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It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper
would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be
doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.
He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the
inferior article more than once.
If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the
article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other
force I can think of.
There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known
television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades
rather than informs.
51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.
52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of
advertising?
_.
[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
Text 2
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process.
People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that
can easily be identified and measured.
The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner
who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable
results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,
since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along
the way.
The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have,
their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to
experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take
risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may fail at
first.
How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow.
Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more
chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.
Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope
with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if
we are to change and grow.
If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect
ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our
own making.
57. When the author says a new way of being (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to
________.
58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT
________.
Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or
colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to
accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II.
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years,
their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and
with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be
trustworthy and reliable.
The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can
be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual
communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.
The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task
of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is
complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of
information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest
importance.
Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the
day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life,
will survive and succeed.
Knowledge is power may well be the truest saying and access to information may
be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word it (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that
________.
[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family
[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible
Text 4
But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is
important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their
children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its
very nature, a highly competitive institution.
Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their
success by sporting achievements.
The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against
the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some
way better than their B-type fellows.
Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides,
the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer!
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into
Bs.
The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs
personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time
might be spent teaching children surer values.
Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less
by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and
sympathy.
It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are
important and should be encouraged.
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive
[D] agreeable
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because
________.
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
Text 5
Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant
practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,
to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.
So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary
requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that
a problem exists depends on memory.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any
learned material.
Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the
adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.
Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense,
the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural
selection in animals.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,
it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.
Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new
tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration.
Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour
that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.
Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their
everyday activities were full of confusion.
Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity
that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.
In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage
(input) and forgetting (output).
Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to
how much they have learned.
Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an
input-output balance.
[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs
70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.
[A] remembering
[B] forgetting
[C] adapting
[D] experiencing