Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation

Process from n-Butane

Nomenclature
and Units
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
Overall Material Balance Nomenclature
Symbol Definition Units

kg
B Bottoms Stream
hr
kg
D Distillate Stream
hr
kg
F Feed Stream
hr
kg
F1 Feed Stream 1
hr
kg
F2 Feed stream 2
hr
kg
G Gas Stream
hr
kg
L Liquid Stream
hr
kg
P Product Stream
hr
kg
V Vapor Stream
hr
kg
W Water Stream
hr
V
Mole ratio of vapor to feed
F

Energy Balance Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

Pi Vapor Pressure of theComponent i Pa

Pj Vapor Pressure of the Heavy Key Pa
x iF mole fractionof component i at feed
yi Mole Fraction
i Relative Volatility
J
H or Heat of Reaction at 25
kmol
Mole
P Product
hr
Mole
B Bottoms
hr
J
Cp Heat Capacity
kmolK
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
Mole
D Distillate
hr
Mole
F Feed
hr
J
H Heat
kmol
Mole
Lm Liquid Flowrate at Reboiler
hr
Mole
ln Liquid Flowrate at Condenser
hr
P Pressure kPa
J
Q Heat
hr
R Reflux Ratio
T Temperature K
Mole
Vm Vapor Flowrate at Reboiler
hr
Mole
Vn Vapor Flowrate at Condenser
hr
Mole
n Molar Flowrate
hr
J
Heat of Vaporization
kmol

Subscripts
1 Inlet
2 Oulet
b Boiler
c Condenser
d Distillate
f Feed
m Minimum
p Product
v Vaporization

Storage Tank Design Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

D Outside Diameter of tank m

ID Inside Diameter m
H Height of the tank m
Pi Design Pressure KPa
TS Tensile Strength KPa
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
ts Shell thickness mm
f Maximum allowable stress of the material of
KPa
construction
J Joint efficiency
Rc crown radius mm
Rk Knuckle radius mm
Cs Stress concentration
J joint factor
th Head Thickness mm
Hd Depth of Head m
D0 Outside diameter of inner vessel mm
D1 Inside Diameter of Jacket mm
Dj Distance of Vessel diameter to Jacket mm

Reactor Design Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

Effectiveness
Bed Void Fraction
kg
s Density of fluid at the shell side 3
m
kg
t Density of fluid at the tube side 3
m
s Viscosity of fluid at the shell side Pas
t Viscosity of fluid at the tube side Pas
J
cp s Specific Heat of fluid at shellside
kgK
J
cp t Specific Heat of fluid at tube side
kgK
Dcat Diameter of the catalyst m
f Maximum Stress MPa
kmol
F Ao Mole flowrate of butane
hr
kmol
F Mole flowrate of Total feed
hr
kg
Gs Shell Side Mass flux
sm2
kg
Gt Tube Side Mass flux
sm2
W
hi Heat Transfer Coefficient (Inside) 2
m K
W
h IS Shell Side Dirt Coefficient 2
m K
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
W
hit Tube Side Dirt Coefficient 2
m K
W
ho Heat Transfer Coefficient (Outside) 2
m K
W
hs Heat Transfer Coefficient at shell side 2
m K
W
hsd Fouling Factor at the shell side 2
m K
W
htd Fouling Factor at the tube side 2
m K
Hs Height of the shell m
IDs Inside Diameter of the Shell m
IDt Inside Diameter of the Tube m
J Joint Efficiency
m3
kn Rate Constant Number
skg cat
W
ks Thermal Conductivity of the fluid at shell side
mK
W
kt Thermal Conductivity of the fluid at tube side
mK
W
kw Thermal Conductivity of the wall of the tubes
mK
Lt Length of the Tube m
mcat Mass of catalyst kg
kg
ms Mass Flowrate of fluid at shell side
s
kg
mt Mass Flowrate of fluid at tube side
s
ND Number of Tubes at Bundle Diameter
Nt Number of tubes
NTU Number of transfer unit
OD s Outside Diameter of the Shell m
ODt Outside Diameter of the Tube m
tp Tube Pitch m
ts Shell Thickness m
W
Uo Over-all Heat Transfer Coefficient
m3
xt Thickness of the tube m
3
vo m
Volumetric Flowrate
s
VR Volume of Reactor m
3
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
Gas Absorber Design Nomenclature
Symbol Definition Units

kg
MW Molecular Weight ( kmole )
yi Mole Fraction
P Pressure

T Temperature (K)
kg
Density ( )
m3
m3
R GasConstant (kmol K )
kg
L Liquid Flowrate ( )
sec
kg
G Gas Flowrate ( )
sec
Viscosity (Pa. sec)
F LV Flow Parameter
Ga s mass velocity per unit column cross
Vw
sectional area
Fp Packing Factor
A Area (m 2)
m2
aw Effective interfacial area of packing per unit
volume ( )
m3
kg
Lw Liquid mass velocity ( )
m2 s
m2
a Actual areaof packing per unit volume ( )
m3
Critical surface tension for particular packing N
c
material ( )
m
N
L Liquid surface tension ( )
m
dp Packing
K Film coefficient ( ms )
2
D Diffusivity ( )
m
sec
M Molecular masses of components a and b
P total pressure
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
vi Summation of special diffusion volume
a coefficients
H Film transfer unit height (m)
kmole
Ct Concentration of solvent ( m
3 )
H OG Height of Transfer Units (m)
N OG Number of Transfer Units (m)
Z Height of Tower (m)
P Pressure Drop
v Velocity ( secm )
Subscript
ave Average
g Gas
L Liquid
v Vapor
a Component a
b Component b
G Gas
T Total

Gas Liquid Separator Design Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

C Corrosion Allowance mm
De Equivalent Diameter m
D1 Inside Diameter m
D VD Inside Vessel Diameter m
DO Shell Outside Diameter m
E Joint Efficiency Factor
Fa Radiographic Factor
Fm Material Factor
Fs Temperature Factor
Fr Stress Relief Factor
Hh Depth of the Heads mm
HD Height of Disengagement m
HH Hold-up Height m
HS Surge Height m
HT Total Height of the tank m
H ME Height of the Mist Eliminator m
H LLL Height of the Low Liquid Level m
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
HLL High Liquid Level
HLL High Liquid at Nozzle
LLL Low Liquid Level
kg
mv Mass Flowrate of Vapor
hr
NLL Normal Liquid Level
P Internal gauge pressure psig
Pt Total Pressure psig
Ql m3
Volumetric Flowrate of Liquid
s
Qv m3
Volumetric Flowrate of Vapor
s
R Inside Radius m
Rc Crown Radius m
Rk Knuckle Radius m
S Allowable Stress psi
Su Minimum Specified Tensile Strength psi
th Head and Bottom Thickness inch
ts Shell Thickness m
tw Wall Thickness m
ft
Ut Terminal Velocity of the vapor
s
VH Hold-Up Volume ft
3

VS Surge Volume ft 3
VP Vapor Pressure psia

Dehydrator Design Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

C Corrosion Allowance mm
De Equivalent Diameter m
D1 Inside Diameter m
Dj Jacket Diameter m
DO Shell Outside Diameter m
E Joint Efficiency Factor
Fa Radiographic Factor
Fm Material Factor
Fs Temperature Factor
Fr Stress Relief Factor
Hh Depth of the Heads mm
Ht Total Height of the tank m
kg
mv Mass Flowrate of Vapor
hr
Production of Maleic Anhydride by Catalytic Oxidation
Process from n-Butane
P Internal gauge pressure psig
Pt Total Pressure psig
R Inside Radius m
Rc Crown Radius m
Rk Knuckle Radius m
S Allowable Stress psi
Su Minimum Specified Tensile Strength psi
th Head and Bottom Thickness inch
ts Shell Thickness m
tw Wall Thickness m
VP Vapor Pressure psia

Flaker Design Nomenclature

Symbol Definition Units

Viscosity cp
C Corrosion Factor mm
d Total Diameter mm
D Inside Diameter
rev
N Number of rotation
mins
N Reynolds Number
P Design Pressure
Q m3
Inlet Volumetric Flowrate
hr
s .g Specific Gravity
tw Wall thickness mm
W
U Over-all Heat Transfer Coefficient 2
m K