Chap 6.

Projects for Water Treatment Process

<Problem 1> Water Treatment

A sample of water at pH 7 has the following concentration of ions :

Ions mg/L Ions mg/L

Ca2+ 40.0 Cl 11
Mg2+ 10.0 Anions SO42 67.2
Cations
Na+ ? HCO3 110.0
K+ 7.0

<Q1> Assuming no other constituents are missing, use an anion-cation balance to

estimate the concentration (mg/L) of Na+.

<A1>

40 mg meq 50 mg CaCO3
(Ca2+) = = 100.0 mg/L as CaCO3
L 20 mg meq

10 mg meq 50 mg CaCO3
(Mg2+) = = 41.0 mg/L as CaCO3
L 12.2 mg meq

7 mg meq 50 mg CaCO3
(K+) = = 9.0 mg/L as CaCO3
L 39.1 mg meq

11 mg meq 50 mg CaCO3
(Cl) = = 15.5 mg/L as CaCO3
L 35.5 mg meq

67.2 mg meq 50 mg CaCO3

(SO42) = = 70.0 mg/L as CaCO3
L 48 mg meq

110 mg meq 50 mg CaCO3

(HCO3) = = 90.2 mg/L as CaCO3
L 61 mg meq

(Na+) = anions cations = 175.7 150.0 = 25.7 mg/L as CaCO3

25.7 mg as CaCO3 23 mg meq

So, Na+ = = 11.8 mg/L as CaCO3
L meq 50 mg CaCO3

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 Ions mg/L mg/meq mg/L as CaCO3
2+
Ca 40.0 20.0 100.0
Mg2+ 10.0 12.2 41.0
Cations
Na+ 11.8 23.0 25.7
K+ 7.0 39.1 9.0
sum 68.8 175.7
Cl 11 35.5 15.5
Anions SO42 67.2 48.0 70.0
HCO3 110.0 61.0 90.2
sum 188.2 175.7

<Q2> What is the total alkalinity and hardness(TH) as CaCO3 ?

<A2>
1) Alkalinity(meq/L) as CaCO3 = (HCO3) + (CO32) + (OH) (H+)

For 6 pH 8.5, Alkalinity(meq/L) = [HCO3] = 90.2 mg/L as CaCO3

2) TH = (Ca2+) + (Mg2+) = 100.0 + 41.0 = 141.0 mg/L as CaCO3

<Q3> Draw an ion concentration bar graph.

<A3>
CH = (HCO3) = 90.2 mg/L as CaCO3

NCH = TH CH = 141 90.2 = 50.8 mg/L as CaCO3

Ca-NCH = Ca Ca-CH = 100.0 90.2 = 9.8 mg/L as CaCO3
Mg-NCH = TH CH Ca-NCH = 141.0 90.2 9.8 = 41 mg/L as CaCO3

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<Q4> The concentration (mg/L) of slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] and soda ash (Na2CO3) added
to the water to achieve the maximum practical softness when 20 mg/L of excess

lime as CaCO3 was dosed?

<A4>

At pH = 7 and [HCO3] = 110 mg/L = 0.001803 M,

[HCO3][H+] (1.803103 M)107 M

[CO2(aq)] = = = 4.03104 M
K1 (4.47107 M)

So, CO2(aq) = 0.403 mmol/L = 17.73 mg/L = 40.32 mg/L as CaCO3

Concentration Lime Soda Ash CaCO3(s) Mg(OH)2(s)

Component
(mg/L CaCO3) (mg/L CaCO3) (mg/L CaCO3) (mg/L CaCO3) (mg/L CaCO3)
CO2(aq) 40.32 40.32 0 40.32 0
Ca-CH 90.2 90.2 0 180.4 0
Mg-CH 0 0 0 0 0
Ca-NCH 9.8 0 9.8 9.8 0
Mg-NCH 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0
Exess 20
Total 191.5 50.8 271.5 41.0

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So, add 171.5 mg/L of Ca(OH)2 as CaCO3 and 50.8 mg/L of Na2CO3 as CaCO3.

or add 171.5 mg/L of Ca(OH)2 and 53.8 mg/L of Na2CO3.

<Q5> If the flow rate of the water was 100,000 m3/d for softening plant, estimate the

mass of sludge (MT/day) produced by the softening process.

<A5> Sludge concentration = 271.5 mg/L + 41 mg as CaCO3

Sludge 271.5 mg CaCO3 41 mg CaCO3 58.3 mg Mg(OH)2

= + = 295.4 mg/L
concentration L L 100 mg CaCO3

- Sludge generation(dry) = 295.4 g/m3 100,000 m3/d = 29,540,000 g/d = 29.5 MT/d
- Water content of softening sludge = typically 95%
- Sludge volume(wet) = 29.5 / (1 0.95) = 590.8 MT/d

<Q6> What is ionic balance and pH after softening the water before carbonation?
<A6>
1) Total Na+ = 35.17 mg/L = 1.529 mmol/L = 76.45 mg/L as CaCO3
- Na+ in raw wastewater = 11.8 mg/L = 0.513 mmol/L = 25.65 mg/L as CaCO3
- Na2CO3 dosing = 50.8 mg/L as CaCO3 = 53.85 mg/L = 0.508 mmol/L

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 - Na+ added by Na2CO3 =20.508=1.016 mmol/L=23.37 mg/L=50.8 mg/L as CaCO3

2) Ca(OH)2 by excess dosed = 20 mg/L as CaCO3 = 20 mg/L = 0.2 mmol/L

- Ca2+ by extra dosed Ca(OH)2 = 0.2 mmol/L = 8.02 mg/L = 20 mg/L as CaCO3
- OH by extra dosed Ca(OH)2 = 20 mg/L as CaCO3 = 6.8 mg/L = 0.4 mmol/L

3) [H+] = 1014 (4104) = 2.51011 mol/L(pH=10.6)

Ions mg/L MW mmol/L mg/meq mg/L CaCO3

H+ 2.51011 1.0 2.5108 1.0 1.25109
Ca2+ 8.0 40.1 0.2 20.05 20.0
Cations
Na+ 35.17 23.0 1.529 23.0 76.5
K+ 7.0 39.1 0.2 39.1 9.0
sum 50.2 1.9 105.5
Cl 11 35.5 0.3 35.5 15.5
Anions SO42 67.2 96.0 0.7 48.0 70.0
OH 6.8 17.0 0.4 17.0 20.0
sum 85.0 1.4 105.5

<Q7> What is the minimum dose of CO2(aq) as mol/d to neutralize the water after

softening?
<A7>
From ion balance after neutralization,

(H+) + (Ca2+) + (Na+) + (K+) = (Cl) + (SO42) + (OH) + (HCO3) + (CO32)

and (H+) = (OH) after neutralization,
and (Ca2+) + (Na+) + (K+) - [(Cl) + (SO42)] = 20 mg/L as CaCO3

So, (HCO3) + (CO32) = 20 mg/L as CaCO3

2[HCO3] + [CO32] = 0.2 mmol/L
From Eq(44) K2[HCO3] = [H+][CO32]

: K2[HCO3] = [H+](0.2 2[HCO3]) = 0.2[H+] - 2[H+][HCO3]

Rearrange :
[HCO3] = 0.2[H+] / (K2 + 2[H+]) = 0.2 / (2 + K2 / [H+]) = 0.2 / (2 + 4.68102)

= 0.0977 mol/L
From Eq(43) [CO2(aq)] = [H+][HCO3] / K1 = 0.0977 1107 / 4.47107

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 = 0.0219 mol/L = 21.9 mol/m3
Minimum dose of CO2(aq) = 100,000 m3/d 21.9 mol/m3 = 2,190,000 mol/d

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<Problem 2> Wastewater Treatment
A 1,000 m3/d of the domestic waste water was in planning by treating the activated
sludge plant. They try to design the plant as Figure 3 by assuming that the death rate
of bio-mass is negligible :
- BOD5 of the raw wastewater : 150 mg/L
- F/M ratio : 0.3 d1
- VSS concentration in aeration tank : 2,000 mg/L
- BOD5 of the discharged waste water : 10 mg/L
- VSS of the discharged waste water : 5 mg/L
- Flow rate of WAS : 1 m3/d
- VSS concentration of WAS : 20,000 mg/L

<Questions>
<Q1> Volume(V) and hydraulic detention time(t) of the aeration tank = ?
<A1>

F S1 Q1 150 g 1,000 m3 m3
= = 0.3 d1 =
M X3 V m3 d 2,000 g V m3

V = 250 m3 and so, = V/Q = 0.25 d1 = 6 hr

<Q2> Yield(Y) and sludge age(C) = ?

Key
Do not use the kinetic parameters suggested at main book
Use total mass balance of the bio-mass : generation = out ( in = 0)

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<A2>
Total mass balance of the bio-mass : in = out - generation generation = out
(Total bio-mass growth = Total bio-mass in out flow)
Total bio-mass in out flow = Q4X4 + Q7X7 = 4,995 + 20,000 = 24,995 g/d
Bio-mass generation = 24,995 g of VSS/m3

bio-mass produced 24,995 g m3 d g VSS

Yield(Y) = = 0.178
consumed substrate d 140 g 1,000 m3 g BOD

X3V 2,000 g 250 m3 d m3

Sludge age(C) = = = 25 days
Q7X7 m3 1 m3 20,000 g

<Q3> Fill up blanks of following table.

Streams 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Items Raw Feed Bio-treat Discharge Sludge RAS WAS
Q m3/d 1,000.0 1.0
3
X g/m 0.0 2,000.0 5.0 20,000.0
(VSS) g/d
S g/m3 150.0 10.0
(BOD5) g/d

<A3>

Streams 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Items Raw Feed Bio-treat Discharge Sludge RAS WAS
Q m3/d 1,000.0 1,109.7 1,109.7 999.0 110.7 109.7 1.0
3
X g/m 0.0 1,977.5 2,000.0 5.0 20,000.0 20,000.0 20,000.0
(VSS) g/d 0 2,194,450 2,219,445 4,995 2,214,450 2,194,450 20,000
3
S g/m 150.0 136.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
(BOD5) g/d 150,000 151,097 11,097 9,990 1,107 1,097 10

<Q4> Recovery rate(R) and VSS rejection rate(r) of the secondary clarifier ?
<A4>

R = 999.0 / 1,109.7 100 = 90.0 and r = 1 5 / 2000 100 = 99.8 %

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