CHM11 3LectureUnit#6

General Chemistry 1
Lecture Unit No. 6

Chemical Nomenclature and
Equations
1
Content
1. Writing Chemical Formula of Compounds
1. Oxidation State of atoms
2. Naming of Compounds
1. Binary compounds
2. Ternary Compounds
3. Compounds Containing 4 or more elements
3. Chemical Equations
1. Types of Chemical Reactions
2. Balancing Chemical Equation
2
Chemical Formulas
Chemical formula shows the chemical
composition of the substance.
ratio of the elements present in the molecule or
compound
He, Au, Na monatomic elements
O2, H2, Cl2 diatomic elements
O3, S4, P8 - more complex elements
H2O, C12H22O11 compounds
Substance consists of two or more elements
3
Chemical Formulas
Compound 1 Molecule Contains
HCl 1 H atom & 1 Cl atom
H2O 2 H atoms & 1 O atom
NH3 1 N atom & 3 H atoms
C3H8 3 C atoms & 8 H atoms
4
Oxidation Numbers
Guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers.
1. The oxidation number of any free, uncombined element
is zero.
2. The oxidation number of an element in a simple
(monatomic) ion is the charge on the ion.
3. In the formula for any compound, the sum of the
oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is
zero.
4. In a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of
the constituent elements is equal to the charge on the
ion.
5
Oxidation Numbers
5. Fluorine has an oxidation number of 1 in its
compounds.
6. Hydrogen, H, has an oxidation number of +1 unless it is
combined with metals, where it has the oxidation
number -1.
Examples LiH, BaH2
7. Oxygen usually has the oxidation number -2.
Exceptions:
In peroxides O has oxidation number of 1.
Examples - H2O2, CaO2, Na2O2
In OF2 O has oxidation number of +2.
6
Oxidation Numbers
8. Use the periodic table to help with assigning
oxidation numbers of other elements.
a. IA metals have oxidation numbers of +1.
b. IIA metals have oxidation numbers of +2.
c. IIIA metals have oxidation numbers of +3.
There are a few rare exceptions.
d. VA elements have oxidation numbers of 3 in binary
compounds with H, metals or NH4+.
e. VIA elements below O have oxidation numbers of 2 in
binary compounds with H, metals or NH4+.
7
Oxidation Numbers
Naming Binary
Inorganic Compounds
Binary compounds are made of two elements.
metal + nonmetal = ionic compound
nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent/molecular
compound
Name the more metallic element first.
Use the elements name.
Name the less metallic element second.
Add the suffix ide to the elements stem.
9
Naming Binary
Inorganic Compounds
Nonmetal Stems
Element Stem
Boron bor
Carbon carb
Silicon silic
Nitrogen nitr
Phosphorus phosph
Arsenic arsen
Antimony antimon
10
Naming Binary
Inorganic Compounds
Oxygen ox
Sulfur sulf
Selenium selen
Tellurium tellur
Phosphorus phosph
Hydrogen hydr
11
Naming Binary
Inorganic Compounds
Fluorine fluor
Chlorine chlor
Bromine brom
Iodine iod
12
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds are made of a metal
cation and a nonmetal anion.
Cation named first
Anion named second
LiBr lithium bromide
MgCl2 magnesium chloride
Li2S lithium sulfide
Al2O3 You do it!
13
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Al2O3 aluminum oxide
Na3P You do it!
14
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Na3P sodium phosphide
Mg3N2 You do it!
15
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Na3P sodium phosphide
Mg3N2 magnesium nitride
Notice that binary ionic compounds with metals having
one oxidation state (representative metals) do not use
prefixes or Roman numerals.
16
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Binary ionic compounds containing
metals that exhibit more than one
oxidation state
Metals exhibiting multiple oxidation states
are:
1. most of the transition metals
2. metals in groups IIIA (except Al), IVA, & VA
17
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Transition metals:
lose varying number of e-.
Ti Ti2+ (grp 4B)

Cr Cr2+ or Cr3+ (grp 6B)
Fe Fe2+ or Fe3+ (grp 8B)
Cu Cu+ or Cu2+ (grp 1B)
Mn Mn2+ Mn5+ or Mn7+ (grp 7B)
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
There are two methods to name these
compounds.
1. Older method
add suffix ic to elements Latin name for higher
oxidation state
add suffix ous to elements Latin name for lower
oxidation state
2. Modern method
use Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate
metals oxidation state
19
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
Compound Old System Modern System
FeBr2 ferrous bromide iron(II) bromide
FeBr3 ferric bromide iron(III) bromide
SnO stannous oxide tin(II) oxide
SnO2 stannic oxide tin(IV) oxide
TiCl2 You do it!
20
Naming Binary
Ionic Compounds
FeCl2 iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 iron(III) chloride
Cu2O copper(I) oxide

CuO copper(II) oxide
Cu2O CuO
Naming Binary
Covalent/Molecular Compounds
Binary covalent molecular compounds
composed of two nonmetals other than
hydrogen
Nomenclature must include prefixes that specify
the number of atoms of each element in the
compound.
Use the minimum number of prefixes
necessary to specify the compound.
Frequently drop the prefix mono-.
22
Naming Binary
Elements are named in the order they appear in a formula.
Prefixes show the number of each type of atom present.
1 mono 6 hexa
2 di 7 hepta
3 tri 8 octa
4 tetra 9 nona
5 penta 10 deca
Change the 2nd elements name to end in -ide

Naming Binary
Not monooxide, the
extra vowel is
CO carbon monoxide dropped to make it
NO2 nitrogen dioxide sound better
N2O dinitrogen monoxide

Not pentaoxide
P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide
PBr3 phosphorus tribromide
PBr5 phosphorus pentabromide
SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
Not decaoxide
P4O10 tetraphosphorus decoxide
Naming Binary
Common names :
Species Systematic Name Common Name
H2O dihydrogen monoxide water

NH3 nitrogen trihydride ammonia
NO nitrogen monoxide nitric oxide
PH3 phosphorus trihydride phosphine
N2O dinitrogen monoxide nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
N2H4 dinitrogen tetrahydride hydrazine
Naming Binary
Formula Name
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
SO3 sulfur trioxide
OF2 oxygen difluoride
P4O6 You do it!
26
Naming Binary
The oxides of nitrogen illustrate why covalent compounds
need prefixes and ionic compounds do not.
Formula Old Name Modern Name
N2O nitrous oxide dinitrogen monoxide
NO nitric oxide nitrogen monoxide
N2O3 nitrogen trioxide dinitrogen trioxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 nitrogen tetroxide dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 nitrogen pentoxide dinitrogen pentoxide
27
Naming Binary
Binary Acids are binary compounds consisting
of hydrogen and a nonmetal.
Compounds are usually gases at room
temperature and pressure.
Nomenclature for the gaseous compounds is
hydrogen (stem)ide.
When the compounds are dissolved in water
they form acidic solutions.
Nomenclature for the acidic solutions is
hydro (stem)ic acid.
28
Naming Binary
Formula Name Aqueous Solution
HF hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid
HCl hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
HBr hydrogen bromide hydrobromic acid
H2S You do it!
29
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
Ternary Acids and Their Salts are made of three
elements.
The elements are H, O, & a nonmetal.
Two of the compounds are chosen as the basis for
the nomenclature system.
Higher oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ic acid.
Lower oxidation state for nonmetal is named (stem)ous acid
Salts are named based on the acids.
Anions of -ic acids make ate salts.
Anions of -ous acids make ite salts.
30
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
Two forms exist: ate and ite endings used.
More oxygen = -ate
Less oxygen = -ite
SO42- sulfate ion NO3- nitrate ion
Increase O
SO32- sulfite ion NO2- nitrite ion
If they contain H, add a prefix hydrogen

HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ion HCO3- hydrogen carbonate ion
(common name=bisulfate ion) (common name=bicarbonate ion)
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
When four forms exist
Add per_____ate and hypo____ite names
FO4- perfluorate ClO4- perchlorate

Increase O
FO3- fluorate ClO3- chlorate

FO2- fluorite ClO2- chlorite
FO- hypofluorite ClO- hypochlorite
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
Polyatomic Ions
NH4+ ammonium ion
OH- hydroxide ion
HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ion
SO42- sulfate ion
CN- cyanide ion

NO3- nitrate ion
Polyatomic ions
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
Names and Formulas of the Common ic acids
Naming these compounds will be easier if you have this list
memorized.
Group Name Formula
IIIA boric acid H3BO3
IVA carbonic acid H2CO3
silicic acid H4SiO4
VA nitric acid HNO3
phosphoric acid H3PO4
arsenic acid H3AsO4
35
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
VIA sulfuric acid H2SO4
selenic acid H2SeO4
telluric acid H6TeO6
VIIA chloric acid HClO3
bromic acid HBrO3
iodic acid HIO3
36
Some Strong Acids
Some Strong Acids and Their Anions
Formula Name
1. HCl hydrochloric acid
2. HBr hydrobromic acid
3. HI hydroiodic acid
4. HNO3 nitric acid
5. H2SO4 sulfuric acid
6. HClO3 chloric acid
7. HClO4 perchloric acid
37
Some Strong Acids
Some Strong Acids and Their Anions
Acid AnionName
1. HCl Cl- chloride ion
2. HBr Br- bromide ion
3. HI I- iodide ion
4. HNO3 NO3- nitrate ion
5. H2SO4 SO42- sulfate ion
6. HClO3 ClO3- chlorate ion
7. HClO4 ClO4- perchlorate ion
38
Some Common Weak Acids
Formula Name
1. HF hydrofluoric acid
2. CH3COOH acetic acid (vinegar)
3. HCN hydrocyanic acid
4. HNO2 nitrous acid
5. H2CO3 carbonic acid (soda water)
6. H2SO3 sulfurous acid
7. H3PO4 phosphoric acid
8. (COOH)2 oxalic acid
39
Some Common Weak Acids
Acid Anion Name
1. HF F- fluoride ion
2. CH3COOH CH3COO- acetate ion
3. HCN CN- cyanide ion
4. HNO2 NO2- nitrite ion
5. H2CO3 CO32- carbonate ion
6. H2SO3 SO32- sulfite ion
7. H3PO4 PO43- phosphate ion
8. (COOH)2 (COO)22- oxalate ion
40
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
There are three polyatomic ions that commonly
form binary ionic compounds.
1. OH- hydroxide
2. CN- cyanide
3. NH4+ ammonium
Use binary ionic compound naming system.
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)2 You do it!
41
Strong Bases, Insoluble Bases, and
Weak Bases
Characteristic of common inorganic bases

is that they produce OH- ions in solution.
42
Common Strong Bases
Formula Name
1. LiOH lithium hydroxide
2. NaOH sodium hydroxide
3. KOH potassium hydroxide
4. RbOH rubidium hydroxide
5. CsOH cesium hydroxide
6. Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
7. Sr(OH)2 strontium hydroxide
8. Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Notice that they are all hydroxides of IA and IIA metals
43
Some Common Bases
Insoluble or sparingly soluble bases
Ionic compounds that are insoluble in water,
consequently, not very basic.
Formula Name
1. Cu(OH)2 copper (II) hydroxide
2. Fe(OH)2 iron (II) hydroxide
3. Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide
4. Zn(OH)2 zinc (II) hydroxide
5. Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
44
Some Common Bases
Weak bases are covalent compounds that
ionize slightly in water.
Ammonia is most common weak base
NH3
45
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
Salts are formed by the reaction of the acid with
a strong base.
Acid Salt
HNO2 NaNO2
nitrous acid sodium nitrite
HNO3 NaNO3
nitric acid sodium nitrate
H2SO3 Na2SO3
sulfurous acid sodium sulfite
46
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
There are two other possible acid and salt
combinations.
Acids that have a higher oxidation state than the
ic acid are given the prefix per.
These acids and salts will have one more O atom
than the ic acid.
Acids that have a lower oxidation state than the
ous acid are given the prefix hypo.
These acids and salts will have one less O atom than
the ic acid.
47
Naming Ternary
Inorganic Compounds
Illustrate this series of acids and salts with the Cl ternary
acids and salts.
Acid Na Salt
HClO NaClO
hypochlorous acid sodium hypochlorite
HClO2 NaClO2
chlorous acid sodium chlorite
HClO3 NaClO3
chloric acid sodium chlorate
HClO4 NaClO4
perchloric acid sodium perchlorate
48
Compounds Containing 4 or more
elements
Acidic Salts are made from ternary acids that
retain one or more of their acidic hydrogen
atoms.
Made from acid base reactions where there is an
insufficient amount of base to react with all of the
hydrogen atoms.
Old system used the prefix bi to denote the
hydrogen atom.
Modern system uses prefixes and the word
hydrogen.
49
elements
NaHCO3
Old system sodium bicarbonate
Modern system sodium hydrogen carbonate
KHSO4
Old system potassium bisulfate
Modern system potassium hydrogen sulfate
KH2PO4
Old system potassium bis biphosphate
Modern system potassium dihydrogen phosphate
K2HPO4 You do it!
50
elements
Basic Salts are analogous to acidic salts.
The salts have one or more basic hydroxides
remaining in the compound.
Basic salts are formed by acid-base reactions
with insufficient amounts of the acid to react
with all of the hydroxide ions.
Use prefixes to indicate the number of
hydroxide groups.
51
elements
Ca(OH)Cl
calcium monohydroxy chloride
Al(OH)Cl2
aluminum monohydroxy chloride
Al(OH)2Cl You do it!
aluminum dihydroxy chloride
52
elements
Ionic hydrate: ionic compound with water trapped in the
crystal
the water of hydration
use hydrate with a Greek prefix for the number
heat can remove some, or all, of this water
Examples
MgSO47H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salt)
CuSO45H2O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate:
Synthesis Exercises
NaCl sodium chloride

MgCO3 magnesium carbonate
KHSO4 potassium hydrogen sulfate
SrO strontium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
KMnO4 potassium permanganate
Synthesis Exercises
sodium hypochlorite NaClO

dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5
potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4
hydrogen chloride HCl
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds
Not individual molecules. Crystal lattices
Each ion is surrounded by many others
NaCl
sodium chloride
Formula unit = smallest ratio of anions to cations

Ions held together by electrostatic forces.

Cations (+) and anions () attract each other.
Larger charges = larger attraction.
Larger separation = lower attraction.
Coulombs law: Q1 = charge on ion
1, Q2 =
Q1Q2
Force between F=k 2
ions d
constant
Distance between
ions
Ionic crystals can be cleaved:
External force
displaces layers
Repulsion
occurs
Na+
Cl-
Ionic compounds are electrical

insulators when SOLID
will conduct if molten
Many are soluble in water

If an ionic compound
dissolves in water:
It dissociates
breaks apart into its ions.
It is a strong electrolyte
the solution is a good electrical
conductor.
Molecular Vs. Ionic Compounds
Property Molecular Ionic
Formation Most are non-metal Metal/non-metal
combinations combinations
Physical Gases, liquids & Crystalline solids
state solids. Brittle & weak Hard & brittle
or soft & waxy
mp & bp Low High
Conductivity Poor heat & electrical Poor heat & electrical.

conductors Good electrical if molten
Solubility Few soluble in water Many soluble in water
In solution Remain molecular Dissociate

Chemical Equations
Chemical equations represent the transformation of
one or more chemical species into new substances.
Reactants are the original materials and are written on the

left hand side of the equation.
Products are the newly formed compounds and are written

on the right hand side of the equation.
Reactants Products
Chemical Equations
Chemical formulas represent reactants and
products.
Phase labels follow each formula.
solid = (s)
liquid = (l)
gas = (g)
aqueous (substance dissolved in water) = (aq)
Some reactions require an additional symbol
placed over the reaction arrow to specify reaction
conditions.
Thermal reactions: heat ()
Photochemical reactions: light (h)
Chemical Equations
Different representations for the reaction between hydrogen

and oxygen to produce water.
Chemical Equations
Attempt to show on paper what is happening
at the laboratory and molecular levels.
Chemical Equations
Look at the information an equation
provides:

Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
66
Chemical Equations
provides:

Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
reactants yields products
67
Chemical Equations
provides:

Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
1 formula unit 3 molecules 2 atoms 3 molecules
68
Chemical Equations
provides:

Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
1 formula unit 3 molecules 2 atoms 3 molecules
1 mole 3 moles 2 moles 3 moles
69
Chemical Equations
Law of Conservation of Matter
There is no detectable change in quantity of matter in an
ordinary chemical reaction.
Balanced chemical equations must always include the same
number of each kind of atom on both sides of the equation.
This law was determined by Antoine Lavoisier.
Propane,C3H8, burns in oxygen to give carbon dioxide
and water.

C3H8 5 O2
3 CO2 4 H 2O
70
Chemical Equations
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form Nitrogen
monoxide & water
You do it!
71
Types of Chemical Reactions
Combustion
Combination
Decomposition
Displacement (Single displacement )
Metathesis/ Exchange (Double displacement)
72
Combustion Reactions
Combustion is the process of burning
the requires oxygen, O2
1. Complete combustion of hydrocarbon

1. CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
2. Incomplete combustion
1. CH4 + 2O2 CO + 2H2O
73
Combination Reactions
Combination reactions occur when two or
more substances combine to form a
compound.
There are three basic types of combination
reactions.
1. Two elements react to form a new compound
2. An element and a compound react to form one new
compound
3. Two compounds react to form one compound
74
+
X Z XZ
1. Element + Element Compound

A. Metal + Nonmetal Binary Ionic Compound
2 Na s Cl 2g 2 NaCls
76
2 Mgs O2g 2 MgOs

Some combustion
reactions are also
combination
77
2 Als 3 Br2 2 AlBr3s
78
2. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound
P4s 5 O2g P4O10s
79
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound
P4s 6 Cl2g 4 PCl3
80
Compound
Can control which product is made with the
reaction conditions.
2 Ass 3 Cl 2g 2 AsCl3s
in limited chlorine
2 Ass 5 Cl 2g 2 AsCl5s
in excess chlorine 81
Compound
Can control which product is made with the
reaction conditions.
Se s 2 F2g SeF4s
in limited fluorine
Se s 3 F2g SeF6g
in excess fluorine 82
2. Compound + Element Compound
AsCl 3s Cl2 g AsCl 5s
SF4 s F2 g SF6g
83
The reaction of oxygen with oxides of
nonmetals is an example of this type of
combination reaction.
COg O2 g CO2 g
catalyst &
2 SO2g O2g 2 SO3g
P4O6 2 O2 P4O10
84
3. Compound + Compound Compound
gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride
NH3g HClg NH4Cls

lithium oxide and sulfur dioxide
Li 2O SO 2 Li 2SO 3
85
Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition reactions occur when one
compound decomposes to form:
1. Two elements
2. One or more elements and one or more
compounds
3. Two or more compounds
86
+
XZ X Z
1. Compound Element + Element
decomposition of dinitrogen oxide

2 N 2Og
2 N 2g O2g
decomposition of calcium chloride
CaCl 2
Ca Cl 2g
electricity
decomposition of silver halides

h
2 AgBrs 2 Ags Br2
88
2. Compound One Element + Compound(s)
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
h or Fe3 or Mn
2 H 2O2aq 2 H 2O O2g
89
3. Compound Compound + Compound
decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate

NH4 HCO3s
NH3g H 2Og CO2g
90
800 - 1000C
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
heat
2 KNO3(s) 2 KNO2(s) + O2(g)
By shock:
4 C3H5(NO3)3(l)
12 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g)
nitroglycerin
Displacement Reactions
Displacement reactions occur when one
element displaces another element from a
compound.
These are reactions in which the more active
metal displaces the less active metal from a
compound in aqueous solution.
93
+ +
A XZ AZ X
Provided, A is more active than X in the

activity series, for the reaction to take place .
lithium
potassium
Activity Series of Metals barium
strontium
Displace H2 from H2O (l), sodium
steam or acid calcium
magnesium
aluminum
manganese
Displace H2 from steam or zinc
acid chromium
iron
nickel
Displace H2 from acid tin
lead
hydrogen
copper
bismuth
No reaction with H2O,
antimony
steam or acid mercury
silver
platinum
gold
The following metals are active enough to

displace hydrogen
K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, & Pb
96
Li
K
Ba
Displacement Reactions Sr
Na
Ca
Mg
Higher elements displace lower ones: Al
Mn
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Zn
Cr
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Fe

Ni
Sn
Pb
Metals at the bottom are unreactive. H
Cu
Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) no reaction Bi
Sb
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
Potassium + water
2 K(s) + 2 H2O(l)
2 KOH(aq) + H2(g)
2 Al(s) + 3H 2SO 4aq Al2 (SO 4 )3aq + 3 H 2g
100
3. [Active Nonmetal + Salt of Less Active Nonmetal] [Less
Active Nonmetal + Salt of More Active
Nonmetal] Nonmetal can only
displace another
nonmetal
Cl 2g + 2 NaIaq I 2s 2 NaCl(aq)
101
Metathesis Reactions
Metathesis reaction is also known as
Double displacement or exchange reaction
because the ions formed in solution switch
partners without change in the oxidation nos.
+ +
AD XZ AZ XD
102
Acid Base reaction
Precipitation reaction
103
1. Acid-Base (neutralization) Reactions
Formation of the nonelectrolyte H2O
acid + base salt + water
104
HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) KBr(aq) + H 2O( )

H aq + Br -
aq +K aq
-
+ OH
aq K aq + Br-
aq + H 2 O( )
105
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + 2 H 2O()
Ca 2aq + 2 OH-aq + 2 Haq + 2 NO3- aq Ca 2aq + 2 NO3- aq + 2 H 2O( )
106
2. Precipitation reactions are metathesis
reactions in which an insoluble compound
is formed.
The solid precipitates out of the solution much
like rain or snow precipitates out of the air.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq)
PbCrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
107
Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + K 2CO3(aq) 2 KNO3(aq ) + CaCO3(s)
2
Ca aq 2 NO
-
3aq 2K aq CO 2-
3aq

2K aq 2 NO -
3aq CaCO 3s
108
3 CaCl 2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4( aq) 6 NaCl( aq ) + Ca 3 PO4 2(s)
109
2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO 3( aq) 2 NaCl( aq ) + H 2O SO 2g
1 1
2H aq 2 Cl
1-
aq + 2 Na aq SO 2-
3aq
1
2 Naaq 2 Cl 1-
aq + H 2O SO 2g
110
Balancing Chemical Equations
The law of conservation of matter: matter is
neither created nor destroyed.
Chemical reactions must obey the law of
conservation of matter.
The same number of atoms for each element
must occur on both sides of the chemical

equation.
A chemical reaction simply rearranges the atoms
into new compounds.

Law of Conservation of Matter
There is no detectable change in quantity of matter in
an ordinary chemical reaction.
Balanced chemical equations must always include
the same number of each kind of atom on both sides
of the equation.
This law was determined by Antoine Lavoisier.
112
Balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane.

Chemical equations may be balanced via
inspection, which really means by trial and
error.
Numbers used to balance chemical equations
are called stoichiometric coefficients.
The stoichiometric coefficient multiplies the
number of atoms of each element in the formula
unit of the compound that it precedes.
Stoichiometry is the various quantitative
relationships between reactants and products.
Pay attention to the
following when
balancing chemical
equations:
Do not change species
Do not use fractions
(cannot have half a
molecule)
Make sure you have
the same number of
atoms of each element
on both sides
1. Write an unbalanced equation with correct
formulas for all substances.
2. Balance the atoms of one element.
a. Start with the most complex molecule
b. Change the coefficients in front of the
molecules
c. Do NOT alter the chemical formulas
3. Balance the remaining elements.
4. Check the atoms are all balanced.
Balance : Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe
step 1 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe

1 Al (2Fe + 3O) (2Al + 3O) 1Fe
not balanced
not balanced
step 2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2 Fe

1 Al (2Fe + 3O) (2Al + 3O) 2Fe
balanced
not balanced
step 3 2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2 Fe

2Al (2Fe + 3O) (2Al + 3O) 2Fe
step 4 balanced
Combustion of rocket fuel:
C2H8N2 + N2O4 N2 + H2O + CO2
2C + 8H + 4N + 4O 1C + 2H + 2N + 3O
not balanced
Balance C and N in C2H8N2 first:

C2H8N2 + N2O4 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2
2C + 8H + 4N + 4O 2C + 8H + 2N + 8O
Still not balanced. Adjust N and O
C2H8N2 + 2 N2O4 3 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2

Balanced
Polyatomic ion on both sides of an equation?
Balance as units.
NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + HNO3(aq)
Na + NO3 + 2H + SO4 2Na + SO4 + H + NO3
not balanced
Balance Na in Na2SO4
2 NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + HNO3(aq)
2Na + 2NO3 + 2H + SO4 2Na + SO4 + H + NO3
not balanced
2 NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq)

2Na + 2NO3 + 2H + SO4 2Na + SO4 + 2H + 2NO3
balanced
Write a balanced chemical equation describing
the reaction between propane, C3H8, and
oxygen, O2, to form carbon dioxide and water.
Interpreting Equations and the Mole
Balanced chemical equations are
interpreted on the microscopic and
macroscopic level.
Microscopic interpretation visualizes reactions

between molecules.
Macroscopic interpretation visualizes reactions

between bulk materials.
Interpreting Equations and the Mole
Balanced chemical reactions provide
stoichiometric ratios between reactants and
products. Ratios relate relative numbers of
particles.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
2H2O(g)
2 molecules H2 : 1 molecule O2 : 2 molecules
H2O
100 molecules H2 : 50 molecule O2 : 100
molecules H2O
End of Lecture Unit 6
123
Content
1. Writing Chemical Formula of Compounds
1. Oxidation State of atoms
2. Naming of Compounds
1. Binary compounds
2. Ternary Compounds
3. Compounds Containing 4 or more elements
3. Chemical Equations
1. Types of Chemical Reactions
2. Balancing Chemical Equation
124
General Chemistry 1
Lecture Unit No. 6

Chemical Nomenclature and
Equations
125

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General Chemistry 1

Lecture Unit No. 6

Ti Ti2+ (grp 4B)

Cu2O copper(I) oxide

Change the 2nd elements name to end in -ide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

H2O dihydrogen monoxide water

SO32- sulfite ion NO2- nitrite ion

If they contain H, add a prefix hydrogen

FO4- perfluorate ClO4- perchlorate

FO3- fluorate ClO3- chlorate

CN- cyanide ion

Characteristic of common inorganic bases

NaCl sodium chloride

sodium hypochlorite NaClO

Formula unit = smallest ratio of anions to cations

Ions held together by electrostatic forces.

Ionic compounds are electrical

Many are soluble in water

Conductivity Poor heat & electrical Poor heat & electrical.

In solution Remain molecular Dissociate

Reactants are the original materials and are written on the

Products are the newly formed compounds and are written

Different representations for the reaction between hydrogen

1. Complete combustion of hydrocarbon

1. Element + Element Compound

2 Mgs O2g 2 MgOs

2 Als 3 Br2 2 AlBr3s

P4s 5 O2g P4O10s

P4s 6 Cl2g 4 PCl3

AsCl 3s Cl2 g AsCl 5s

NH3g HClg NH4Cls

decomposition of silver halides

decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Provided, A is more active than X in the

The following metals are active enough to

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Fe

2 Al(s) + 3H 2SO 4aq Al2 (SO 4 )3aq + 3 H 2g

HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) KBr(aq) + H 2O( )

Ca 2aq + 2 OH-aq + 2 Haq + 2 NO3- aq Ca 2aq + 2 NO3- aq + 2 H 2O( )

Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + K 2CO3(aq) 2 KNO3(aq ) + CaCO3(s)

3 CaCl 2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4( aq) 6 NaCl( aq ) + Ca 3 PO4 2(s)

2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO 3( aq) 2 NaCl( aq ) + H 2O SO 2g

must occur on both sides of the chemical

into new compounds.

Balanced chemical equation for the combustion of methane.

step 1 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe

step 2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2 Fe

step 3 2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2 Fe

Balance C and N in C2H8N2 first:

C2H8N2 + 2 N2O4 3 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2

2 NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq)

Microscopic interpretation visualizes reactions

Macroscopic interpretation visualizes reactions

Lecture Unit No. 6

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