Accurate Performance Analysis of UWB Acquisition Over
Multipath Channels
Yao Ma and Lei Zhao
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Iowa State University
Ames, IA, 50011, USA
{mayao,leizhao}@iastate.edu
ABSTRACT
Signal acquisition is a critical step for the ultrawideband
(UWB) communication link to be set up, thus, accurate ac-
quisition performance analysis is of practical importance.
In this paper, we analyze the pulse-level acquisition per-
formance of dierential coherent and noncoherent acquisi-
tion schemes combined with a novel hopping method, non-
consecutive search (NCS) and path diversity (PD) for fast
and low-complexity UWB acquisition over multipath chan-
nels. We derive the receiver output statistics and acquisi-
tion probabilities valid for arbitrary order of path diversity
and for both dierential and noncoherent acquisitions. Fur-
thermore, using a generating function (GF)-based method,
we accurately evaluate the mean, variance and the distri-
bution function of the acquisition time TA , accounting for
the eect of multiple co-channel interferers and multipath
fading channels. Simulation and numerical results verify
our analysis and show the large performance enhancement
realized by NCS/PD than the serial search.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
B.4 [Input/Output And Data Communications]: Per-
formance Analysis and Design Aids
General Terms
Performance, Algorithms
Keywords
Ultra-wideband communication, acquisition performance,
generating function, search algorithm
1. INTRODUCTION
Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication is an emerging
wireless technology which can provide seamless, low-cost,
highly reliable video, audio and data connectivity. UWB
comes with uniquely attractive features: low-power trans-
missions, ample multipath diversity, high data-rates, accu-
rate ranging and positioning, and the potential for huge
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899
increase in capacity. With an extremely large bandwidth
of 7.5 GHz (3.1 GHz -10.6 GHz) that has been approved by
FCC for unlicensed commercial use [3], the study of UWB
signalling has intensied in the past few years.
Initial acquisition is a crucial task for a UWB communi-
cation link to be set up and various algorithms for fast and
reliable acquisition have been proposed and evaluated [4,
13, 18, 15, 9, 5, 12]. Despite these signicant contributions,
accurate performance analysis of the UWB signal acquisi-
tion over realistic multipath channels based on a systematic
analytical framework has not been adequately addressed.
In this paper, we focus on the acquisition analysis for time-
hopping impulse radio UWB (TH-UWB) systems using a
systematic approach of the generating function and accu-
rate signal statistics.
We propose dierential coherent and noncoherent acqui-
sition schemes combined with a novel hopping method,
nonconsecutive search and path diversity (NCS/PD) [11,
6, 7] for fast and low-complexity UWB acquisition over
multipath channels. In our scheme, the hopping code chip
duration Tc is much smaller than the pulse duration Tw .
As we will show later, this design will render the multiple
access interference (MAI) approaches a Gaussian distribu-
tion, a fact not known in the literature but extremely useful
for TH-UWB systems. The NCS/PD acquisition scheme
for a CDMA multipath channel with three-fold diversity
was proposed in [11]. The detection probability for UWB
with NCS was evaluated in [7], which, however, did not
consider the path diversity and also the performance anal-
ysis in terms of statistics of the acquisition time TA was
not included.
For accurate acquisition performance analysis of the con-
ventional and the NCS/PD schemes for UWB channels, we
derive the receiver output statistics, taking into account
the eects of multiple co-channel interferers and multipath
fading. To evaluate the acquisition probabilities for arbi-
trary order of path diversity, we design a novel analytical
approach by evaluating the moment generating functions
(MGFs) of the decision variables (DVs) and using inverse
Laplace transform of the MGFs to obtain the cumulative
distribution functions (cdfs) of the DVs.
Furthermore, we derive the generating function (GF) for
the acquisition time TA for the conventional and the pro-
posed searching schemes, and present a general and yet
more strict analysis than those available in the literature.
For example, it is assumed that the cell-search starts from
an H0 cell [8], or from the rst cell of the H1 region [6,
16], and the case that the search starts from within the H1
region has not been included in those works. Due to the
extensive multipath spread for UWB signals the H1 region
is substantially long, thus, this case cannot be ignored and
will be included in our analysis in a strict way.
Consequently, we can accurately evaluate the mean, vari-
ance, and cdf of the acquisition time. Simulation and nu-
merical results verify our analysis and show the large per-
formance improvement of the proposed acquisition schemes
over the serial search. Our result can be readily used for
practical UWB communication design and analysis for mul-
tiuser systems over multipath channels.
2. SYSTEM MODEL
2.1 Signalling Schemes
We consider pulse position modulation (PPM) and bi-
nary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), and the latter is
equivalent to binary phase shift keying (BPSK).
2.1.1 UWB-PPM
Consider a system with K active users. The received
UWB-PPM pure signal the kth user over the j-th symbol
duration (k = 1, . . . , K, j = 0, 1, . . .) can be represented by
(j+1)Ns 1
(j)
 (j)
xk (t) = w(t nTf ck,n Tc dk,PPM ) (1)
n=jNs
where Tf is a frame interval, and there are Ns frames in one
symbol period Ts , so that Ts = Ns Tf . w(t) is the received
mono-cycle waveform, with major energy concentrated in
the duration t (0, Tw ) and Tw  Tf . The autocorrelation
 T /2
function of w(t) is dened as Rw ( ) = Tww /2 w(t)w(t
)dt, with Rw ( ) = 0 for (Tw , Tw ), and Rw ( ) =
0 otherwise. w(t) may be dierent from the transmitted
monopulse due to channel distortion. In our scheme, we
assume the receiver has the knowledge of w(t).
In (1), Tc is a chip interval, and ck,n , for n = 0, 1, . . . , Np
1, is a time hopping (TH) sequence (or called hopping code)
for the kth user, with period Np . When Np = Ns , this
sequence is normally referred to as a short TH sequence;
otherwise if Np > Ns , it is called a long TH sequence.
In the acquisition mode for the desired user, short TH
code with period Ts is used. Accordingly, the correspond-
ing uncertainty region to be searched for acquisition pur-
(j)
pose is Ts . We assume dk,PPM = 0 in the acquisition mode.
2.1.2 UWB-BPSK
For BPSK modulation, the signal may be represented by
(j+1)Ns 1
(j)
 (j)
xk (t) = dk,BP w(t nTf ck,n Tc ) (2)
n=jNs
(j)
where dk,BP = 1 is the data for jth symbol of the kth
user.
2.2 Channel Model
IEEE 802.15.3a Model [10, 1] has been proposed for the
UWB channel modelling for wireless personal area net-
works (WPANs). In this model, the path delays are non-
uniformly spaced according to clustered structures. The
channel impulse response for the ith user is given by

L
hk (t) = k,l (t k,l ) (3)
l=1
where (t) is the Dirac delta function, L is the number
of resolvable paths, and k,l and k,l are the channel gain
and timing delay of the kth users l-path. We assume k,l
remains constant for a block of symbols, but will vary from
one block to another.
After undergoing a multipath channel, the received signal
from the K users may be represented by,


K

L
(j)
r(t) = Pk k,l (j)xk (t k,l ) + n(t) (4)
j=0 k=1 l=1
(j)
where Pk is the average signal power for user k, and xk (t)
was dened in (2) and (1) for UWB-BPSK and UWB-PPM
signals, respectively.
Without loss of generality, we assume that 1,1 = 0 and
0 k,l < Ts +Tm for all k and l, where Tm is the maximum
multipath delay spread. n(t) is a zero-mean additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) with power spectrum density N0 .
2.3 Acquisition Methods
2.3.1 Conventional Serial Search
In this scheme, we assume that the correlation receiver
output is tested consecutively, with the searching step size
tSer . For the case of uniformly-spaced multipath we assume
the multipath resolvable interval is ts = 1/B = Tw /M ,
where B is the RF bandwidth of w(t), and M (assumed to
be an integer) is the number of paths in a pulse duration.
The number of tested cells in the uncertainty region of
one symbol interval Ts is
Ns Tf
Nu =  +1 (5)
tSer
where x is the largest integer not larger than x.
2.3.2 NCS/PD
To utilize the eect of long-spread multipath and cy-
clostationarity of UWB signals, we may employ the path-
diversity and nonconsecutive search [11, 7]. For the PD,
we assume that the correlator outputs for N dierent cells
are combined, with a time delay dierence of Tw /2 between
the nth and (n + 1)th correlators, for n = 1, . . . , N . For
example, when the rst correlator is testing the ith cell, the
second correlator is aligned to the (i + M/2)th cell. The
N cells under test is called a cell group (CG). For NCS,
the next CG to be tested has a time delay of N tSer with
respect to the current CG, with N 2N .
With noncoherent acquisition, the correlator outputs are
summed by using the square-law combining to form a new
decision variable (DV), which is compared to a detection
threshold. Faster acquisition than noncoherent acquisition
may be achieved by using the dierentially coherent ac-
quisition [17], in which the correlation outputs at adja-
cent symbol durations are multiplied to form the DV. For
NCS/PD the acquisition is achieved when a cluster of cells
within the H1 region is positively declared as signal cells.
Thus, our schemes achieve the pulse-level acquisition, in-
stead of the more rough symbol-level and frame-level ac-
quisitions.
3. CORRELATION OUTPUT STATISTICS
AND ACQUISITION PROBABILITIES
We derive the correlation receiver output statistics and
the related detection and false alarm probabilities, which
900
are then used to analyze the statistics of the acquisition the unconditional variance for ysi as
time in the next section. For tractability of the analysis, we
assume that the multipath channel has a uniformly-spaced s2i = s2i ,SIG + s2i ,MAI + Ns Rw (0)N0 (10)
paths. Our analytical result may be extended to the case
where
of non-uniformly spaced paths (e.g. the IEEE 802.15.3a
Model [10, 1]). Without loss of generality, we assume that 
M
the rst user (k = 1) is the desired user. s2i ,SIG = Ns2 P1 2
1,i+l 2 (lt )
Rw s (11)
l=M
3.1 Statistics for Single Cells
Tm  K
The correlator output for testing the ith cell at the jth s2i ,MAI = Ns 2
Pk Rw (12)
symbol duration is given by L Tf
k=2
 1,i +(j+1)Ts
(j) which are are the variances of the desired signal and MAI
yi (j) = r(t)x1 (t 1,i )dt (6) 2 (lt ) = 1
1,i +jTs parts, respectively. In (11) and (12), Rw s
 tSer /2 2 1
 Tw 2
tSer

where 1,i is the delay position being tested. t /2 Rw (lts + )d and Rw = 2Tw Tw Rw
2 ()d.
Ser
When the i-th H1 cell is under test, ideally, the code For the i -th H0 cell (i = L + 1, . . . , Nu ), the variance of
delay of the local correlator is set to 1,i = 1,1 + (i 1)ts . the correlator output ysi is derived as
The actual test position (delay) closest to 1,i is denoted as
1,i , which has an alignment error denoted as 1 = 1,i Tm K
2
1,i . 1 can be modelled as a uniformly distributed random R = s2i = Ns 2 + N R (0)N
Pk Rw s w 0 (13)
L Tf
variable with 1 (0.5tSer , 0.5tSer ). k=1
The correlator output for testing i-th H1 signal cell is
given by 3.2 Statistics and Acquisition Probabilities For
 1,i +(j+1)Ts NCS/PD
(j)
ysi (j) = r(t)x1 (t 1,i )dt For NCS/PD with N th-order diversity, the correlation
1,i +jTs outputs for N -cells (a cell group) are combined. Using the

l=M noncoherent squared-law combining the DV for the ith CG
= P1 Ns 1,i Rw (1 ) + P1 Ns 1,i+l Rw (1 + lts ) (with i = 1, . . . , Nu /N + 1, and i = i/N + 1 holds)
l=M is given by
l=0


Ns 1 
K

M 
N1
2
+ Pk k,l Rw (k + lts ) + nw (7) xnoncoh
i,N = yi+M k/2 (j) (14)
n=0 k=2 l =M k=0

where the rst term in the right hand-side of (7) is the where yi (j) is given by (6) (which may be an H1 or H0
desired signal output, and the second and the third terms cell).
are due to the interpath interference (IPI) and MAI re- For dierential acquisition with NCS/PD, the DV is given
spectively. The output noise nw is a zero-mean Gaussian by
variable with variance Ns Rw (0)N0 .
For the i -th H0 cell (for i = L + 1, . . . , Nu ), the output 
N1

of the correlator (with a code delay of 1,i = 1,i + 1 ) is xdiff

i,N = yi+M k/2 (j 1) yi+M k/2 (j) (15)
given by k=0

  +(j+1)Ts
1,i
(j) In the H1 region , when xdiff > 1 or xnoncoh > 1 , where
ysi (j) = r(t)x1 (t 1,i )dt i,N i,N
1 is the detection threshold, the detection event is de-
1,i +jTs
clared. For the H0 region, when xdiff
i,N
> 1 or xnoncoh
i,N
> 1 ,
s 1 
N 
K M
the false alarm event occurs. For constant false alarm rate
= Pk k,l Rw (lts + k ) + nw (8) 2
(CFAR) design we may set 1 = R , where is a scalar
n=0 k=1 l =M
to be adjusted.
Since we let Tc  Tw in our design, the collisions of The closed-form cdfs of the DVs for NCS/PD with dif-
dierent users pulses occur in a more random pattern than ferential and noncoherent acquisitions are in general dif-
the case of Tc  Tw . Consequently, the resulting MAI to cult to derive. Here, we observe that the detection and
the desired user approaches a Gaussian distribution, which false-alarm probabilities is related to the complementary
is derived below (also c.f. the numerical results in [7]). cdf (ccdf) of the DV. Thus, we design a technique by de-
Conditioned on a set of time delays {k,1 }K k=1 and step riving the MGF of the DV and then employ the inverse
quantization errors {k }K
k=1 , the variance (or power) of ysi Laplace transform to obtain the acquisition probabilities,
is given by valid for arbitrary multipath intensity prole (MIP) with

M uniformly-spaced paths.
s2i (, ) = Ns2 P1 2
1,i+l 2
Rw (lts + 1 ) The DV xnoncoh
i,N
is a Gaussian quadratic form. When it is
l=M related to the ith H1 cell group (CG), its MGF is derived
as

K 
M
2 2
+Ns Pk k,l Rw (lts + k ) + Ns Rw (0)N0 (9)
xnoncoh,H1 (s) = E[exp(sxnoncoh
i,N )]
k=2 l =M i,N

By averaging (9) over {k,1 }K 1

k=1 [0, Ts ) and {k }k=1
K
=  N1 (16)
(0.5tSer , 0.5tSer ), which are uniformly distributed, we have q=0 (1 ss2i+M q/2 )1/2

901
where E[] denotes expectation. For any of the H0 CGs, Equations (23) and (24) can be evaluated by using an
the MGF is obtained as ecient Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature (GCQ) formula. For
1 example, letting s = c + j and = c tan(/2), (23) is
xnoncoh,H0 (s) =  N1 2 1/2
(17) reduced to
i,N
q=0 (1 sR )
  
1 
M
For dierentially coherent acquisition, xdiff may be ex- (2n 1)
i,N Pd (i, N ) = 1 Re xi,N + RM
pressed in a quadratic form 2M n=1 2M
T
xdiff
i,N = v Q2N v (18) where RM is a residual term which vanishes quickly to zero
where v is the transpose of vector v, v = [yi (j 1), . . . ,
T as M increases, and xi,N () = xi,N (c + jc tan(/2))(1
yi+M N/2(j 1), yi (j), . . . ,yi+M N/2 (j)]T , and e[c+jc tan(/2)]T )[1 j tan(/2)].
0NN 0.5IN We note that in [11] for a CDMA multipath channel the
Q2N = , where 0NN and IN represent acquisition probabilities for the case of N = 3 and non-
0.5IN 0NN
the N N all-zero and identity matrices, respectively. The coherent acquisition were derived based on a closed-form
MGFs of xdiff
i,N
for H1 and H0 CGs are derived as cdf. In comparison, the acquisition probabilities for UWB
signals are more complex to evaluate and our technique is
1 more general in that it is valid for arbitrary N and also for
xdiff,H1 (s) = (19)
i,N det[I2N Pv,H1 Q2N ]m dierential acquisition.
1
xdiff,H0 (s) = (20)
i,N det[I2N Pv,H0 Q2N ]m 4. GENERATING FUNCTION OF ACQUI-
where SITION TIME
 2

R IN 0NN In the literature for analyzing the acquisition probabil-
Pv,H0 = 2 . (21) ity, it is usually assumed that the cell-search starts from
0NN R IN
an H0 cell [8], or from the rst cell of the H1 region [6,
and 16], and the case that the search starts from the middle of
the H1 region has not been strictly analyzed. For UWB
Pv,H1 = channels, however, due to long multipath spread, this case
 
diag({s2i+2n }n ) b1 (j) diag({s2i+2n ,SIG }n ) must be accurately evaluated. Below, we derive a new and
b1 (j) diag({s2i+2n ,SIG }n ) diag({s2i+2n }n ) general GF result applicable to multipath with arbitrary
(22) statistics (e.g., delay spread, path powers), and then ob-
tain the mean, variance and cdf of the acquisition time TA .
(j1) (j)
where b1 (j) = d1,BP d1,BP for dierential UWB-BPSK and
b1 (j) = 1 for UWB-PPM. In (22), diag({s2i+2n }n ) = 4.1 Conventional Scheme
diag(s2i , . . . , s2i+2(N 1) ), and diag({s2i+2n ,SIG }n ) = There are L cells in the H1 region, and Nu L cells in
the H0 region. Without loss of generality, we dene the
diag(s2i ,SIG , . . . , s2i+2(N 1) ,SIG ), respectively. Here, rst L cells to be H1 cells. The initial position of the cell
diag(x1 , . . . , xL ) is a diagonal matrix that is formed by set- search (say iST ) is a random variable uniformly distributed
ting x1 , . . . , xL on its main diagonal. s2i+2n and s2i+2n ,SIG in [1, Nu ]. Without loss of generality, we let iST = 1 corre-
can be evaluated using (10) and (11), respectively. sponds to the rst signal path in the H1 region.
The probability of detection given the threshold 1 can In order to obtain the GF of TA , we derive some useful
be evaluated by expressions below. The GF for the time of miss detection
 in the nth H1 cell is given by
Pd (i, N ) = Pr(xi (N ) > 1 ) = fxi (x)dx
1 Hm (s|n) = [1 Pd (n)]estd
 s1
1 c+j
1e
=1 xi,N (s) ds (23) where td = Ts + tSer accounts for the time for the signal
2j cj s correlation and threshold comparison. The GF for the miss
detection time in the whole H1 region is
where j = 1, c is a positive real constant in the con-
vergence region, and xi,N (s) is given by (16) and (19) for

L
noncoherent and dierential acquisition schemes, respec- HML (s) = Hm (s|n) (25)
tively. The miss detection probability is obtained as n=1

Pm (i, N ) = 1 Pd (i, N ). The GF for the signal detection time in the nth H1 cell
is obtained as
The false alarm probability is derived as
 Hd (s|n) = Pd (n1 )estd .
1 c+j
1 es1
Pf (i, N ) = 1 xi,N (s) ds (24)
2j cj s Assuming a serial search and L paths, the GF for the
signal detection time in the whole H1 region (consisting of
where xi,N (s) is given by (17) and (20) for noncoherent L signal paths) is derived as
and dierential acquisition schemes, respectively. It follows
n1 1
that the correct rejection probability is 
L

HDL (s) = Hd (s|n1 ) Hm (s|n2 ) (26)

PRej (i, N ) = 1 Pf (i, N ). n1 =1 n2 =1

902
 The GF for the time used for the rejection of an false Mean TA, noncoherent acquisition

alarm event in an H0 cell is Mean TA, differential acquisition

s(td +tp ) 100

Hr (s) = (1 Pf )e std
+ Pf e (27)
where tp is the penalty time of the conrmation of a false

Mean TA (in number of symbols)

80
alarm, which is normally much larger than td .
With the denitions above, we proceed to derive the GF
for the acquisition time TA of the serial acquisition scheme. 60
When iST [1, L], that is, the initial search starts from
anywhere of the H1 region, we derive the GF for TA as
40
HTA (s|iST [1, L]) = HD,iST (s)
HM,iST (s)HrNu L (s)HDL (s) N =24

=9
+ (28) 20
1 HrNu L (s)HML (s)
where
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
n1 1

L
Diversity order N
HD,iST (s) = Hd (s|n1 ) Hm (s|n2 )
n1 =iST n2 =iST
Figure 1: T A (in the number of symbols) vs. diver-

L sity order N for dierential and noncoherent ac-

HM,iST (s) = Hm (s|n) quisition receivers with the IEEE 802.15.3a CM2
n=iST channel model, with K = 5.
When iST [L + 1, Nu ], we derive the GF of TA as
HR,iST (s)HDL (s) P1 = Pk , for k = 2, . . . , K. In the examples given below,
HTA (s|iST [L + 1, Nu ]) =
1 HML (s)HrNu L (s) for simplicity, we consider the search mode only and the
verication mode is not included.
(29)
In Fig. 1, we present the simulated mean acquisition
where HR,iST (s) = [Hr (s)]Nu iST = HrNu iST (s).
An ex- time T A (in the number of symbols) vs. diversity order N
pression equivalent to (29) was given in [16], however, to for dierential and noncoherent acquisition receivers over
our knowledge, (28) has not been available in the literature. the IEEE 802.15.3 CM2 channel model, with K = 5. The
2
Combining (28) with (29), we obtain the average GF for detection threshold is = R and = 9. The result
TA with the conventional search as shows that as N increases, the TA decrease rapidly. Fur-
thermore, dierential acquisition achieves a substantially
1 
Nu
better performance than the noncoherent scheme.
HTA (s) = [HTA (s|iST [1, L])
Nu i =1 In Fig. 2 we show analytical and simulated T A for the
ST
proposed dierential acquisition scheme in the multipath
+HTA (s|iST [L + 1, Nu ])] (30) channel with an exponential MIP. The result shows that as
To our knowledge, (30)is a new and accurate GF expres- search step size N increases, T A tends to decrease. The
sion for UWB acquisition analysis. The GF for the com- result also veries the accuracy of our analysis.
bined NCS and PD scheme can be obtained using a similar In Fig. 3, we present the numerical result for T A vs. N
procedure, omitted here due to the space limitation. for dierent N s, assuming a uniformly-spaced multipath
with a uniform MIP. T A decreases as N increases, and a
5. STATISTICS OF TA larger N causes lower T A when N increases. However,
when N = 1, N = 64 gives worse performance than N =
The mean and variance of TA can be obtained using a
24 and 32 do, which suggests that NCS and PD should be
numerical dierentiation of HA (s). The cdf is dened as
combined to give optimal acquisition performance.
FTA (T ) = Pr(TA < T ), which is the probability of acquisi-
tion given an allowed search time T . In other words, when
TA > T , the acquisition failed within the given time T . 7. CONCLUSIONS
An accurate cdf evaluation formula using the Gamma In this paper, we have provided an accurate performance
approximation [2] is given by evaluation for dierential and noncoherent UWB acquisi-
tion schemes with non-consecutive search and path diver-
1 sity, and a new hopping method. We have derived new
FTA (T ) = (a, T /b) (31)
(a) results on the UWB correlation statistics, acquisition prob-
2 abilities, and then employed a GF-based method to accu-
where a = T A /T2 A , b = T2 A /T A , and (x, y) is the incom- rately evaluate the mean, variance and the cdf of the acqui-
plete gamma function. sition time TA , for the conventional and improved search
schemes. Simulation and numerical examples verify the
6. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES accuracy of our analysis and show the large performance
The received monocycle for all the users is modelled as improvement realized by NCS/PD than the serial search.
the second-order derivative of the Gaussian pulse [14] with
pulse width of about Tw = 1 ns. We assume the sampling
interval to be tsam = 1/16 ns. For the multipath channel Acknowledgement
with uniformly-spaced paths, we assume that Tm = 20 ns, This work was supported in part by a research award from
and tSer = ts for the serial search. We let Tc = tsam , and Rockwell Collins Inc. (RCI), Cedar Rapids, IA. The au-

903
 700 45

Mean TA by analysis 40 N=24

600
Mean TA by Simulation
35 N=32
500
Mean T (in number of symbols)

Mean TA (in number of symbols)

N =64

30
400

25

300
A

20

200
15

100
10

0 5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Step size N Diversity order N

Figure 2: T A v.s. step size N for the dierential

correlation receiver in a Rayleigh fading channel Figure 3: T A vs. diversity order N for the nonco-
with an exponentially-decayed MIP. Diversity or- herent correlation receiver in the multipath fading
der N = 1, K = 10, and = 2.5. channel with a uniform MIP, K = 9 and = 2.5.

thors would also like to thank Dr. Kenneth Peterson for algorithms for code acquisition in UWB impulse
some useful discussions. radio communications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas.
Commun., 23(5):898908, May 2005.
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