SAMI 2016 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics January 21-23, 2016 Herlany,

ny, Slovakia

Navigation System for Sightseeing using BLE

Beacons in a Historic Area
Atsushi Ito*, Yuko Hiramatsu**, Hiryuki Hatano*, Mie Sato*, Masahiro Fujii*, Yu Watanabe*, Fumihiro
Sato**, Akira Sasaki***
*
Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University
7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi, 320-8585 Japan
** Department of Economics, Chuo University

742-1 Higashinakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan

*** GClue Inc.

2-1-14 Higashi-Sengoku, Aizu-wakamatsu-shi, Fukushima, 965-0818, Japan

{at.ito, hatano, mie, fujii, yu}@is.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp
{susana_y, fsato}@tamacc.chuo-u.ac.jp
akira@gclue.jp

AbstractIn this paper, we explained a result of trial in
2014 and 2015 of navigation system using BLE beacon for
sightseeing in Nikko. We firstly explain the result of a
research of characteristics of visitors to Nikko. From the
questionnaire to visitors of Nikko, to support young people
(20th) and foreigners by ICT are important. Especially to
solve problems of transportation and to provide information
of shopping and eating location are important. Also, to give
them the culture and history in Nikko area is important.
For that purpose, we designed a cognitive model for travel
based on Zeigarnik Effect to increase expectation by adding
unknown part. Then we designed a trial application that
works with BLE beacon and performed trial to evaluate the
usefulness of navigation system using BLE beacon for
sightseeing and effect of quiz to emphasis expectation of
travel in Nikko. We found that BLE beacon in outdoor
worked well and if visitors are walking, they can find almost
all beacons in 2014. The result of the quiz rally in
September 2015 shows that more difficult questions caused
higher satisfaction.
I. INTRODUCTION
In 2020, the Olympic game will be held in Japan and
many foreigners will visit Japan. Prime Minister Abe
expressed Japanese hospitality, OMOTENASHI in the
presentation of final decision of cities of Olympic game in
2020. We would like to represent OMOTENSHI by using
ICT, especially by using smartphones.
In the ICT era, we can find huge information of
traveling in text, photo and video from Web sites and
mobile applications. However, amount of information
that can be downloaded from Web is not directly relating
to increasing of visitors. Mobile applications for
sightseeing are usually a downsized web site. It is not
easy to find appropriate information for travellers,
especially for foreigners.
Traditionally, travelling is getting away from daily life.
Visiting unknown places is one of the great pleasures. We
can discover many things such as hidden history of a
village, original culture and wild nature. Discover
means dis=unveil cover, so a travel gives us new
information. The dream to discover unknown parts of the
world brings us to unknown places. The satisfaction is not
proportional to the amount of information.
We started a study to investigate what is the most
attractive aspect of travel and how to increase expectation
and satisfaction of travel in Nikko [1]. Nikko is one of
the world heritages in Japan. In Nikko, there is the
Tosyogu-shrine [2] that is a gorgeous grave of Ieyasu
Tokugawa who is the first Syogun of Tokugawa Era.
However, now, Nikko is not so famous for foreigners. A
research by travel agency displayed that Nikko is not
listed in top 30 locations where foreigners would like to
visit [3].
This study was selected as one of research themes of
SCOPE (Strategic Information and Communications
R&D Promotion Programme) [4] funded by Ministry of
Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan (MIC) [5].
The research period was form August 2014 to March
2015.
This study was performed as a collaboration of Faculty
of Information Systems Science of Utsunomiya
University and Department of Economics of Chuo
University. Also, two large travel agents, tourism
association of Nikko and representative of the shopping
street near Tosyogu-shrine joined this study as advisors.
Last year, we performed this study as a feasibility study
for the development of sightseeing system by BLE
(Bluetooth Low Energy) beacon [6,7]. The purpose of
the feasibility study was to collect real voice and
impression on Nikko from visitors and to confirm the
possibility to use BLE beacon for sightseeing.
We firstly obtained information by questionnaires and
decided some assumptions, and then we performed
experiment of navigation system using BLE beacon for
sightseeing.
In section 2, we mention the overview of technologies
that are used for sightseeing, especially relation of a
smartphone. Then we explain the result of questionnaires
and assumptions of characteristics of travelers to Nikko.
In section 4, our cognitive model for travel, that is
designed to increase expectation of travel is explained. In
section 5, we explain the outline of BLE beacon and the
reach of beacon. In section 6, we explain system design.

978-1-4673-8740-8/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE 171

A. Ito et al. Navigation System for Sightseeing using BLE Beacons in a Historic Area
In section 7, we mention the result of experiment. In
section 8, we explain the related work. At last, we
mention the conclusion and further studies.
II. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SIGHTSEEING
A. Information Scicece for Sightseeing
There was a special issue of sightseeing information
science in a magazine of Information Processing Society
Japan, October 2012 [10]. The special issue introduced
many technologies such as navigation using a smartphone
and tablet, treasure hunting, providing information to
foreigners, using AR and providing information of
evacuation places to prepare large disaster.
However, the articles are technology oriented and the
viewpoint from the sightseeing psychology such as how
to provide information of unknown and mysterious
elements was missing. As we explained in section 1, one
of the motivations to visit unknown places is novelty
seeking [11]. The known feeling does not increase
visitors. What kind of information causes satisfaction
and pushing them to visit the place again?
B. Sightseeing Psychology
There are several researches from different viewpoints
such as economics, sociology etc. We decided to
introduce an idea of sightseeing psychology. There are
three stages model [8], that contains three stages such as
before travel, travelling and after travel. There are also
five stages model [9]. Both indicates that sightseeing
includes planning, performing travel and memory of
travel.
C. Technologies in Smartphones
Recent smart phones have many sensors. In TABLE 1,
functions, devices and relation and related tourist
information are described. Many devices can be used to
get information and find location of tourist. Figure 1
describes typical information that is required for
sightseeing.
Spot information and transportation information is
common. Spot information means the information such
as name of the shrine, explanation of its history,
open/close date and time and location (Map and longitude
and latitude). Shop information also has same structure.
Transportation information means such as bus timetable
to Tosyogu-shirine. The result of our questionnaire-based
research in Nikko also explained that tourist requires
these information. Also Details of our research relating
172
to required travel information will be explained in the
next section. We think additional information, notice, is
important as described in Figure 1. This information
means a kind of unknown information emphasis the
impression of travel. Details will be explained in section
4 by using cognitive model.
TABLE I.
FUNCTIONS AND DEVICES IN A SMART PHONE
III. RESULT OF QUESTIONEERS
In this section, we would like to explain the result of
questionnaires about Nikko.
A. Questionnaires at Nikko
We performed next research in Nikko from September
1st to 3rd, 2014. We made a questionnaire based on the
result of research through website.
The answers were total 606, 534 was in Japanese and 72
in English. The outline of the answers is as follows.
(1) 48% visited Nikko two days and one night. Over 3
nights were 5%.
(2) Visitors of natural area such as Nikko nature
museum and Akanuma (that means a red marsh) visitor
center visited there 5.81 times in average. There were
many repeaters. On the other hand, visitors to
Kinugawa visited there 2.22 times in average. People
who love nature visit Nikko frequently. Many people
visit Nikko one or two times, but some people visit
there over 10 times.
(3) Middle age and elder people visit Nikko by car and
freely visit many places in Nikko. On the other hand,
young people (20th) and foreigners visit Nikko by train
and move around on foot or by bus.
(4) Young people (20th) and foreigners would like to
 SAMI 2016 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics January 21-23, 2016 Herlany, Slovakia
visit nature, however their activity area is limited near
Tosyogu-shrine.
(5) Foreigners, especially, would like to join many
activities.
(6) Young people (20th) and foreigners get information
from website.
(7) Young people (20th) use smartphone to get
information of MAP, restaurant, weather and
sightseeing facilities during staying in Nikko.
Evaluation of nature and history/culture were 4.0
(Likert scale), however, hopping and night spots were
under 3.0.
The activity of young people (20th) and foreigners are
limited since they do not have car, however they are
interested in to visit nature and enjoy hiking.
It is so that important to support young people (20th) and
foreigners. Especially to solve problems of transportation
and to provide information of shopping and eating
location are important.
B. Asuumptions from these questionnaires
However, young people (20th) and foreigners does not
satisfied with the sightseeing in Nikko even they get
information from website. We imagine that the
information on website is just a memorandum written by
people who does not know that area. For example, there
are many photos of Tosyogu-shirine and Shinkyo-bridge
(a small red bridge at the entrance of holly area of
Tosyogu-shrine). However, there are many small
historical and cultural spot between the railway station
and Shinkyo-bridge. Why there are long way, 1.5km,
between the railway station and Shinkyo-bridge? Is it
inconvenient? Usually, there is long approach in front of
Japanese shrine. This structure is different from churches
in western countries. At the shrine, people clean up the
body, hands and also their mind by fresh water at a small
spring at the beginning of approach. Then visitors climb
up the steps with expectation. This is the tradition of
visiting shrines, however, young people (20th) and
foreigners does not know the tradition and their activity is
point to point such as a station to a shrine. We would like
to extent their activity to enjoy the approach instead of
jumping from station to Tosyogu-shrine.
We think that to increase visitors and re-construct
historical area in Nikko, it is important to provide
information to feel and understand culture and history of
Nikko area.
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IV. COGNITIVE MODEL FOR SIGHTWEEING
How to provide information to feel and understand
culture and history of Nikko area? And how to increase
visitors and repeaters?
We focus on Zeigarnik Effect [12]. Zeigarnik Effect
explains that a desire or stress to complete uncompleted
part can keep memory longer. In another word, Zeigarnik
tasks that have been completed are recalled less well than
tasks that have not been completed. Nowadays all the
applications provide detailed navigation functions for
trips, however, we would like to create the incomplete
experience based on the Zeigarnik effect.
Figure 2 explains our cognitive model for sightseeing.
In the ordinary mental model of sightseeing, simple loop,
Expectation (before travel) => Notice (during travel) =>
Memory (after travel).
There are several related works about Environmental
psychology and tourism. Pearce and Stringer 1991 [9]
studied from the viewpoint of physiology, cognition and
individual variation etc. Fridgen 1984[13], van Raaij 1996
[14], Toshiji Sasaki also studied about this field. T.Sasaki
told that we could part into 3 scenes in a trip: before the
trip, during the trip and after the trip. And it is important
for travelers to be impressed in each part [8].
In our model in Figure 2, if a visitor finds unknown part
of visited area, Zeigarnik effect causes strong memory that
remains after the travel. Then the memory extended and
emphasized by unknown part causes unknown expectation
and generate desire to visit there again. We evaluated that
to make unknown part, quizzes are effective [15]. We, so
that, decided to add quiz function on sightseeing
application.
For example, if I do not know the answer of question
about Tosyogu-shrine, such as The roof of Hall of
worship of Tosyogu-shrine has 100 pictures of dragons.
How many fingers do they have?. This is not easy
question. It is difficult to answer it at the first time, so that
the image of picture of dragons may input in my
memory and I would like to see the picture or would like
to see it again.
V. BLE BEACON
BLE beacon is new technology for proximity
communication. We selected BLE beacon to push
information to tourists.
Our target is youth and foreigners. As described in
TABLE 1, 3G/LTE and Wi-Fi are commonly used to
access information and download it. Foreigners, however,
do not want to use data roaming through 3G/LTE since it
is very expensive in foreign countries. Also, GPS
function and Wi-Fi functions usually consume battery of a
smartphone too much, so travellers do now want to use it
during sight seeing. In addition, usually, they have to
access cloud to display MAP through 3G/LTE and to use
GPS.
We, so that, decided to use another technology instead
of GPS to specify location. Wi-Fi is another solution,
however it also consumes battery of smartphone too
much. The remaining technology is BLE. BLE consumes
less battery comparing to Wi-Fi and GPS. Also, BLE
beacon works about half or one year by using button
shape battery. It is easy to set BLE beacon not only in
shops but also outdoor without power supply by wire.
A. Ito et al. Navigation System for Sightseeing using BLE Beacons in a Historic Area

There are many trials to provide location information

and shop information in shopping mole and station [16,

17,18]. However it is rare to use BLE beacon for outdoor
navigation. App top
Detected Information
beacon of shops
BLE beacon works as described in Figure 3. A beacon
sends advertising message using three channels, 37,38,39
in prefixed interval. For example, iBeacon, defined by
Apple, sends advertising message in every 100msec [19].
The important characteristic of BLE is low power
consumption. BLE requires 1/10 to 1/100 of classic
Bluetooth. It is expected that a beacon may work more
than one year without battery change. This is the reason
we decided to use BLE beacon for sightseeing, especially
for out door navigation.
We tested the reach of BLE beacon in five different Information
areas before deciding beacon location. We used two Beacon
stamp rally
Beacon
Map
of bus
iPhones to measure the reach, one worked as a beacon and stops

another worked as scanner. The result was described in

TABLE II. In the city area (between the station and
Shinkyo-bridge) and main approach of Tosyogu-shrine,
the reach was about 80m, however, in the forest, the reach
was less than 40m, since the advertising signal is absorbed
by water contained in leaves.

TABLE II.
REACH OF ADVERTISEENT OF BLE

Location Reach of Advertisement Right

Quiz Top Quiz
Between the Nikko station and Shinkyo-bridge about 80m Answer

Near the Tosyogu-shrine:on the main approach about 80m

Near the Tosyogu-shrine in the forest about 40m
Figure 4. Screens of Application
Bus stops near the station about 80m
a signal from beacon #13, the application displays On
Shops near the statio: in front of a shop about 10m
Forest of Senjyogahara (summer)
the left hand side, there is a slope. At the end of slope,
about 20m
Forest of Senjyogahara (winter) about 40m
there is an old temple, Kannonji, 180m to Shinkyo-bridge
and 1,250m to the Nikko station. A visitor can find a

R oad
VI. SYSTEM DESIGN S ign b oard (S teel)

A. Designing Application
P ole
We think that it is important to provide good
impression as visitors are expected (Figure 2). To satisfy S ign b oard (S teel)
these criteria, we decided the following requirements.
beac on
(1) Do not use GPS to reduce power consumption
(2) Provide sightseeing information relating to a BLE
beacon S ignal

(3) Navigation works in both foreground and

background
Figure 5. Setting of Beacon on a Sign Board
(4) To display distance from the station to Shinkyo-
bridge
R : reac h of beac on B R : reac h of beac on A
(5) To display a time table of main bus stops
B eac on D B eac on
Figure 4 displays some screenshots of the application. B A
We used Nikko-kamen that is a mascot character of
Nikko. This application was implemented on iPhone (5,
5s, 6).
Find beac on B Find beac on A
Each beacon contains information relating to location
of a beacon. For example, when the application receives Figure 6. Distance Between Beacons

174
 SAMI 2016 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics January 21-23, 2016 Herlany, Slovakia

small historic temple by this message. Figure 8 displays a beacon on the signboard. Figure 9
displays location of beacons in Nikko that we used for the
experiment. Beacon 1 to 17 are located between the
railway station and Shinkyo-bridge. Beacon 18 to 25 are
located in shops. Beacon #2, 7, 8, 9, 10 are located
around the Tosyogu-shrine. The goal is the Nikko Visitor
Center that is located between the Nikko station and
Shinkyo-bridge.
VII. RESULT OF THE TRIAL
Figure 7. Beacon We performed the first trial of this application and
Left (board): R=32mm Right (case): R=50mm beacons on November 9, 2014. 6 students and 3 faculties
joined the trial. It was a rainy day, but many people visit
B. Designing location of beacon Nikko to enjoy the autumn leaves. Near the Shinkyo-
To receive advertising signal stably between the Nikko bridge, red bridge and red leaves showed beautiful
station and Tosyogu-shrine, we decided the distance of scenery. We performed test in three cases as follows.
beacon as follows. (Case1) Walking from the Nikko station to Shinkyo-
(1) To receive a signal from beacon in background, it bridge
is required to receive a beacon every one minute (Case2) Moving from Nikko station to Shinkyo-bridge
or longer to avoid a restriction of iPhone. by bus.
(2) Let assume the distance of beacons is D and the (Case3) Walking to Nikko visitor center from Shinkyo-
range of a beacon is R. bridge by visiting shops where a beacon was
(3) We set a beacon to send a message to one located.
direction. (Figure 5) In Case1, about 95% of beacons were found. When
(4) If D > R, beacons does not make interference visitors are walking, the beacon system worked as we
each other. expected. In Case 3, about 80% of beacons were found.
(5) Walking speed is about 84m/min [20] and range In Case 2, on the foreground, the result was sometimes
of beacon is about 80m as described in section 4. good and sometimes bad because of the seat location. In
front of the bus, seats were under windows, so it was
(6) Finally, we decided D = 100m and R = 80m. difficult to detect signal from beacons. Details are
(Figure 6) described in [22].
Figure 7 shows the picture and size of beacon case and In September of this year, we performed a trial to use
board. This year, we are using Raytac MDBD40 [21] as quiz rally to measure the effect of quiz to increase
BLE module. expectation. Three screens at the bottom of Figure 4
explain the quiz function. If the application can detect a
beacon that is tied on a question, a pop up screen (center
of the bottom of Figure 4) appears and a user can try the
quiz. We set two types of quizzes, one was relating to
history of Nikko and another was relating to culture of
Edo era. Each set had 10 questions. It means that the quiz
function 12 students tried former one and 6 students tried
latter one. The age was between 20 and 27.

TABLE III.
CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFICULTY OF QUIZ AND IMPRESSION



Figure 8. Beacon on a sign board (in Dotted Circle)

Tosyogu
shrine TABLE III explains that questions of History of Nikko
#2
were more difficult than that of Culture of Edo era.
#10 #9 #8
Students tried more than twice (2.2) to reach correct
#7 15 24
Shinkyo 14
answer if they tried History of Nikko. On the other hand,
bridge 18

22
13
19
Students tried less than twice (1.8) to reach correct answer
12

16
11
if they tried Culture of Edo era. However, students who
23
10

17
20 9
8
tried the quiz of History of Nikko had better impression
25 7
6
(2.1) comparing to students who tried the quiz of Culture
5
21
4
1
Nikko of Edo era (0.8). From this result, we can assume that
tough questions (but not so much tough) may cause good
3 2 station

impression for tourists. At this moment, we cannot say

Figure 9. Beacon MAP the cognitive model for travel. We are planning to ask

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A. Ito et al. Navigation System for Sightseeing using BLE Beacons in a Historic Area
students who joined this trial what is remaining in their
mind relating to travel of Nikko.
In addition, as the nature of quiz sequence, all the
beacons relating to quiz was detected by the application.
VIII. RELATED WORKS
The TAG CLOUD (Technologies lead to Adaptability
& lifelong enGagement with culture throughout the
CLOUD) project in the EU is a remarkable system using
smartphone technology to provide information about
traditional cultural sites [23]. The TAG CLOUD project
by CORDIS (the Community Research and Development
Information Service) was launched to investigate ways of
enabling cultural engagement using cloud-based
technologies that leverage the adaptability and
personalization of cultural heritage content, aimed at
supporting deeper engagement and learning over time.
While the TAG CLOUD uses a cloud service, our
application is designed to work without the cloud since
Internet access for visitors may be limited in rural areas.
However, their aim is similar to that of our project.
IX. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER STUDIES
In this paper, we explained a result of trial in 2014 and
2015 of navigation system using BLE beacon for
sightseeing in Nikko. We firstly performed a research of
characteristics of visitors to Nikko in 2014. From the
questionnaire, to support young people (20th) and
foreigners by ICT are important to increase visitors and
replaters to Nikko. Especially to solve problems of
transportation and to provide information of shopping and
eating location are important. Also, to give them the
culture and history in Nikko area is important. For that
purpose, we designed a cognitive model for travel based
on Zeigarnik Effect to increase expectation by adding
unknown part. Then we designed a trial application that
works with BLE beacon and performed trial to evaluate
the usefulness of navigation system using BLE beacon for
sightseeing and effect of quiz to emphasis expectation of
travel in Nikko. We found that BLE beacon in outdoor
worked well and if visitors are walking, they can find
almost all beacons. If they move by bus, BLE beacon also
work well. The result of the quiz rally in September 2015
shows that more difficult questions caused higher
satisfaction. After the trial of quiz rally, we started a
follow-up research to detect the change of long term
memory of Nikko as an effect of quiz. We will ask
students who joint this research what is remaining in mind
after the trial in Nikko at one month after, three month
after, so on to proof our cognitive model for travel.
Followings are the part of further study issues to be
completed in next year as the second phase of this project.
(1) Develop Taiwanese version
(2) Evaluate quiz rally function
(3) Extend the location of beacons such as around Ashio
Mine, Senjyogahara etc.
(4) Construct a server to push temporary information,
such as special sale of souvenir shop, bus route
change relating to festival etc. to visitors
(6) Beacon network design tool to optimize beacon
location and assignment of UUID when adding new
beacon or removing existing beacon
176
(7) Beacon maintenance tool to manage more than 100
beacons
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to express special thanks to
Mr.Funakoshi of Nikko Tourism Association, Mr.Ishihara
of Educational Tour Institute, Mr.Miyamoto of Kinki
Nippon Tourist Co., Ltd., Mr.Muroi and Mr.Ueda of H.I.S
Co.,Ltd., Mr.Takamura and Mr.Yoshida of Hatsuishi-kai
that is an association of shopping street of Nikko,
Mr.Nakagawa of Kounritsuin Temple, and Dr.Nagai who
is a Professor Emeritus of Utsunomiya University.
This research was performed as a project of SCOPE
(Strategic Information and Communications R&D
Promotion Programme) funded by Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications in Japan.
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