soft), skin sensation, and moisture

Gustatory/ Taste
- can describe taste of sweetness, saltiness, etc

Olfactory/ Smell
- can help determine scents and other odor

Organic (with the help of internal organs)

- can help feel pain, fever, shivering, weight, and pressure

Definition Writing
This is a process of writing by which through analysis and explication, the meaning of a term is made clearer.
It is very useful in explaining unfamiliar terms making them more familiar. Definition writing is necessary for
indicating the precise sense of the word used. It can be done using: Synonyms, Classifications, and
Negation.

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 Synonym is done by explaining the term by using the words that mean the same thing.
- Communication is a social contact between similar kind.
- Skill is a competence that proved someones accomplishment.
Class is done when you put your topic in a larger category to explain your term.
- Business is an economic system where goods and services are exchanged.
- Management is the act of organizing and coordinating business activities.
Negation means that the the term will be defined based on what it is not.
- Education is never driven by a single person.
- Studying is not about allowances.

Kinds of Definition

Formal
- follows concise logical pattern that permits maximum information in a minimum space
- it is methodical and systematic
- it involves three parts:

Specie - the term being defined

Genus - the family or class the specie belongs
Differentia - specific characteristics of the specie

Examples:
Radio is an appliance that is used for listening music and news
STEM is a strand that focuses on mathematics, sciences, technology.
Language is a medium that sees no boundaries.
Examination is an assessment that identifies how well a student learns.
Accounting is a process that is employed to keep someones financial account.

Informal
- it is the substitution of familiar words or phrases for the unfamiliar terms
- sometimes a phrase, clause, or even a sentence may be used here
- it is generally partial, inacurate, and incomplete
- it lacks emphasis and completeness

Examples:

Radios play am and fm frequencies

ABM is my strand in Grade 11.
Language is dynamic.
Examination happens every end of the Quarter.
Accounting is my favorite subject.

Methods of Definition

Physical Description focuses on defining shapes, sizes and other visual appearances.
Facebook is a social media with light and easy interfaces that is seen from keys to color.
Holy Angel University is an institution that has facilities from science laboratories to arts.

Word Derivation/ Etymology gives insight into how a word came to be as it talks about its origin. It is
how most definitions are defined
Education is a process that means bringing up derived from Latin educare
Number is an arithmetic symbol that is taken from Latin numerus which means proportion.

Elimination is about telling what it is and identifying what it is not to retain the true sense of the term
Martial Law is a state that is controlled by the highest military personnel in the land.
Christmas is an annual Christian celebration that is about Christs birth.

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 Negative Statement is similar to Elimination as it emphasizes what is not, focusing on an obvious
other aspect of the term being defined
Piracy is an illegal act that does not have teeth to violators.
Happiness is a state which is never about bullying and offending other persons.

Concrete Examples & Instances aims to give the specifics of the term, it is considered the best of
the methods
Laptop is a communication device that has the same function with personal computers.
Senior High School is a program that is similar to vocational and crash courses.

Location tells where the term may be found

A flashdrive is a computer accessory that is usually connected to the motherboard.
Utopia is a paradise that is created and found in the mind of the makers.

Classification Writing (Division, Exemplification, Partition)

This is method that breaks large subject into categories for purpose of analysis. The result of putting large
unmanageable items into a category will be an easier way of understanding the material. This is also a
process of grouping together objects for a specified basis, focuses on relationships

Principles:
It places related items into
groups
It can only be used for
plural subjects
The categories should be
parallel
Categories must not
overlap

In a classification writing, we organize things into categories and give examples of things that fit into each
category.

Before writing, it is necessary to decide on the classification criteria. We should think according to what
properties we are going to classify things. The criteria must be discriminating and the emerging classes
should be non-overlapping. Check the example below:

Comparison and Contrast Writing focuses on similarities and differences between topics

It can be presented thru:

1. Block Method - written by comparing and contrasting the subjects involved in the text. It can be
done by making discussion on one subject first, followed by the other subject.
2. Point by point - written by
comparing and contrasting
specific similarities and
differences.
3. Comparisons followed by
contrasts - written by discussing
similarities first, followed by
differences vis-a-vis.

The comparison & contrast should make a point or serve a purpose and do at least one in these:
Clarify something unknown or not well understood.
Lead to a fresh insight or new way of viewing something.
Bring one or both of the subjects into sharper focus.
Show that one subject is better than the other.

LAUS DEO SEMPER!

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