International Journal of Physics

and Research (IJPR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0030; ISSN(E): 2319-4499
Vol. 7, Issue 2, Jun 2017, 1-16
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

NUMERICALCALCULATIONS OF THE WIGNER ROTATION

MD. TAREK HOSSAIN &MD. SHAH ALAM

Department of Physics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT

We have introduced the Wigner rotation. We represented special and most general Lorentz transformations. The
velocity addition formula for special and most general Lorentz transformations are clearly explained. We have derived the
formula of Wigner rotation in two different ways. We have calculated the numerical values of Wigner rotation for
different cases. The graph of the Wigner rotation with respect to different velocities has plotted

KEYWORDS: Special Lorentz Transformation; Most General Lorentz Transformation; Lorentz Transformation; Velocity
Addition Formula Most General Lorentz Transformation; Velocity Addition Formula Special Lorentz Transformation;
Wigner Rotation. PACS: 03.30. + P

Received: Feb 18, 2017; Accepted: May 31, 2017; Published: Jun 13, 2017; Paper Id.:IJPRJUN20171

Original Article
1. INTRODUCTION

Wigner rotation results from the formation of two non-collinear Lorentz boosts that is not a pure boost, but
is the composition of a boost and a rotation. This rotation is known as Thomas rotation, ThomasWigner
rotation or Wigner rotation. The rotation was discovered by Thomas in 1926[1]and derived by Wigner in
1939[2]. When a sequence of non-collinear boosts returns the spatial origins of a sequence of inertial frame to the
starting point, then the sequence of Wigner rotations combine to produce a net rotation called the Thomas
, and e where the frame S is the lab frame which is
precession [3].Consider four inertial frames of references S ,
r
at rest and the frame is moving with uniform velocity U with respect to S, is moving with uniform velocity
r r
V with respect to , e is moving with uniform velocity W respect to . We want to find the velocity of the
electron with respect to lab frame S. There are two ways to get the velocity of electron with respect to lab frame.

( )
r r r r
Firstly, we can take the Lorentz sum of U and V i.e. U V (where denotes the Lorentz sum) and then we

( ) ( )
r r r r r r r
can take the Lorentz sum of U V and W i.e. U V W . Secondly, we can take the Lorentz sum of V

(r ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r
and W i.e. V W and then, we can take the Lorentz sum of U and V W i.e. U V W . The angle

( ) ( )
r r r r r r
between these two velocities U V W and U V W is Wigner rotation.

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
2 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

Figure 1: Wigner Rotation of , and e Decay Change

r
We can also explain the Wigner rotation by the following ways. Let us consider Alice is moving with velocity v1
r
with respect to mission control and Bob is moving with velocity v 2 respect to Alice, as shown in Figure 2. Unfortunately,
mission control cannot directly observe the velocity of Bob. The relativistic combination of velocities is how we deduce
r r r r
the velocity v 21 of Bob, as seen by mission control, using the velocities v1 and v 2 . We must be clear that v 2 is measured in
r r
Alice's rest frame whilst v1 and v 21 are measured in mission control's rest frame. We derive a simple formula for this
r r r
velocity v 21 , and it is quantitative results the relativistic combination of velocities v1 and v 2 [4]. Mission control observes
Bob as the spacecraft labeled B21, and to be moving at velocity, but pointing in a direction rotated by the Wigner rotation
angle .

Figure 2: The Wigner Rotation of Bob with Respect to Mission Control

2. LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION

The transformation which relates the observations of position and time made by the two observers in two different
inertial frames is known as Lorentz transformation.

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 3

2.1. Special Lorentz Transformation

Figure 3: The Frame S is at Rest and the Frame S is Moving with

Respect to S with Uniform Velocity v Along x-Axis

Let us consider two inertial frame of references S and S, where the frame S is at rest and the frame S is moving
along x-axis with velocity v with respect to S frame. The space and time coordinates of S and S are (x, y, z, t) and (x, y,
z, t) respectively. The relation between the coordinates of S and S, which is called special Lorentz Transformation, can
be written as [5-8]

vx
t (1)
x vt c2
x = , y = y , z = z, t =
2
v v2
1 1 2
c2 c

And

v x
t +
x + v t c2 (2)
x = , y = y , z = z , t =
2
v v2
1 1 2
c2 c

Special Lorentz Transformation is one dimensional. The velocities of moving frames are along x-axis. So, there is
no Wigner rotation Special Lorentz Transformation.

2.2. Most General Lorentz Transformation

Figure 4: The Frame S is at Rest and the Frame S is Moving with Respect to
r
S with Uniform Velocity v Along any Arbitrary Direction

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
4 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

r r
When the velocity v of S with respect to the S is not along x-axis i.e. the velocity v has three components vx, vy
and vz then the relation between the coordinates of S and S, which is called most general Lorentz transformation, can be
written as [5, 8-10]
r r r r r
X = X + v [{( X . v )/v2}{(1 v2/c2) 1/2 1} t(1 v2/c2) 1/2] (3)
r r
t = (1 v2/c2)1/2 (t X . v /c2)
and
r r
r r r ( X . V )
X = X + V ( 1) t
V
2

(4)

( )
r r
t = t X . V

1
r r
V2
= 1 and V = V
2
Where, = 1 ,c
c2

r r
Here X and X is the space part of the S and S frame respectively.

3. RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY ADDITION FORMULA OF LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION

3.1 Relativistic Velocity Addition Formula of special Lorentz Transformation

Consider three inertial frames of reference S , S and S where the frame S is at rest and the frame S is
moving along X-axis with velocity v with respect to S frame and the frame S is moving along X-axis with velocity u
with respect to S . Then,

Figure 5: Velocity Addition for Special Lorentz Transformation

From Equation (2), we have

x x + v t
=
t v x
t + 2
c

Dividing numerator and denominator by t we get.

x + t v
or, w = t t

t +x v
t t

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 5

x
Putting u= we have
t

u+v
w= (5)
1+ u v

Equation (5) is the relativistic or Einstein velocity addition theorem for special Lorentz transformation.

3.2 Relativistic Velocity Addition Formula of Most General Lorentz Transformation

Figure 6: Velocity Addition for Most General Lorentz Transformation

Consider three inertial frames of reference S , S and S where the frame S is at rest and the frame S is moving
r r
with velocity v with respect to S frame and the frame S is moving with velocity u with respect to S frame. From the
equation (4), we have
r
r r ( X . vr )
r X + v 2
( 1) + t
X
= v
t ( r r
t + X . v ) (6)

Dividing numerator and denominator of equation (6) by t we get,

r r
r r (u . v )
u + v 2 ( 1) +
r
w= v
(1 + u . v )
r r (7)

r r
1
X r X v2 2
Where w = ,u = , = 1 2
t t c

Equation (7) is the relativistic velocity addition theorem for most general Lorentz transformation.

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
6 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

3.3 Relativistic Velocity Addition Formula of Most General Lorentz Transformation in the Case of Perpendicular
Velocities

Figure 7: Perpendicular Relativistic Combination of Velocities between Bob and Alice

Let us consider the special cases of perpendicular velocities between Alice and Bob,Alice is moving with velocity
r r
v1 with respect to mission control and Bob is moving with velocity v 2 with respect to Alice, as shown in Figure 7. The
r
velocityof Bob is supposed to read v 21 by mission control using equation (7)it can be written as,

r r v v cos 90 0
v 2 + v1 1 2 2 { 1 1} + 1
r v2 1
v 21 = Where 1 =
( )
and c=1.
1 1 + v1v 2 cos 90 0
v
2

(1 12 )
c

v 2 + v1 ( 1 )
r r
r
v 21 =
1
r
r r v r r
v 21 = v1 + 2 = v1 + v 2 1 v12 (8)
1
r
Similarly,using equation (7) the relativistic combination of velocities v12 can be written as,

r r v1v 2 cos 90 0
v1 + v 2 2 { 2 1} + 2
r v1 1
v12 = Where 2 =
(
2 1 + v1v 2 cos 90 0
) v
2

(1 22 )
c

v1 + v 2 ( 2 )
r r
r
v12 =
2
r
r r v1 r r
v12 = v 2 + = v 2 + v1 1 v 22 (9)
2

These formulas are extremely useful to introduce the concept of relativistic ally combining velocities.

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 7

3.4 Relativistic Velocity Addition Formula of Most General Lorentz Transformation in the Case of Parallel
velocities

Figure 8: Parallel Relativistic Combination of Velocities between Bob and Alice

r r
The special cases of parallel velocities between Alice velocity v1 and Bob velocity v 2 are shown in Figure 8. The
relativistic combination of parallel velocities formula is usually given in textbooks [1, 16-19]. Using equation (7) the
r
velocities v 21 can be written as,

r r v v cos 0 0
v 2 + v1 1 2 2 { 1 1} + 1
r
v 21 = v2 Where = 1
( )
and c=1.
1 1 + v1v 2 cos 0 0 1
2
v
(1 12 )
c
r r
r v +v
v 21 = 1 r 2r
1 + v1 v 2
r
Using equation (7) the relativistic combination of velocities v12 can be written as,

r r v v cos 0 0
v1 + v 2 1 2 2 { 2 1} + 2
r v1 1
v12 = Where 2 =
(
2 1 + v1v 2 cos 0 )
0
v
2

(1 22 )
c
r r
r v1 + v 2
v12 = r r
1 + v1 v 2

So we can write,
r r
r r v1 + v 2
v 21 = v12 = r r (10)
1 + v1 v 2
r r
Here c = 1. The magnitudes of the two combined velocities v 21 and v12 are the same, and hence there will be no
resulting Wigner rotation or Thomas precession.

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
8 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

4. DERIVATION OF THE FORMULA OF WIGNER ROTATION

We have derived the formula of Wigner rotation in two ways. Initially we have calculated change of Wigner
rotation of Bob with respect to mission control. Later, we have calculated Wigner rotation of , and e.

4.1 Method One Calculation of Wigner Rotation

Figure 9: A More Correct Interpretation of the Relativistic Combination of Velocities

r
In figure 9,Alice is moving with velocity v1 with respect to mission control while Bob is moving with uniform
r
velocity v 2 with respect to Alice which is shown by the solid line. When mission control observes Bob velocity, it is
r
supposed to read v 21 , but it observes a rotation of angle which is the Wigner rotation angle. The dashed lines indicate
r r
Alice has velocity v 2 as measured by mission control, and Bob has velocity v1 as measured by Alice as shown. When
r
mission control observes Bob velocity it is supposed to read v12 . But it also observes a rotation of angle . This angle is
also known as Wigner rotation.
r r
Let us consider with the case of v1 and v 2 being perpendicular, and hence with the relativistic combined
r r
velocities v 21 and v12 as defined by (8) and (9) respectively. We can write,

r r r r
v 21 v12 , But v12 = v 21 = v12 + v 22 v12 v 22 (11)

Figure 10: Parallel and Perpendicular Decompose the Velocities is

Illustrated in Subfigures a) and b) Respectively

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 9

r r
In subfigure 10a), we decompose the velocity v 2 of Bob as measured by Alice into the components v 2 1
and
r r r
v 2 1 , parallel and perpendicular to v1 respectively. The relativistic ally combined velocity v 21 is the velocity of Bob as
o ro
seen by mission control. In subfigure 10b), we see the S frame, which is observed to have velocity v1 by mission
r r o
control, which represents the relativistic combination of velocities v 2 1 and v1 . In the S frame Bob is measured to have

r o ro
velocity v 2 , perpendicular to v1 .

r r
As v 2 1
and v1 are collinear by (10) the velocity of S o as measured by mission control is
r r r r
ro v 2 1 + v1 v 2 1 + v1
v1 = r r = r r (12)
1 + v 2 1 v1 1 + v1 .v 2

There is no Wigner rotation of the S o frame relative to mission control. Therefore, we can think of a new situation, as
o r0
illustrated in Figure 10b), where we have S moving at velocity v1 relative to mission control, and Bob moving at some
r 0 o r0 r 0
velocity v 2 as measured in the S frame. Since v1 and v 2 are perpendicular then we can write,

ro r
v 2 = 21 v 21 (13)

1
2 1
=
Where 1 v22 1

r
Thus, as mission control sees S o moving at velocity v1 0 , and the observer S o sees Bob to be moving at the
r r
perpendicular velocity v2 = 21v2 1 , we see that the velocity of Bob with respect to mission control is given by
o

r r r
v21 = v1o + 2o 1 v2 1
1 (14)

Equation (12) can be written as,

r 1 r r
1o = = 2 1 1 (1 + v1 .v 2 ) (15)
1 v ( ) o 2
1

And hence (14) becomes

r r r
r v1 + v 2 1
+ 1 v12 v 2 1
v 21 . = r r
1 + v1 .v 2
r
r r r r v1
1 .v1 + v 2 + ( 1 1)( v1 .v 2 )
r v12
v 21 = r r
1 (1 + v1 .v 2 )

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
10 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

r r r
r v1 + (1 11 )v 2 1 + 11v 2
v 21 = r r
1 + v1 .v 2 (16)

Similarly, we find

r r r
r v 2 + v1 2
+ 1 v 22 v1 2
v12 = r r
1 + v1 .v 2
r
r r r r v2
2 .v 2 + v1 + ( 2 1)( v1 .v 2 )
r v 22
v12 = r r
2 (1 + v1 .v 2 )
r r r
r v 2 + (1 21 )v1 2 + 21v1
v12 = r r
1 + v1 .v 2 (17)

similar procedure to
These are the most elementary formulae for the composition of general velocities.We use a
r r 2 r r
v1 + v2 v1 v2
2
r r r r
consider the Wigner rotation, where we must have v 21 = v12 . v 21 = v12 = r r
1 + v1 .v2 (18)

As previously described for the perpendicular case, the Wigner rotation angle is exactly the angle between
r r
v 21 and v12 as measured by mission control.
r r
The Wigner rotation angle then follows from the cross-product of the vectors v 21 and v12 . Using (16), (17) and
(18)we can write,
r r r r
v 21 v12 = v 21 v12 sin (19)

r r r r r 2 r r r r 2 r r
v1 + (1 11 )v 2 1 + 11v 2 vr + (1 1 )vr + 1vr v1 + v 2 v1 v 2
2
v1 + v 2 v1 v 2
2

r r 2 2
r r
1 2 2 1
= r r r r sin
1 + v1 .v 2 1 + v1 .v 2 1 + v1 .v 2 1 + v1 .v 2

r r r r r r
(v 2 + (1 21 )v1 2 + 21v1 ) (v1 + (1 11 )v 2 1
+ 11v 2 )
sin = r r 2 r r 2
v1 + v 2 v1 v 2

r r r r r r
(v 2 + (1 21 )v1 2 + 21v1 ) (v1 + (1 11 )v 2 1
+ 11v 2 )
sin = r r 2 r r 2 (20)
v1 + v 2 v1 v 2

This can be simplified to

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 11

r r
r r 1 1 (v1 v 2 )
(1 1 2 + (v1 v 2 )(
1 1
+ )+ 1
1 11
1 2
1
(1 1 )(1 2 )
1

sin = v1v 2 sin r r 2 r r 2 (21)

v1 + v 2 v1 v 2
r r
Where is the angle between v1 and v 2 as measured by Alice. However

r 1 r r
12 = r 2 = 1 2 (1 + v1 v 2 )
1 v12

rearranged to give

12 1 2
cos =
v1v 2 1 2

Hence (21) can be written as,

r r
r r 1 1 (v1 v 2 )
(1 1 2 + (v1 v 2 )(
1 1
+ )+ 1
1 11
1 2
1
(1 1 )(1 2 )
1

sin = v1v 2 r r 2 r r 2 sin

v1 + v 2 v1 v 2

v1v 2 1 2 (1 + 1+ 2 + 12 )
sin = sin
( 1+1)( 2+1)( 12+1)

v v (1 + 1+ 2 + 12 )
= sin 1 1 2 1 2 sin
( 1+1)( 2+1)( 12+1)

Which, some may recognize as Stapp's elegant formula [28]. Similarly, using the definition of the dot-product to
find the Wigner rotation angle , one finds

r r
r r 2 r r 2 1 1 (v1 v 2 )
v1 + v 2 v1 v 2 ( + ) 1
1 1 1 2 (1 1 )(1 2 )
1 1 1

cos = r r 2 r r 2
v1 + v 2 v1 v 2

( 12 + 1+ 2 + 1) 2
cos + 1 =
( 1+1)( 2+1)( 12+1)

( 12 + 1+ 2 + 1) 2
cos = 1
( 1+1)( 2+1)( 12+1)

( + + + 1) 2
= cos 1 12 1 2 1
( 1+1)( 2+1)( 12+1)
(22)

Equation (22) is the Wigner rotation angle between the Bob and Alice.

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
12 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

4.2 Numerical Calculation

Let us consider the Alice velocity 0.4C, which is constant, and the different velocity of Bob and corresponding
Wigner rotation values calculated using equation (22) in the following table.

Table 1
Bob Velocity Wigner Rotation
0.3c 4.320
0.4c 4.830
0.5c 6.400
0.6c 7.980
0.7c 9.840
0.8c 11.890
0.9c 14.890

The Alice velocity is constant 0.4C and the change of Bob velocity with respect to change of Wigner rotation as
shown in the figure 11.

16

14
o
Wigner rotation in

12

10

4
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Bob velocity in unit of C

Figure 11: The Change of Wigner Rotation with Respect to Different Bob Velocity

4.3 Method Two Calculation of Wigner Rotation

r
The Wigner rotation can also be calculated through the following process. In figure 1, W be the velocity of muon
with respect to lab frame then according to the velocity addition formula for the most general Lorentz transformation [8-
10] we can write

r r Ur .Vr
V +U (
2 ( U 1) + U
)
r r r U
W = U V = r r
U 1+ U. V ( ) (23)

r r
Now, if muon moves with velocity W with respect to lab frame and electron moves with velocity W respect to
muon,then according to the velocity addition, formula for the most general Lorentz transformation [13] we can write

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 13

r r
r r (W . W )
W + W ( Wr 1) + Wr
W r r
2
r r r
W = W W =
Wr (1 + W . W ) (24)

)( ) (
r r r
r r U V . W
r
(
W + U V r r 2 (Ur Vr ) 1 + (Ur Vr ) )
(
r r
)
or , U V W =
r (
U V )
( )
r r r
(U V ) (1 + U V . W )
r r

Again, from moun and electron according to the velocity addition formula for most general Lorentz
r r
transformation [29-30] the resultant velocity of V and W can be written as

r r
r r (V .W )
W +V 2
( V 1) V (25)
r r r V
W = V W = r r
V (1 + V . W )
r
Finally, if electron moves with velocity W with respect to piont, then the resultant velocity [29] electron with
respect to lab frame can be written as
r r
r r (U . W )
W +U 2
( U 1) U
r r r U
W = U W = r
U (1 + U . W )
( )
r r r (26)
( )
r r r U . V W
V W +U ( U 1) U
( )
2
r r r U
or ,U V W = r r r
U 1 + . V W .U ( ( ) )
Specifically, to illustrate Wigner rotation for velocity vectors in unit of c are defined as,

U = (u x , u y , 0 ) = (0.5, 0 .2, 0. 0 ) Velocity of pion relative to lab frame;

r

V = (v x , v y ,0 ) = (0.3, 0 .5, 0. 0 ) Velocity of muon relative to pion;

r

W = (wx , wy , 0 ) = (0.4, 0.2, 0. 0, ) Velocity of electron relative to muon.

r

The corresponding factors are as follows

1 1 1
u = = 1.18678, v = = 1.23091, U V = = 8.45154
1U 2 1V 2 (
r r
1 U V )2

0.7237
( )
r r r r
From equation (23) and (24) we have U V W = 0.96175 = A (say)
0

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
14 MD. Tarek Hossain& MD. Shah Alam

6.65228
( )
r r r r
From equation (25) and (26) we get U V W = 5.17574 = B (say)
0
r r
A . B = AB cos
r r
1 A . B
We know that
= cos
AB

r
Where A = 0.7237 i + 0.96175 j + 0 k , A = (0.7237 )2 + (0.96175 )2 = 1.20362

r
And B = 6.65228 i + 5.17574 j + 0 k , B = (6.65228 )2 + (5.17574 )2 = 8.428589
r r
A . B = 9.792

Hence, = cos 1 (.96) = 16.26o

Again let,

U = (u x , u y , 0 ) = (0.5, 0 .2, 0.0 ), V = (v x , v y ,0 ) = (0.2, 0 .4, 0. 0 ), W = (w x , w y , 0 ) = (0.5, 0.3, 0. 0 ) &

r r r

U = (u x , u y , 0 ) = (0.4, 0.3, 0.0 ), V = (v x , v y ,0 ) = (0.2, 0.5, 0.0 ), W = (w x , w y , 0 ) = (0.6, 0.3, 0.0 )

r r r

Be two sets of velocity vectors of pion decay chain e , as figure 1 then using equations (23),(24),(25)

( ) ( )
r r r r r r
and (26) we have the velocity vectors of electron relative to lab frame, U V W and U V W are

1.00669 0.9978 0.9708 0.74188

0.7605 , 0.575 and 0.9487 , 0.680924 respectively.


0 0 0 0

Using similar process as previous we have the Wigner rotations in this case

= cos 1 (0.99296) = 7.17 o (App.) and = cos 1 (0.9995) = 1.8o (App.) respectively.

5. CONCLUSIONS

We have derived the formula of Wigner rotation in two different ways. We have observed that there is no Wigner
rotation for two linear Lorentz boosts. We have calculated the numerical values of Wigner rotation for different cases. We
have observed that the Wigner rotation increases due to the increase of velocity.

REFERENCES

1. L.H ThomasThomas Nature 117, 514 (1926)

2. E.P. Wigner Ann. Math 40 149 (1939)

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.5646 NAAS Rating: 4.00

Numerical Calculation of the Wigner Rotation 15

3. J. A. Rhodesa, M. D. Semon American Journal of Physics 72 7 (2004)

4. K. ODonnell, M. Visser European Journal of Physics 31 p1033-1047 (2011)

5. C. Moller Oxford University Press London (1952)

6. A RBaizid and M SAlamAmerican Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 2(5) 153-163 (2012)

7. A R Baizid and M S AlamAmerican Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 3(3)105-123(2013)

8. A R Baizid and M S AlamInternational Journal of Reciprocal Symmetry and Theoretical Physics Volume 1, No 1 (2014)

9. M.S Alam Proc. Pakistan Acad. of Sci. 37(1) 119-122 (2000)

10. M.S. Alam, SBauk American Institute of Physics Canada (2011)

11. R Resnick Introduction to special relativity (Wiley Eastern limited) (1994)

12. J. D. Jackson (Wiley, New York), 3rd ed., pp. 548553, 563564, 571 (1998)

13. R. D. SardBenjamin (New York Chap. 5) (1970)

14. H. Arzelie`s, Relativistic Kinematics (New York pp. 173180, 198, 201203) (1966)

15. H. Goldstein, C. Poole, and J. Safko Classical Mechanics (Addison Wesley, New York, 3rd ed.) pp. 282285 (2002)

16. G. P. Fisher Am. J. Phys. 40, 17721781 (1972)

17. J. D. Jackson Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 3rd ed.) pp. 548553, 563564, 571(1998)

18. R. D. Sard Relativistic Mechanics Benjamin, New York Chap. 5 (1970)

19. H. Arzelie`s Relativistic Kinematics New Yorkpp. 173180, 198, 201203 (1966)

20. J D Jackson Classical Electrodynamics (Chichester: Wiley) pp 54852(1975)

21. K Rebilas Am. J. Phys. 79 10641067(2011)

22. K Rebilas Phys. 41 18001890 (2011)

23. F Rohrlich Ann. Phys. 22 169191(1963)

24. C W Misner, K S Thorne and J A Wheeler Gravitation (San Francisco, CA: Freeman) pp 175176 (1973)

25. K. Rebilas, Eur. J. Phys. 34 L55L (2013)

26. G. P. Fisher American Journal of Physics 401772 (1972)

27. V. I. Ritus. Physics-Uspekhi 50 95-101(2007)

28. H. P. Stapp Physical Review 103 425-434 (1956)

29. E. P. Wigner Ann. Math.40 149204 (1939)

30. G. P. FisherAm. J. Phys. 40 17721781 (1972)

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org