General Chemistry 1

Lecture Unit No. 4

(Stoichiometry)

Engr. Edgie L. Estopace

School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Mapua Institute of Technology
1
 Outline

1. Atomic, Molar/Molecular Mass

2. The Mole Concept
3. Percentage Composition by Mass
4. Empirical Formula
5. Molecular Formula
Stoichiometry
Chemical arithmetic
Study of mass relationships in chemistry
quantitative
Atomic Mass
-interchangeably used with
Atomic Weight

Weighted average of the

masses of the constituent
isotopes of an element.
Tells us the atomic masses
of every known element.
Lower number on periodic
chart.
How do we know what the
values of these numbers
are?
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Molar Mass
How do we calculate the molar mass of a compound?
add atomic weights of each atom
The molar mass of propane, C3H8, is:

3 C 3 12.01 amu 36.03 amu

8 H 8 1.01 amu 8.08 amu
Molar mass 44.11 amu
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 Molar Mass
The molar mass of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 , is:
You do it!

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 Molar Mass

1 Ca 1 40.08 amu 40.08 amu

2 N 2 14.01 amu 28.02 amu
6 O 6 16.00 amu 96.00 amu
Molar mass 164.10 amu

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Molar Mass of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds do not contain molecules.
Dont use molecular weight to describe
mass.
Formula weight is the correct name
Molar mass can be used
atomic wts Formula wt. Molar
mass
Compound amu amu g/mol
NaCl 22.99 + 35.45 58.44
Ca(NO3)2 40.08+2(14.01)+6(16.00) 164.10
 The Mole Concept

A number of atoms, ions, or molecules that is

large enough to see and handle.
A mole = number of things
Just like a dozen = 12 things
One mole = 6.022 x 1023 things
Avogadros number = 6.022 x 1023
Symbol for Avogadros number is NA.

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 Avogadros Number
There is a number that corresponds to a collection of
atoms where the mass of that collection in grams is
numerically equal to the same number in amu, for a
single atom
NA = 6.022 X 1023
Number of atoms of an element in a sample whose
mass is numerically equal to the mass of a single
atom
By knowing Avogadros number and the atomic
mass, it is now possible to calculate the mass of a
single atom in grams
Figure 4.1 One Mole of Several Substances
 The Mole Concept
How do we know when we have a mole?
count it out
weigh it out
Molar mass - mass in grams numerically
equal to the atomic weight of the element in
grams.
H has an atomic weight of 1.00794 g
1.00794 g of H atoms = 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
Mg has an atomic weight of 24.3050 g
24.3050 g of Mg atoms = 6.022 x 1023 Mg atoms

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 The Mole Concept
A mole of XmYn contains:
m moles of atom X and n moles of atom Y
1 mol of H2O contains:
2 mol of H atoms and 1 mol of O atoms

Molar mass = sum of the atomic masses

Mass of 1 water molecule:

= 2(1.008 amu) + 1(15.999 amu) =
18.015 amu
Molar mass of water:
= 2(1.008 g/mol) + 1(15.999 g/mol) =
18.015 g/mol
 The Mole Concept
Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

? Mg atoms

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

6.022 10 23 Mg atoms
? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg
1 mol Mg

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

6.022 10 23 Mg atoms
? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg
1 mol Mg
1.00 10 24 Mg atoms

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-1. How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?

6.022 1023 Mg atoms

? Mg atoms 1.67 mol Mg
1 mol Mg
1.00 1024 Mg atoms

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 The Mole

Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?
You do it!

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 The Mole Concept

Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?

? mol Mg 73.4 g Mg

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 The Mole Concept

Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?

1 mol Mg atoms
? mol Mg 73.4 g Mg
24.30 g Mg

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 The Mole Concept

Example 4-2: How many moles of Mg

atoms are present in 73.4 g of Mg?

1 mol Mg atoms
? mol Mg 73.4 g Mg
24.30 g Mg
3.02 mol Mg

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 Mole-Gram Conversions
m = MM X n
m = mass
MM = molar mass
n = number of moles
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and
Moles

One Mole of Contains

Cl2 or 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
C3H8 You do it!

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 The Mole Concept

One Mole of Contains

Cl2 or 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
C3H8 or 44.11 g 6.022 x 1023 C3H8 molecules
3 (6.022 x 1023 ) C atoms
8 (6.022 x 1023 ) H atoms

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-3: Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3H8 molecules 74.6 g C3H8

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-3 : Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3 H 8 molecules 74.6 g C3 H 8
1 mole C3 H 8
44.11 g C3 H 8

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-3 : Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3H8 molecules 74.6 g C3H8

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1 mole C3H8 6.022 10 C3H8 molecules
44.11 g C3H8 44.11 g C3H8

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-3 : Calculate the number of C3H8
molecules in 74.6 g of propane.

? C3H 8 molecules 74.6 g C3H 8

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1 mole C3 H 8 6.022 10 C3H 8 molecules
44.11 g C3 H 8 44.11 g C3H 8
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1.02 10 molecules

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 The Mole Concept

Example 4-4. Calculate the number of O atoms

in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.
You do it!

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 The Mole Concept

Example 4-4. Calculate the number of O atoms

in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.

1 mol Li 2 CO3
? O atoms 26.5 g Li 2 CO3
73.8 g Li 2 CO3
6.022 10 23 form. units Li 2 CO3 3 O atoms
1 mol Li 2 CO3 1 formula unit Li 2 CO3
6.49 10 23 O atoms
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 The Mole Concept
Occasionally, we will use millimoles.
Symbol - mmol
1000 mmol = 1 mol
For example: oxalic acid (COOH)2
1 mol = 90.04 g
1 mmol = 0.09004 g or 90.04 mg

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-5: Calculate the number of mmol in 0.234
g of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.
You do it!

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 The Mole Concept
Example 4-5: Calculate the number of mmol in 0.234
g of oxalic acid, (COOH)2.

? mmol (COOH)2 0.234 g (COOH)2

1 mmol (COOH)2
2.60 mmol (COOH)2
0.09004 g (COOH)2

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 Percent Composition

% composition = mass of an individual element in a

compound divided by the total mass of the compound x
100%
Determine the percent composition of C in C3H8.

mass C
%C 100%
mass C3 H 8
3 12.01 g
100%
44.11 g
81.68% 35
 Percent Composition

What is the percent composition of H in

C3H8?
You do it!

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 Percent Composition

What is the percent composition of H in

C3H8?
mass H
%H 100%
mass C3 H 8
8 H
100%
C3 H 8
8 1.01 g
100% 18.32%
44.11 g
or
18.32% 100% 81.68%
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 Percent Composition
Example 4-6: Calculate the percent composition of
Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 significant figures.
You do it!

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 Percent Composition
Example 4-6: Calculate the percent composition of
Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 sig. fig.

2 Fe 2 55.8 g
% Fe 100% 100% 27.9% Fe
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
3 S 3 32.1 g
%S 100% 100% 24.1% S
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
12 O 12 16.0 g
% O 100% 100% 48.0% O
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 399.9 g
Total 100%

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Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula - smallest whole-number ratio

of atoms present in a compound
CH2 is the empirical formula for alkenes
No alkene exists that has 1 C and 2 Hs
Molecular Formula - actual numbers of atoms of
each element present in a molecule of the
compound
Ethene C2H4
Pentene C5H10
We determine the empirical and molecular
formulas of a compound from the percent
composition of the compound.
percent composition is determined experimentally

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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula
Example 4-7: A compound contains 24.74%
K, 34.76% Mn, and 40.50% O by mass.
What is its empirical formula?
Make the simplifying assumption that we
have 100.0 g of compound.
In 100.0 g of compound there are:
24.74 g of K
34.76 g of Mn
40.50 g of O

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 1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K

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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn

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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O 40.50 g O 2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio

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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O 40.50 g O 2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio
0.6327 0.6327
for K 1K for Mn 1 Mn
0.6327 0.6327

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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

1 mol K
? mol K 24.74 g K 0.6327 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
? mol Mn 34.76 g Mn 0.6327 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1mol O
? mol O 40.50 g O 2.531 mol O
16.00 g O
obtain smallest whole number ratio
0.6327 0.6327
for K 1K for Mn 1 Mn
0.6327 0.6327
2.531
for O 4O
0.6327
thus the chemical formula is KMnO 4
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Example 4-8: A sample of a compound contains
6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O. What is empirical
formula for this compound?
You do it!

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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

Example 4-8: A sample of a compound

contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O. What
is empirical formula for this compound?

1 mol Co
? mol Co 6.541 g Co 0.1110 mol Co
58.93 gCo
1mol O
? mol O 2.368 g O 0.1480 mol O
16.00 g O
find smallest whole number ratio
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 Empirical Vs. Molecular Formula

Example 4-8: A sample of a compound

contains 6.541g of Co and 2.368g of O. What
is empirical formula for this compound?

0.1110 0.1480
for Co 1 Co for O 1.333O
0.1110 0.1110
multipy both by 3 to turn fraction to whole number
1 Co 3 3 Co 1.333 O 3 4O
Thus the compound' s formula is :
Co3O 4
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 Determination of Molecular Formulas

Example 4-8: A compound is found to

contain 85.63% C and 14.37% H by
mass. In another experiment its molar
mass is found to be 56.1 g/mol. What is
its molecular formula?
short cut method
1 mol contains 56.1 g
85.63% is C and 14.37% is H
56.1 g 0.8563 48.0 g of C
56.1 g 0.1437 8.10 g of H 50
 Determination of Molecular Formulas

convert masses to moles

1 mol C
48.0 g of C 4 mol C
12.0 g C
1 mol H
8.10 g of H 8 mol H
1.01 g H
Thus the formula is :
C4 H8 51
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

Example 4-9: What mass of ammonium

phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of
N?

molar mass of (NH 4 )3 PO 4 149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N 15.0 g of N 1.07 mol N
14.0 g N

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Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

Example 4-9: What mass of ammonium

phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of
N?

molar mass of (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N 15.0 g of N 1.07 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
1.07 mol N 0.357 mol (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4
3 mol N
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Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

Example 4-9: What mass of ammonium

phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of
N?

molar mass of (NH 4 )3 PO 4 149.0 g/mol

1 mol N
? mol N 15.0 g of N 1.07 mol N
14.0 g N
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
1.07 mol N 0.357 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
3 mol N
149.0 g (NH 4 )3 PO 4
0.357 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 53.2 g (NH 4 )3 PO 4
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4
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End of Lecture Unit No. 4 - Part I
The mole concept and basic stoichiometry ideas
introduced in this chapter are essential components
for the remainder of this course.

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 Outline

1. Atomic, Molar/Molecular Mass

2. The Mole Concept
3. Percentage Composition by Mass
4. Empirical Formula
5. Molecular Formula
 General Chemistry 1
Lecture Unit No. 4
(Stoichiometry)

Engr. Edgie L. Estopace

School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
Mapua Institute of Technology
57