Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Siegfried Lucazeau
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GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
SYNTHETIC ESTERS
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Volatility, Rheology
Esters show lower volatility and higher flash points than
hydrocarbons of equivalent viscosity, thanks to stronger -
intermolecular attraction
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Esters show high Viscosity Indices and low Pour Points -
as they generally exhibit linear, asymmetric structures
Viscosity at 100C mm/s 4.6 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.8 5.3 4.9 5.7
Flash point COC C 194 195 226 245 232 234 267 265
Evaporation
% 43.4 38.3 19.3 5.6 12.0 4.7 2.3 2.6
250C 1 h*
Viscosity Index - 25 92 122 145 81 136 148 160
Pour Point C -51 -10 -18 -46 -48 -54 -38 -38
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Tribology
Alkyl Neopolyol
Property Unit Gr I Gr III Naphthalene PAO Diester
ester
Viscosity at 100C mm/s 4.18 4.25 4.82 3.95 3.56 4.40
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Polarity
Micro-Coking Test
PAG Neopolyol ester Anilin Points
GFC-Lu-27-A-13 PAO 40
230-280C 40 mm2/s 40 mm2/s
10C Esters
-30C PAG
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Thermo-oxidative stability
Ester function is highly resistant to oxidation, and increases oxidation stability of adjacent carbon atoms
Neopentyl structure inhibits -elimination and greatly improves thermal stability
Branched, short hydrocarbon chains further improve resistance to oxidation
Test tube
Deposits
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Coking propensity
Esters show low coking and deposit formation properties
Use of branched hydrocarbon chains favours clean decomposition pathways once
oxidation is initiated
Micro-coking Test
Complex Complex Neopolyol
230-280C Unit PAO PAG
ester 1 ester 2 ester
40 mm/s
Deposit temperature C <230 <230 <230 <230 273
Metal plates -
Ester
nC8-10
Ester
Iso-C8
iso-C9
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Environmental profile
Ester function may be degraded by bacteria, making these
compounds biodegradable
Esters can be made of acids coming from vegetable
sources : they may contain high amounts of renewable
carbon
Typical
biodegradability
OECD 301B
Max. 40% Max. 60% 10 - 70% 10 - 95%
Renewable
0% 0% 0 20% 0 - 100%
carbon content
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TRADITIONAL USE OF ESTERS
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Jet engines, compressors
Aircraft gas turbines require lubricants showing :
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2-stroke engines
2-stroke engine oils :
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Oven chains
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From high to low temperatures
KV 40C : 3.4
KV -70C : 2100
Pour Point : -80C
Flash Point COC : 160C
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REQUIREMENTS ON FUTURE
LUBRICANTS : HOW ESTERS
WILL CONTRIBUTE
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Tougher requirements in modern lubrication
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Modern PCMO
PAO 4 POLYOL ESTER
Future engine oils will be :
KV100 3.9 4
KV40 17.4 17.4
thinner (fuel economy improvement) VI 124 134
submitted to higher temperatures, for longer times Pour Point -68 -63
CCS-35 1424 1766
submitted to the increasing presence of biofuels NOACK 13.2 6.4
hence the need for lower volatility, higher thermo-oxidative stability and improved cleanliness
Tests on 5W-30 engine oils, ACEA C1-2012 and ILSAC GF-5 performance level
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Volatility, cleanliness
MCT 230-280 GF-5 GF-5 + ester C1-2012 C1-2012 ester
TGA 200C O2 TDD 232 243 248 248
Merit A 7.7 8.6 5.3 7.7
Merit B 8.4 9.0 9.6 9.8
Moyenne 8.0 8.8 7.4 8.7
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Chain oils, a step further
The ideal profile of branched neopolyol esters :
Evaporation
Slow evaporation
Quick decomposition
Pyrolysis
Little residue left
Micro-Coking Test 250 mm2/s - trimellitate/iso-paraffin 250 mm2/s branched neopolyol ester
230-280C
Deposit Temperature C 253 > 280
Average Merit -- 9.3 10.0
250-300C
Deposit Temperature C 250 259
Average Merit -- 7.9 8.6
280-330C
< 280 < 280
Deposit Temperature C
-- 2.3 6.7
Average Merit
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Optimizing ester chemistry
Properties Results Units Test methods Micro-Coking Test Fully formulated chain oil
Kinematic viscosity at 40C 380 mm2/s ISO 3104 230-280C
Deposit Temperature C > 280
Kinematic viscosity at 100C 26 mm2/s ISO 3104 Average Merit -- 10.0
Flash point COC 290 C ISO 2592
Volatility, 6h 200C 2.2 mass % ASTM D972
Volatility, 1h 250C 0.3 mass % ASTM D6375
250-300C
Thermogravimetric analysis Deposit Temperature C > 300
280 C -
Onset temperature, O2 Average Merit -- 10.0
Dynamic TGA
Neat ester 280-330C
Deposit Temperature C < 280
Average Merit -- 7.1
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Pushing the limits on greases
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Performance and low environmental impact
Whilst future hydraulic fluids will need to be:
they will also have to account for improved environmental profile, as requested by latest standards (European Ecolabel, Vessel General
Permit, US Biopreferred)
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High viscosity and low environmental impact
bearings
wire ropes
open gears
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New trends, growing interest
SYNTHETIC ESTERS
Environmental
impact
Sustainability Safety
High performance
Sustainability
Low environmental
impact
Demand for higher Durability
performance will
exploit unexpected
benefits of esters
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THANK YOU !
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