Fem

A Book apart
NEW
MECHANICAL EDITION
ENGINEERING 2017
ods
eth
AO t M
OP R en
U RO
em
AP El
8
i te
Fi n
E W !
U
N
SVT
C
PUBLICATIONS A unit of GATEMENTOR Group

Mechanical eryc GATEMENTOR
Vol.1
A Comprehensive Book
on
Finite Element Methods
Useful For
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University (CSVTU) Examinations
Mechanical Engineering : 8th Semester
Apuroop Rao
M.Tech(Mechanical Systems Design) IIT Kharagpur
Ex.Employee Mahindra & Mahindra R&D
PUBLICATIONS
A unit of GATEMENTOR Group
PUBLICATIONS A unit of GATEMENTOR Group
Office
Plot No. A-213, Street No.-27, Smriti Nagar, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh
Phone : 0788-6499334, 9630520016
Website www.gatementor.co.in
Email info@gatementor.co.in
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

c Copyright by GateMentor Publications
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the
above mentioned publisher of this book.
Second Edition : 2017

ISBN : 9788193188323
Typeset at : GateMentor Publications, Bhilai-490020

A Word
from the Author....
It gives me immense pleasure in presenting to the readers the second edition of Finite Element Methods
in its present form. The book has been designed and tailored according to the syllabus of eighth semester
mechanical engineering of CSVTU (Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University). The students of
other universities can also be benefitted by this book. This edition is and improved aversion of my first
book. I have tried to rectify all the errors that were present in the first edition. I have worked really hard
to make this book as much helpful as possible for the students
Every effort has been made to present the material in easy, clear, lucid and systematic manner. Though all
efforts have been made to make the book reasonably exhaustive and comprehensive, there still may be
ways in which the presentation can be further improved. Valuable suggestions for further improvement of
the book will be gratefully accepted.
In addition, if any student has any doubt in the subject matter, I am available to help in any manner.
Apuroop Rao
M.Tech(Mechanical Systems Design) IIT Kharagpur
Ex.Employee Mahindra & Mahindra R&D
Mobile No. - +91-7879702974
C ontents
Finite Element Methods
Unit 1
Kinematics
FORMULATIONof Fluid flow ELEMENT EQUATION
OF FINITE
Formulation of finite element equation 1-1 to 1-37
Unit 2
Kinematics of Fluid flow
ONE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
One dimensional finite element analysis 2-1 to 2-39
Unit 3
ONE DIMENSIONAL BEAM & FRAME ELEMENT
One Dimensional beam & frame element 3-1 to 3-27
Unit 4
TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - I
Two dimensional finite element analysis - I 4-1 to 4-23
Unit 5
TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - II
Two dimensional finite element analysis - II 5-1 to 5-39
CSVTU PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION PAPERS (APR-MAY 2016 - NOV-DEC 2016)

6-1 to 6-7
FORMULATION OF
1 FINITE ELEMENT EQUATION

SYLLABUS
Of
Formulation of Finite Element Equation starting from governing differential equation. Domain residual and minimization,
Weighted residual method, Weak form of weighted residual method, solution of weak form using trial function, piecewise
continuous trial function solution, formulation of one dimensional bar element using weak form of weighted residual
element
Minimization of potential energy, Rayleigh-Ritz method, Piece-wise continuous trial function, finite element form of Rayleigh-
Ritz method, finite element formulation derived from a functional, formulation of bar element and heat transfer element
using Rayleight-Rit method
Fins and Transient
& Formulation of
1 Finite Element Equations
Introduction
1.1 What do you mean by FEM? Write its applications.
Ans. FEM stands for finite element method. It is a numerical method to solve differential equation and it is extensively used
for analyzing any engineering problem.
Application of FEM
(i) Linear and non-linear structural analysis.
(ii) Fluid flow analysis.
(iii) Heat transfer analysis.
(iv) Analysis of electromagnetic fields.
(v) Dynamic analysis.
(vi) Acoustic analysis.
(vii) Analysis of different manufacturing processes like forging, casting etc.
1.2 Name two commonly used approaches in deriving the finite element questions.
Ans. The two commonly used methods in deriving the finite element questions are
(i) Galerkin`s method
(ii) Rayleigh Ritz method
MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

1-2| Finite Element Methods
Weighted Residual Method

1.3 What is residue?
Ans. By using Numerical method to solve a differential equation we usually get an approximate solution to the problem and
not an exact one. Hence there is a small error in the solution. This error is termed as residue.
1.4 What do you mean by weight function?
Ans. In order to minimize the residue we multiply the residue by a function of the independent variable and integrate the
product within the boundary values and equate it to zero. This function of independent variable is known as weight
function.
1.5 Explain weighted residual method.
Ans. It is a numerical method to solve differential equations. In this method, we first assume an approximate solution and
then try to minimize the error.
For example, let us consider a differential equation
dy
x ; 0 x 1
dx
Lets assume an approximate solution to this equation
y=Co C1 x C2 x2
As this is an approximate solution, when we put this value of y in the differential equation, it will not completely satisfy
the equation. That means L.H.S. R.H.S. will not be equal to 0 and we will get L.H.S. R.H.S.=R. This R is called residual.
dy
xR
dx
In order to make our solution more accurate, we need to minimize the value of R. For this we use different methods,
such as
Point collocation method.
Galerkin method.
Sub-domain method.
Least square method.
Assumtion of approximate solution

There can be two types of approximate solution
1. Polynomial function
2. Trigonometric function
1.1.1. Polynomial Function
Polynomial approximate solution is given by
y=Co C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3 .............Cn xn
Here C o , C1 , C 2 , C3 ,. C n are constant parameters.
Following rules need to be followed while choosing a polynomial approximate solution
I. Number of parameters in the assumed polynomial should be equal to the sum of parameters asked in the
problem and the number of boun dary conditions given in the problem.

Formulation of Finite Element Equations |1-3
For example, if we need to find a two parameter solution and the number of boundary conditions are two then
our approximate solution should be y=Co C1 x C2 x C3 x .
2 3
II. The polynomial should satisfy all the boundary conditions given in the problem.
1.1.2 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric approximate solution is given by
x 3 x
y C0 C1 sin C2 sin
2 2
5 x (2n 1) x
C3 sin ...........Cn sin
2 2
Methods adopted to minimize the error
Let us consider a differential equation
dy
x ; 0 x 1
dx
y(0)=1
Lets assume an approximate solution to this equation
y=Co C1 x C2 x2
As this is an approximate solution, when we put this value of y in the differential equation, it will not completely satisfy
the equation. That means L.H.S. R.H.S. will not be equal to 0 and we will get L.H.S. R.H.S.=R. This R is called residual.
dy
xR
dx
From the above equation, we can see that the value of R will vary according to x. In order to minimize the value of R in
the entire domain ( 0 x 1 ), we create a weighted integral of the product of the residue and a weight function
attached to it and set the integral within the boundary limits to zero.
1
w R dx = 0
0
i
Where wi is the weight function and suffix i indicates the number of parameters of approximate solution ( C o , C1 , C 2
etc) to be calculated. This means that there will be as many weight functions as the number of unknown parameters
and after integrating we will get that many simultaneous equations to solve.
The value of wi is taken from the coefficient of the parameter ( C o , C1 , C 2 etc) in the equation of y.
[Note: If the value of residual R is nit dependent on x, i.e. if the value of R is constant then we can directly put R=0 to
find the value of the unknown parameter.]
1.6 What are the criteria to assume an approximate solution to solve Governing Differential Equation?
Ans. Criteria are:

(i) The polynomial representing the approximate solution should be complete.
(ii) It should satisfy all the boundary conditions.
(iii) The equation and its derivatives up to the order of the DE should be continuous.

Numericals Based on Weighted Residual Method

1.7 Solve the differential equation given below
dy
x ; 0 x 1; y(0)=1
dx
Use a two parameter trial function.
Ans. Step 1 Get the approximate solution:

As the trial function should have two parameters and the number of boundary condition is one, we will consider a
polynomial with three parameters (number of parameters asked in problem + number of boundary conditions)
y=Co C1 x C2 x2
Now we will apply the boundary condition given in the problem, i.e. y(0)=1
1 Co C1 0 C2 0
Co 1
Rewriting the approximate solution
y=1 C1 x C2 x2 (i)
As after applying boundary conditions, y has now only two parameters (C1 and C2), it is a two parameter solution.
Step 2 Find the residual R
Substitute the value of y in the given problem,
dy
x
dx
dy
xR
dx
d
(1 C1 x C2 x 2 ) x R
dx
C1 2C2 x x R
Step 3 The weighted integral form
1
w R dx = 0
0
i
w C
0
i 1 2C2 x x dx = 0
Step 4 Galerkin method

wi = coefficient of Ci in y.
For i=1, w1 x (coefficient of C1 in equation (i))
1
x C
0
1 2C2 x x dx = 0
C x 2C x x 2 dx = 0
2
1 2
0
1
C1 x 2 2C2 x3 x3
0
2 3 3 0

C1 2C2 1
(ii)
2 3 3
For i=2, w2 x
2
x C 2C2 x x dx = 0
2
1
0
1
C x 2C2 x3 x3 dx = 0
2
1
0
1
C1 x3 2C2 x 4 x 4
0
3 4 4 0
C1 2C2 1
(iii)
3 4 4
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we will get
C1 0.0865 and C2 0.557
Hence from the equation of y, we will get our solution as
y 1 0.0865x 0.557 x2
1.8 Solve the following equation using a two-parameter trial solution by (a) the point-collocation method
Rd 0 at x 1 / 3 and x 2 / 3 ; (b) the Galerkin method.
dy
y 0, 0 x 1
dx
y 0 1
dy
Ans. y 0, 0 x 1
dx
y 0 1
Lets assume a trial solution
y Co C1 x C1 x C2 x2
Applying boundary conditions
At x 0, y 1
1 Co
y 1 C1 x C2 x2
As after applying boundary conditions, y has now only two parameters (C 1 and C2), it is a two parameter solution.
Residual R
dy
R y
dx

d
dx
1 C1 x C2 x2 1 C1 x C2 x2
C1 2C2 x 1 C1 x C2 x 2
1 C1 1 x C2 2 x x 2

(a) Point collocation method
1 2
Given Rd 0 at x and x
3 3
1
At x ,
3
1 1 1 2
0 1 C1 1 C2 2
3 3 3
4 7
0 1 C1 C2 (i)
3 9
2
At x ,
3
2 2 2 2
0 1 C1 1 C2 2
3 3 3
5 16
0 1 C1 C2 (ii)
3 9
Solving equation (i) and (ii) we get
C1 0.931, C2 0.31
y 1 0.931x 0.31x 2
(b) Galerkin method

1
w Rdx 0
0
i
w 1 C 1 x C 2 x x dx 0
2
i 1 2
0
For i 1, w1 x [coefficient of C1 in equation y]

1
x 1 C 1 x C 2 x x dx 0
2
1 2
0
1
x C x C x 2C2 x 2 C2 x 3 dx 0
2
1 1
0
1
x 2 C x 2 C x 3 2C x 3 C x 4
1 1 2 2 0
2 2 3 3 4 0
1 C1 C1 2C2 C2
2 2 3 3 4 0

5 11 1
C1 C2 0 (i)
6 12 2
For i 2, w2 x [coefficient of C2 in y]
2
1
x
2
1 C1 1 x C2 2 x x 2 dx 0

0
1
x C1 x 2 C1 x 3 2C2 x 3 C2 x 4 dx 0
2

1
x3 C x3 C x 4 2C x 4 C x 5
1 1 2 2 0
3 3 4 4 5 0
1
1 C C x 4 2C x 4 C x 5
1 1 2 2 0
3 3 4 4 5 0
1 C1 C1 C2 C2
3 3 4 2 5 0

7 7 1
C1 C2 0 (ii)
12 10 3
Solving equation (i) and (ii) , we get
C1 0.914, C2 0.285
y 1 0.914 x 0.285 x 2
1.9 Obtain a two-term Galerkin solution for the problem:

d2 y
8 x 2 4 in 0 x 1
dx 2
Subject to the boundary conditions:
y 0 0 and y 1 0
Ans. Assuming a trial function

y C0 C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3
At x 0, y 0
0 C0
y C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3
At x 1, y 0
0 C1 C2 C3
C3 C1 C2
y C1 x C2 x2 C1 C2 x3
y C1 x x3 C2 x2 x3 (i)
Residual R
d2 y
R 8 x2 4
dx2
d2
2 1
C x x3 C2 x2 x3 8 x2 4
dx
6C1 x 2C2 6C2 x 8 x2 4
From Galerkin method
1
w Rdx 0
0
i
For i 1, w1 coefficient of C1 x x3

1
x x 6C x 2C 6C2 x 8 x2 4 dx 0
3
1 2
0
1
6C x 2C2 x 6C2 x2 8 x3 4 x 6C1 x 4 2C2 x3 6C2 x 4 8 x5 4 x3 dx 0
2
1
0
1
6C1 x3 2C2 x2 6C2 x3 8 x 4 4 x2 6C1 x5 2C2 x 4

3 2 3 4 2 5 4
0
6C2 x5 8 x6 4 x 4

5 6 4 0
6 C2 6 8
2C1 C2 2C2 2 2 C1 C2 1 0
5 2 5 6
0.8C1 0.3C2 1.67 0 (ii)
For i 2, w2 coefficient of C2 x x 2 3
1
x x3 6C1 x 2C2 6C2 x 8 x2 4 dx 0
2

1
6C x 2C2 x2 6C2 x3 8 x 4 4 x2 6C1 x 4 2C2 x3 6C2 x 4 8 x5 4 x3 dx 0
3
1

1
6C x 4 2C x3 6C x 4 8 x5 4 x3 6C1 x5 2C2 x 4 6C2 x5 8 x6 4 x 4
1 2 2 0
4 3 4 5 3 5 4 5 6 4 0
6C 2C 6C 8 4 6C 2C 6C 8
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 0
4 3 4 5 3 5 4 5 6
0.3C1 0.133C2 0.6 0 (iii)
Solving equation (ii) and (iii), we get
C1 2.57, C2 1.28
Substituting values of C1 and C2 in equation (i)
y 2.57 x x3 1.28 x2 x3
1.10 The governing equation for a fully developed steady laminar flow for a Newtonian viscous fluid on an
inclinded flat surface (figure-1.1) is given by
d 2V
g cos
dx 2
Where,
coefficient of viscosity
density
g Acceleration due to gravity
Angle between the inclined surface and the vertical
Figure 1 . 1|

Boundary conditions are:
dv
| x 0 0 and V L 0
dx
Find the velocity distribution V(x) using the weighted residual method.
Ans. Assuming a trial sanction

v co c1 x c2 x2
At x L , v 0
0 co c2 L2
co c2 L2
v c2 L2 c2 x2
c2 x2 L2 (i)
Residual R
d2x
R g cos
dx2
c2 x2 L2 g cos
d

dx2
2c2 g cos
As the residual R is constant (there is no term of x), we can directly equate the residual to zero
R0
2c2 g cos 0
g cos
c2
2
From equation (i)
g cos
v
2
x 2
L2
1.11 Determine the Galerkin approximation solution of the differential equation

d 2u du
A 2
B C 0
dx dx
u 0 u L 0
Assume a one parameter solution.
Ans. Lets assume a trial function

u Co C1 x C2 x2
At x 0, u 0
0 Co

At x L , u 0
0 C1L C2 L2
0 C1 C2 L
C1 C2 L
u C2 L x C2 x 2
u C2 x 2 Lx
Residual R
d 2u du
RA B C
dx 2 dx
d2
RA C 2 x 2 Lx
dx 2
B C 2 x 2 Lx C
d
dx
R A 2C2 B C2 2 x L C
From Galerkin method

L
w Rdx 0
0
i
L
w A 2C B C 2 x L C dx 0
0
i 2 2
For i 1, w1 x 2 Lx
L
x Lx A 2C2 B C2 2 x L C dx 0
2
L
2 AC2 x 2 2 BC2 x 3 BC2 Lx 2 Cx 2
2 AC Lx 2 BC Lx 2
dx 0
BC2 L x CLx
2
0 2 2
L
2 AC2 x3 2BC2 x4 BC2 Lx3 Cx3 2 AC2 Lx2

3 4 3 3 2
0
2BC2 Lx3 BC2 L2 x2 CLx2

3 2 2 0
2 AC2 L3 BC2 L4 BC2 L4 CL3

3 2 3 3
0
AC2 L3 2 BC2 L4 BC2 L4 CL3

1 3 2 2
2 A BL BL A 2 BL BL
C2 3 2 3 1 3 2
L3 0
C C

3 2
A C
C2 3 6 0


C 3
C2
6 A
C
C2
2A
C 2
U
2A
x Lx
1.12 Solve the following differential equation.

y " 64 y 10 0;0 x 1
y 0 0
y 1 0
Find y(0.25), y(0.5) and y(0.25) using Galerkin method with two parameter solution.
Ans. Given differential equation is

y " 64 y 10 0
Let the approximate solution be
y C0 C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3
Apply boundary conditions one by one:
From 1st boundary condition y(0) = 0, we get
0 C0 0 0 0
C0 0
y C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3
From 2nd boundary condition y(1) = 0, we get
0 C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3
Rewrite the approximate solution as
y C2 C3 x C2 x 2 C3 x3
y C2 x 2 x C3 x 3 x
Residual R-
R y " 64 y 10
y ' C2 2 x 1 C3 3 x 2 1
y " 2C2 6 xC3
R 2C2 6 xC3 64 C2 x 2 x C3 x 3 x 10
Rearranging the terms, we get

R C2 2 64 x 64 x 2 C3 6 x 64 x 64 x 3 10
C2 2 64 x 64 x 2 C3 70 x 64 x 3 10
The weighted integral form is given by

1
w R dx 0
0
i
w C 2 64x 64x C 70x 64x 10 dx 0

2 3
i 2 3
0
1
C2 wi 2 64 x 64 x 2 dx C3
0
1 1
wi 70 x 64 x 10 wi dx 0
3
0 0
Galerkin Method
wi Coefficients of C i in y
for i 1, w1 Coefficient of C2 x2 x
1
0 C2 x 2 x 2 64 x 64 x 2 dx C3
0
1 1
x x 70 x 64 x 3 10 x 2 x dx
2
0 0
2.4667C2 3.7C3 1.667 0

2.4667C2 3.7C3 1.667 (i)
for i 2, w2 Coefficient of C3 x x
3
1
0 C2 x 3 x 2 64 x 64 x 2 dx C3
0
1 1
x x 70 x 64 x 3 10 x 3 x dx
3
0 0
3.7C2 5.6762 C3 2.5 0

3.7 C 2 5.6762 C3 2.5 (ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get
C2 0.6819 and C3 3.692 103
Substituting these values in y, we get
y 0.6813 x 2 x 0.003692 x 3 x
Now,
y at x 0.25 0.1268,
y at x 0.5 0.1689
y at x 0.75 0.1265
1.13 Solve the following differential equation using Galerkin method with a two parameter trail solution
d 2u
u x 0; 0 x 1
dx 2
u 0 u 1 0

u " u x 0

Let the approximate solution be
u C0 C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3 (i)
Apply boundary conditions
u 0 0 C0 0
u 1 0 0 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
Solution given in (i) becomes
u C2 C3 x C2 x 2 C3 x3
u C2 x 2 x C3 x 3 x (ii)
Residual R
R u " u x
u ' C2 2 x 1 C3 3 x 2 1
u " 2C2 6 xC3
R 2C2 6 xC3 C2 x 2 x C3 x 3 x x
C2 2 x 2 x C3 6 x x 3 x x
C2 2 x x 2 C3 5 x x 3 x
Galerkin Method
wi Coefficients of Ci in u
for i 1, w1 Coeffcient of C2 x 2 x
1
0 C2 x 2 x 2 x x 2 dx C3
0
1 1
x x 5 x x 3 x 2 x x dx
2
0 0
0 0.3C2 0.45C3 0.08333

0.3C2 0.45C3 0.08333 (i)
for i 2, w2 Coefficient of C3 x 3 x
1
0 C2 x 3 x 2 x x 2 dx C3
0
1 1
x x 5 x x 3 x 3 x x dx
3
0 0
0 0.45C2 0.72381 C3 0.1333
0 0.45C2 0.72381 C3 0.1333 (ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get

C2 0.0225 and C3 0.17
Substituting these values in y, we get
u 0.0225 x 2 x 0.17 x3 x

1.14 Give a one parameter Galerkin solution of the following equation, for the domain shown in the figure 1.2
below:
Figure 1 . 2|
2u 2u
2 2 1
x y
Ans. The given differential equation is

2u 2u
2 2 1
x y
2u 2u
R 1 0
x 2 y 2
Equations of 4 sides are given as
Figure 1 . 3|
AB y 0
BC x 1 i.e. x 1 0
CD y 1 i.e. y 1 0
DA x 0
Let approximate solution be
u x, y Cxy x 1 y 1 which satisfies u = 0 on all sides.
u
Cy y 1 2 x 1
x
2u
2Cy y 1
x 2
Similarly
2u
2Cx x 1
y 2
R 1 2C x x 1 y y 1
Weighted integral form is given by
1 1
0 wR dx dy
0 0
Where w is the weight function, w xy x 1 y 1

1 1
0 xy x 1 y 1
0 0
1 2C x x 1 y y 1 dx dy

1 1
0 xy x 1 y 1 dx dy 2C
0 0
1 1
xy x 1 y 1 x x 1 y y 1 dx dy
0 0
Consider 1st integral

1
1 1 1
x3 x 2
0 0 xy x 1 y 1 dx dy 0 y y 1 3 2 dy
0
1
1 y3 y 2
1
1 1
y y 1 dy
60 6 3 2 0 36
Consider 2nd integral
1 1
2C xy x 1 y 1 x x 1 y y 1 dx dy
0 0
1 1 2
x y x 1 y 1 dx dy
2
2C 1 1
0 0

xy 2 x 1 y 1 dx dy
2
0 0
1 x5 2 x 4 x3
1

y y 1 dy
0 5 4 3 0
2C 1

1
y5 2 y 4 y3
x x 1 5 4 3 dy
0 0
1 y 3 y 2 1 1 x 3 x 2 1
2C
30 3 2 0 30 3 2 0

2 C
2C
180 45
Substituting we get
1 C 45 5
0 i.e. C
36 45 36 4
5
u x, y xy x 1 y 1
4
1.15 Give one parameter Galerkin solution of the following equation, for the domain shown in the figure 1.4.
u
0
u
u0
Figure 1 . 4|
u u
2 2
2 2 1
x y

2u 2u
2 2 1
x y

2u 2u
i.e. residue R 1 0
x 2 y 2
1 3
,
2 2
u
0
u
0
u0
Figure 1 . 5|
Let each side of this triangle be 1 unit. Considering point A as origin, write coordinates of vertices as
A 0, 0
B 1, 0
1 3
C ,
2 2
Equation of AB is y 0
Equation of BC is
y0 x 1

3 0 1 1
2 2
y 3x 3
i.e. y 3x 3 0
Equation of CA is
y 3 x 1
2 2
0 3 0 1
2 2
y 3x i.e. y 3x 0
We can write approximate solution as

u x, y Cy y 3 x y 3x 3
Which satisfies u(x,y) = 0 on all sides.
u

x

Cy y 3x

3 y 3x 3 3

Cy 3 y 3 x y 3x 3 3Cy 1 2 x
2u
6Cy
x 2
u
y

C y 2 3 xy 1 y 3 x 3 2 y 3 x


2u

y 2
C 2 y 3x 2 y 3x y 3x 3 2

C 2 y 3 x 2 y 3 x 2 y 2 3 x 2 3
6Cy 2C 3
2u 2u
R 1
x 2 y 2
R 1 6Cy 6Cy 2C 3
1 2C 3
R is a constant, we can directly equate it to 0 to find C
1 2C 3 0
1
C
2 3
u x, y
2 3
1

y y 3x y 3x 3
1.16 Solve the following differential equation by using Galerkin method with two parameter solution.
d 2u du du
f c ; where the domain is changing from 0 x L and B.C.s of the problem: 0 0; L 0 .
dx 2 dx dx
Ans. The given governing differential equation is

d 2u
fc ; 0 x L
dx 2
du
B.C.' s 0
dx x 0
du
0
dx xL
As order of differential equation is 2, we have a polynomial of degree 3.

Let u C0 C1 x C2 x2 C3 x3
du
C1 2C2 x 3C3 x 2
dx
Using boundary condition number 1, we get
0 C1
du
2C2 x 3C3 x 2
dx
Using boundary condition number 2, we get
0 2C2 L 3C3 L2
3
C2 LC3
2
3 3
u C0 LC3 x 2 C3 x 3 C0 C3 x 3 Lx 2
2 2

Now find the residue R
C3 3x 2 3Lx
du
dx
d 2u
3C3 2 x L
dx 2
d 2u
R f c 3C3 2 x L f c
dx 2
Weighted residual form is
L L
0 wi R dx wi 3C3 2 x L l f c dx
0 0
3
wi Coefficient of C3 x3 Lx 2
2

L L
3 3
0 3C3 x 3 Lx 2 2 x L dx x 3 Lx 2 f c dx
0 0
2 2
L
x5 x4 x 4 3 x3
0 3C3 2 3L L L2
5 4 4 2 3 0
L
x 4 3 x3
fc L
4 2 3 0
L5 3 L5 L5 L5 L4 L4
0 3C3 2 fc
5 4 4 2 4 2
2 L5 L4
0 3C3 fc
20 2
5 fc
C3 (i)
3L
Solution of equation is given by
5 fc 3 3 2
u C0 x Lx
3L 2
Where C0 is any constant.
1.17 Determine a two-parameter solution, using trigonometric function, for the differential equation
d 2u
cos x for 0 x 1
dx 2
Subject to boundary condition given by u 0 0; u 1 0 .
Use Galerkin Method.
Ans. Let the approximate solution by

u C0 Ci sin 2i 1 x
2
Now, u 0 0 by boundary condition no. 1, C0 0

u Ci sin 2i 1 x
2

x 3 x 5 x
C1 sin C2 sin C3 sin
2 2 2
u 1 0 by boundary condition no. 2
0 C1 C2 C3 i.e. C2 C1 C3
x 3 x 3 x 5 x
u C1 sin sin C3 sin sin
2 2 2 2
x 3 x
u ' C1 cos 3cos
2 2 2
3 x 5 x
C3 3cos 5cos
2 2 2
2 x 3 x
u " C1 sin 9sin
4 2 2
2 3 x 5 x
C3 9sin 25sin
4 2 2
Residue R is given by
R u " cos x 0
x 3 x
C1 sin 2 9 sin 2
2 cos x
4 3 x 5 x
C3 9 sin 25sin
2 2
1
Weighted integral form is given by w Rdx 0
0
i
For Galerkin method wi coefficients of Ci in u

For i 1,
3
w1 sin x sin x
2 2
2 3
1
0
4 0
sin x sin
2 2
x

3
C1 sin 2 x 9 sin 2 x
dx
3 5
C3 9 sin x 25sin x cos x
2 2
3 3
1
0 C1 sin x sin x sin x 9 sin x dx
0
2 2 2 2
3 3 5
1
C3 sin x sin x 9 sin x 25sin x dx
0
2 2 2 2
3
1
4
sin x sin x cos xdx. 2
0
2 2
0 5C1 4.5C3 0.069
0.5C1 4.5C3 0.069 (i)

For i 2,
3 5
w2 sin x sin x
2 2
1
0 w2 R dx
0
2 3 5
1
4 0
0 sin x sin x
2 2
3
C1 sin 2 x 9 sin 2 x
dx
3 5
C3 9 sin x 25sin x cos x
2 2
3 5 3
1
0 C1 sin x sin x sin x 9sin x dx
0 3 5
1
2 2 2 2 4
sin x sin x cos xdx. 2
1
3 5 3 5 0
2 2
C3 sin x sin x 9sin x 25sin x dx
0
2 2 2 2
4.5C1 17C3 0.216 (ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
C1 0.0031 and C3 0.0118
x 3 x
u 0.0031 sin sin
2 2
3 x 5 x
0.0118 sin sin
2 2
Weak Form of Weighted Residual Method

1.18 What is meant by weak formulation?
Ans. A weak form is a weighted integral statement of a differential equation in which the differention is distributed among
the dependent variable and the weight function and also includes the natural boundary conditions of the problem
which is known as weak formulation.
1.19 Explain Weak Form of Weighted Residual Method.
Ans. Weak form means that the order of the differential equation is reduced by half. If the differential equation is of 2nd
order, then we reduce the same to 1st order differential equation.
This method involves integration by parts. As this is the most important step in weak formulation, the method of
integration by parts is briefly described below.
If u and v are two different functions of x, then we have
u dv (u v) v du
Example: Given differential equation

d2y dy
2
3x 6 y 0; 0 x 1 ;
dx dx
dy
y 0 1 ; 1 0.1
dx
Find y(0.2) by using weak form method.
Step 1 Write the weighted residual statement
1
w Rdx 0
0
i
Put R = (L.H.S.-R.H.S.) of the differential equation

d2y dy
R 2
3x 6y
dx dx
1
d2y dy
0 i dx 2 3 x dx 6 y dx 0
w
1
d2y 1
dy
1
0 i dx 2
w dx 3 0 i dx
w x dx 6 0 wi y dx 0 (i)
Step 2 Reducing the order of the differential equation by using integration by parts
The order of the differential equation is 2. To reduce the order by half i.e. 1, we will consider only first term and solve it
by using integration by parts.
1
d2y
I wi 2 dx
0 dx
d dy dy
1 1
I wi dx wi d dx
0 dx dx 0
u dv (u v) v du
Comparing our integral with above equation,
dy
u wi and v
dx
dy 1 1 dy dy
1 1
dw dy
I wi dwi wi i dx
dx 0 0 dx dx 0 0 dx dx
Substituting this in equation ( i) , we get
dy 1 1 dwi dy 1 dy
1
wi dx 3 wi x dx 6 wi yldx 0
dx 0 0 dx dx 0 dx 0
dy
1
1 dw dy 1
dy
1
wi i dx 3 wi x dx 6 wi y dx (ii)
dx 0 0 dx dx 0
dx 0
The above equation is the weak form of the initial differential equation mentioned in the problem.
Step 3 Solving the weak form differential equation
Now we will assume a trial solution for y. As the order of our differential equation is now reduced, we can consider a
polynomial of lesser order as a trial function.
y C0 C1 x C2 x2

Here a very important point to understand is that our trial function does not need to satisfy the natural boundary
1 0.1 ). It only needs to satisfy the essential boundary condition (i.e. y 0 1 ). The reason is that
dy
condition (i.e.
dx
1
dy
the natural boundary conditions will be automatically satisfied by the weak form equation it self ( wi ).
dx 0
y C0 C1 x C2 x2
Using boundary condition y(0) = 1, we get
1 C0 0 0 C0 1
y 1 C1 x C2 x2
dy
C1 2C2 x
dx
Also, weight functions wi are given by coefficients of Ci in y
w1 x and w2 x2
dw1
For i 1 , w1 x and 1 . Equation (ii) becomes
dx
1 1 1
dy
1 C1 2C2 x dx 3 x C 2C2 x dx
dx 0 0
2
x 1
0
1
6 x 1 C1 x C2 x 2 dx
0
dy
Using boundary condition no. 2, i.e. 1 0.1 , we get
dx
1
2 1 x3 x4
0.1 C1 x C2 x 3 C1 C2
3 2 0
0
1
x2 x3 x4
6 C1 C2
2 3 4 0
3 3
C1 C2 C1 C2 3 2C1 C2
2 2
2C1 C2 2.9 (iii)
dw2
Similarly for i 2 , w2 x and 2 x . Equation (ii) becomes
2
dx
1 1
dy
2 x C1 2C2 x dx 3
dx 0 0
x2
1 1
x C1 2C2 x dx6 x 1 C1 x C2 x dx
3 2 2
0 0
4 C 2 1 C C
0.1 C1 C2 3 1 C2 6 1 2
3 4 5 3 4 5
1.75C1 1.33C2 1.9 (iv)
Solving equation (iii) and (iv), we get
C1 2.145 and C2 1.29

y 1 2.145x 1.29 x2
y 0.2 0.6226
Numericals Based on Weak Form of Weighted Residual Method

1.20 Solve the following differential equation,
d2 y
10 x 2 5 ; 0 x 1
dx 2
y 0 y 1 0
using weak form method, mapped over entire domain, using one parameter method.
Ans. Weighted integral form is given by

1
w Rdx 0
0
i
1
d2y
i.e. w 2 10 x 2 5 dx 0 i 1 only, wi w1 w
0 dx
1 1 1
d2y
w
0
dx
dx 10 wx 2 dx 5 w dx 0
0 0
(i)
Since only one parameter is to be used the polynomial will be of order 2.

Approximate solution will be taken as
y C0 C1 x C2 x2 (ii)
Applying boundary conditions one by one,
y 0 0
0 C0 0 0 C0 0
y C1 x C2 x2
y 1 0
0 C1 C2 C1 C2
y C1 x C1 x 2 C1 x x 2 (iii)
The given differential equation is
y "10x2 5 i.e. y "10x2 5 0
Solution is approximate,
y "10x2 5 0 R
Now w = coefficient of C1 x x
2
Integrating 1st integral by parts to convert into weak form, we get equation (iii) as
1 1 1 1
dy dw dy
w dx 10 w x 2 dx 5 w dx 0 (iv)
dx 0 0 dx dx 0 0
dw
Now w x x 2 1 2x
dx

1
dy
Also y C1 x x 2
dy
C1 1 2 x and w 0
dx dx 0
(Primary variable y is specified in B.C.)
Equation (iv) becomes
1
1 2 x C1 1 2 x dx 10
0
1 1
x x x dx 5 x x dx 0
2 2 2
0 0
0.333C1 0.5 0.833 0 C1 4
y 4 x x 2
1.21 Develop the weak form and find the solution

q0
Figure 1 . 6|
4
d v
EI q0 0
dx 4
dv
v 0 0; 0 0
dx
d 2v
EI l M,
dx 2
d 3v
EI l P
dx 3
Ans. Weighted Residual statement

L
w Rdx 0
0
i
L
d 4v
w EI dx
0
i 4
qo 0

d d3x
L L
w
0
i EI 3 dx wi qo dx
dx dx 0
L
d 3v L

0
w d EI dx
i 3
wi q0 dx
0
Integrating by parts, we get
L
d 3v
L
d d 3v
wi EI 3 wi EI 3 dx
dx 0 0 dx dx
1
wi q0 dx
0
Integrating the second term by parts again

dw d 2v
L

i
LEI 2
L
d v dx
3
dx 0
wi EI 3 wi q0 dx (i)
dx 0 L
d v d wi 0
2 2
EI dx 2 . dx 2 dx
0
Lets assume a trial function
v Co C1 x C2 x2
Applying essential boundary conditions
at x 0, v 0
0 Co
v C1 x C2 x2
dv
C1 2C2 x
dx
dv
At x 0, 0
dx
0 C1
v C2 x2
wi x 2 [coefficient of C2 in equation of y]
dw
2x
dx
d 2w
2
dx 2
dw d 2 w d 2v d 3v
Substituting values of w x , , 2 and natural boundary conditions, i.e. EI 2 M and EI P in
dx dx dx xL
dx 3 X L
equation (i), we get

2 L.M 0
L
L .P 0 L d 2 v d 2 w wi qo dx
2

EI 2
i
2
dx 0
0 dx dx
L 2 2 L
PL2 2ML EI 2
d v d w
2
i
dx wi q0 dx
0 dx dx 0
L L
PL 2
2 ML EI .2C2 .2 dx x 2 qo dx
0 0
3
PL 2
2 ML 4C2 EIL
L
3
qo
L3
PL 2
2 ML
3
qo 4C 2 EIL
PL 2 M qo L2
C2
4 EI 12 EI
3 PL 2 M qo L2
C2
12 EI

3 PL 2 M qo L2 2
v x
12 EI
0
1.22 A steel rod of diameter D = 2 cm, length L = 25 cm and thermal conductivity K = 50 W/m C is exposed to
ambient air at Ta 20 C with a heat transfer coefficient h 64W / m C . Left end of the rod is maintained at
0 2 0
temperature To 120 C and the other end is exposed to ambient temperature. Determine temperature
0
distribution in the rod by weak form of weighted residual method using a 2 parameter solution. Governing
differential equation is given by
d 2
C 0 for 0 x 25 cm
dx 2
hP
where T Ta and C .
AK
Boundary conditions are
0 To Ta 120 20 100
d
K dx h 0
L
Ans. Governing differential equation is

d 2
C 0 with boundary condition
dx 2
0 100
d h
L 0 L Ta Ta 0
dx xL K
d 2
Residue R C
dx 2
L
0 wi R dx
0
L
d 2
0 wi 2 C dx
0 dx
Weak form may be written as
d dwi d
L L L
0 wi dx wi C dx ..(i)
dx 0 0
dx dx 0
Let approximate solution be

C0 C1 x C2 x2
Boundary condition 0 100 , we have
100=C0
100 C1 x C2 x2
d
C1 2 xC2
dx

d
L
wi 0
dx 0
equation (i) becomes
L
dw
0 C1 2 xC2 dx
0
dx
L
C i 100 C1 x C2 x 2 dx
0
For i 1; w1 x
dw1
1
dx
L L
0 C1 2 xC2 dx C x 100 C1 x C2 x2 dx
0 0
L3 L4
C1 L L2 C2 C 50 L2 C1 C 2 0
3 4
CL3 2 CL4
C1 L C 2 L 50CL
2
3 4
For i 2; w2 x2
dw2
2x
dx
L
0 2 x C1 2 xC2 dx C
0
L
x 100 C x C x dx
2 2
1 2
0
4 L3 100 L3 L4 L5
C1 L2 C 2 C C1 C2
3 3 4 5
CL4 4 L3 CL5 100CL3

C1 L2 C2
4 3 5 3
1
Putting L 0.25 m m
4
hP h D 4h 4 64
C 256
KA K D 2 KD 50 0.02
4
Equation (ii) and (iii) becomes
19 5
C1 C2 800,
12 16
5 17 400
C1 C2
16 240 3
Solving the equations, we get
C1 1034.73 and C2 2682.63
Temperature distribution along the rod is given by
100 1034.73 x 2682.63 x 2

Piecewise Continuous Trial Function

1.23 What do you understand by the term piecewise continuous function?
Ans. The polynomial and trigonometric trial function of a simple composite function is valid over the entire solution
domain. The assumed trial function should match closely to the exact solution of the differential equation and the
boundary condition. It is nothing but a process of curve fitting. This curve fitting is carried out by piece wise method.
1.24 Explain Piecewise Continuous Trial Function.
Ans. Till now we have assumed a single trial solution y C 0 C1 x C2 x 2 to solve the differential equations. These
solutions will be fairly accurate as long as the domain of the problem eg. 0 x 1 is simple. But in case of complex
domains, it is not possible to assume a trial solution which is continuous over the entire domain. Most of the problems
that we come across in engineering involve complex domain (eg. varying cross section, transient heat transfer etc.). In
order to solve these problems, instead of assuming a trial solution for the entire domain, we divide the domain into
finite number of pieces and assume a trial function which is continuous for a small element. Thus it is called piecewise
continuous trial function. This is the basis of Finite Element Method.
Figure 1 . 7|
To understand this, let us assume a simple cantilever bar with a force P acting at the free end. We need to determine
the axial deflection u of the bar.
In order to solve this problem using piecewise continuous trial function, we first need to divide the domain into pieces.
The domain here is the length of the bar.
Figure 1 . 8|
Here we have divided the domain i.e. the area of the bar, into two pieces. Now we will assume a trial function which
will be continuous only for a single piece of the bar.
u u1 N1 u 2 N 2 (i)
Where u1 and u 2 are the values of u at point 1 and 2 and N1 and N 2 are the parameters called interpolation functions
or shape functions. If we know the values of u at 1 and 2 (i.e. u1 and u 2 ) we can find the value of u at any point
between 1 and 2 using these functions.
l
x
u2
u1
Figure 1 . 9|

Let the variation of u between 1 and 2 be linear as shown in the above figure 1.9. Hence function of u will be a straight
line.
u ax b
Now lets apply the boundary conditions .
At x 0, u u1
u1 b
At x l , u u 2
u2 al u1
u2 u1
a
l
Substituting the values of a and b, we get
u u
u 2 1 x u1
l
u2 u
u x 1 x u1
l l
1 x x
u u1 u2
l l
Comparing above equation with equation (i), we get
1 x x
N1 and N 2
l l
Formulation of 1-D Bar Element using Weak Form of Weighted

Residual Method
1.25 Derive element matrix for 1-D Bar Element using Weak Form of Weighted Residual Method.
Or
Derive stiffness matrix for 1-D Bar Element under axial loading using Weak Form of Weighted Residual
Method.
Ans. Consider a uniform bar of length L subjected to a uniform axial load q0 as shown in figure 1.10.
q0
L
X
Figure 1 . 10|
Governing differential equation will be
d 2u
EA q0 0
dX 2
Step 1 : Discretization
For simplicity we shall divide the domain in two equal parts or two elements of equal length as shown in figure 1.11.
q0
Figure 1 . 11|

Step 2 : Development of Element Matrix Equation
(i) Take any general element and set the local coordinate system and its relation with the global coordinate.
P1e P2e
x l
Figure 1 . 12|
Convert the governing differential equation in global coordinate system to governing differential equation in
local coordinates by changing the variable X by x . Write the boundary conditions for the governing differential
equation for the element.
The governing differential equation in local coordinates is written as
d 2u
EA q0 0 dX dx
dx 2
d du
EA qo 0
dx dx
With boundary conditions
du du
EA dx P1 and EA dx P2
e e
x 0 x l
(ii) Since the solution is approximate
d du
EA q0 R 0
dx dx
Where R is the residue not equal to zero.
(iii) Weighted integral form of this equation is given as
l
w Rdx 0
0
i
d du
l
w dx EA dx q
0
i 0 dx 0

(iv) Weak Formulation: Solving the integral by parts we get
l
du du
l l
dw
0 wi EA i EA dx dx wi q0 dx
dx 0 0 dx 0
du du
0 wi l EA wi 0 EA
dx l dx 0
du
l l
dwi
EA dx dx wi q0 dx
0
dx 0
(v) Let the approximate solution for u be given by

u u1 N1 u 2 N 2
Where u1 and u 2 are deflections at point 1 and 2, and N1 and N 2 are known as interpolation functions.
(vi) The interpolation functions for a linear element are given by
x x
N1 1 and N 2
l l
du d x x u u
u1 1 u2 1 2
dx dx l l l l

(vii) We have weight function wi Coefficient of ui N i
x
For i 1, w1 N1 1
l
d x u1 u2
l
0 0 1 P1e EA 1
0
dx l l l dx

x
l
1 q0 dx
0
l
l
x2
l
1 u u
P1e q0 x EA 1 2 dx
0
2l 0 l l l
u u
l
l
P1e q0 EA 21 22 dx
0l
2 l
C C l
EA 1 2 P1 q0 2
e
(i)
l l
x
For i 2, w2 N 2
l
d x u1 u2
l
0 P2e 0 EA dx
0
dx l l l
x
l
1 q0 dx
0
l
l
x2
l
1 u u
P q0 x EA 1 2
1
e
dx
0
2l 0 l l l
u u
l
l
P1e q0 EA 21 22 dx
0
2 l l
Thus equation will be given by
u u l
EA 1 2 P2e +q0 (ii)
l l 2
Thus putting both the equations (i) and (ii) together and simplifying, we get
EA l
u1 u2 P1e q0
l 2
EA l
u1 u2 P2e q0
l 2
(viii) Putting these equations in matrix form, we get
l
EA 1 1 u1 P1 0
q

e
2

l 1 1 u2 P2e l
q0
2
Above equation is known as element matrix equation.
It can be written as
k e u e P e
Where, k e is called stiffness matrix and is given by

EA 1 1
ke
l 1 1
Rayleigh Ritz Method

1.26 What do you mean by functional? Give an example.
Ans. Functional means function of functions. It is actually an operator which transforms a function u(x) into a real number.
b
Example : I u F u, u ', x dx is a functional.
a
1.27 Explain Rayleigh Ritz Method.
Ans. Rayleigh Ritz method is based on the principal of minimum potential energy. According to this principal Among all the
admissible displacement fields, the equilibrium configuration of the system is that, which makes the total potential of
the system stationary with respect to small, admissible variations of displacement.
The total potential energy of a system is
p Internal strain energy in the structure
+ Potential of external forces
For a general multi degree of freedom system, if 1 , 2 , 3 ,.........., n are the displacements, then according to the
principal of minimum potential energy
p
0 for i=1, 2, 3, .., n
i
q0
x0 xl
x
Figure 1 . 13|
Now let us understand how this principal is used in Rayleigh Ritz method using an example.
Consider a simply supported beam of length l with a uniformly distributed load q0 on its entire span.
We need to find the deflection v ( x ) .
Step 1 Find the total potential energy
Internal strain energy of the beam
2
1 d 2v
l
U EI 2 dx
0
2 dx
Potential energy due to external force,
l
V q0 vdx
0
Hence the total potential energy,

p U V
2
1 d 2v
l l
p EI 2 dx q0 vdx
0
2 dx 0

Step 2 Assume a trial solution
Let`s assume a trial solution for v ( x ) ,
v( x) C0 C1 x C2 x2
Applying boundary conditions,
At x 0, v (0) 0
0 C0
At x l , v(l ) 0
0 C1l C2 l 2
C1 C2 l
v( x) C2lx C2 x2 C2 ( x2 lx)
Step 3 Put the value of trial function in the equation of p
2
1 d 2v
l l
p EI 2 dx q0 vdx
0
2 dx 0
dv d 2v
C2 (2 x l ), 2C2
dx dx 2
l 2 l
1
p 0 2 EI 2C2 dx 0 q0 C2 ( x lx ) dx
2
l3 l3
p 2 EIC2 2 l q0 C2
3 2
l3
p 2 EIC2 2 l q0 C2
6
Step 4 Apply principal of minimum potential energy
From the principal of minimum potential energy
p
0
Ci
Here we only have one parameter to find i.e. C 2 . So
p
0
C 2
l 3
2 EIC 2 l q0 C 2 0
2
C 2 6
l3
4 EIC 2 l q0 0
6
q0 l 3
C2
24 EIl
Hence the displacement v ( x ) -
q0 l 3
v( x) ( x 2 lx )
24 EIl

Formulation of 1-D Bar Element using Rayleigh Ritz Method

1.28 Derive element matrix for 1-D Bar Element using Rayleigh Ritz Method.
Or
Derive stiffness matrix for 1-D Bar Element under axial loading using Rayleigh Ritz Method.
Ans. Consider a uniform bar of length L subjected to a uniform axial load q0 as shown in figure 1.14.
q0
L
X
Figure 1 . 14|
Governing differential equation will be
d 2u
EA q0 0
dX 2
Step 1 : Discretization
For simplicity we shall divide the domain in two equal parts or two elements of equal length as shown in figure 1.15.
q0
Figure 1 . 15|
Step 2 : Development of Element Matrix Equation
(i) Take any general element and set the local coordinate system and its relation with the global coordinates.
P1e P2e
x l
Figure 1 . 16|
Convert the governing differential equation in global coordinate system to governing differential equation in
local coordinates by changing the variable X by x . Write the boundary conditions for the governing differential
equation for the element.
The governing differential equation in local coordinates is written as
d 2u
EA q0 0 dX dx
dx 2
d du
EA qo 0
dx dx
With boundary conditions
du du
EA dx P1 and EA dx P2
e e
x 0 x l
The strain energy within the element is given by

2
AE du
l
Ue dx
0
2 dx
Potential energy due to external forces is given by
l
V e q0 udx P1e u1 P2 e u2
0
Total potential energy for the element is given by

2
AE du
l
ep U e V e dx
2 dx
0
(i)
l
q0 udx P u P2 u2
e
1 1
e
Let the approximate solution for u be given by

u u1 N1 u 2 N 2
Where u1 and u 2 are deflections at point 1 and 2, and N1 and N 2 are known as interpolation functions.
The interpolation functions for a linear element are given by
x x
N1 1 and N 2
l l
du d x x u u
u1 1 u2 1 2
dx dx l
l l l
Substituting these values in equation (i), we will get
2
AE u1 u2
l
ep dx
0
2 l l
x x
l
q0 u1 1 u2 dx P1 u1 P2 u2
e e
0 l l
AE u12 u22 u1u2

l
ep 2 2 2 2 dx
0
2 l l l
x x
l
q0 u1 1 u2 dx P1e u1 P2 e u2
0 l l
l
AE u12 u22 uu
ep 2 x 2
x 2 12 2 x
2 l l l 0
l
x2 x2
q0 u1 x 2 P1 u1 P2 u2
u e e
2l 2l 0
AE u2 u1
2
l
ep q0 u1 u2 P1e u1 P2 e u2
2 l 2
From Rayleigh Ritz method
ep
0
u i
For i=1,
ep
0
u1

AE u2 u1
2
l
q0 u1 u2 P1e u1 P2 e u2 0
u1 2 l 2

AE 2u1 2u 2 l
q0 P1e 0
2 l 2
AE l
u1 u2 q0 P1e (ii)
l 2
For i=2,
ep
0
u 2
AE u2 u1 2 l
q0 u1 u2 P1e u1 P2 e u2 0
u2 2 l 2

AE 2u 2 2u1 l
q0 P2 e 0
2 l 2
AE l
u2 u1 q0 P2e (iii)
l 2
From equations (ii) and (iii), we get
l
EA 1 1 u1 P1 0
q

e
2

l 1 1 u2 P2e l
q
0 2
Above equation is known as element matrix equation. It can be written as
k e u e P e
Where, k e is called stiffness matrix and is given by
EA 1 1
ke
l 1 1
Formulation of 1-D Heat Transfer Element using Rayleigh Ritz

Method
1.29 Derive element matrix for 1-D Heat Transfer Element using Rayleigh Ritz Method.
Or
Derive stiffness matrix for 1-D Heat Transfer Element using Rayleigh Ritz Method.
Ans. Consider a typical 1-D heat transfer element as shown in figure 1.17 with two nodes. The governing functional is given
by
2
1 dT
l l
2 0 dx
p k dx q0Tdx Q1T1 Q2T2 (i)
0
T1 T2
1 2
Figure 1 . 17|

We can use the same interpolation function as used in the formulation of bar element
x x
T x 1 T1 T2
l l
dT T T
1 2
dx l l
Substituting above values in equation (i), we get
2
1 T1 T2
l
2 0 l
e k dx
l
(ii)
x x
l
q0 1 T1 T2 dx Q1T1 Q2T2
0 l l
l
1 T 2 T2 2T T
k 12 x 22 x 12 2
e
x
2 l l l 0
l
T x2 T x2
q0 T1 x 1 2 Q1T1 Q2T2
2l 2l 0
1k 2 q0 l
e T2 T1 (T1 T2 ) Q1T1 Q2T2
2 l 2

From Rayleigh Ritz method, 0
Ti

For i 1 , 0
T1
1 k 2 q0 l
T1 2 l T2 T1 2 (T1 T2 ) Q1T1 Q2T2 0

1k ql
(2T1 2T2 ) 0 Q1 0
2l 2
k ql
(T1 T2 ) 0 Q1 (iii)
l 2

For i 2 , 0
T2
1 k 2 q0 l
T2 T1 (T1 T2 ) Q1T1 Q2T2 0
T2 2 l 2
1k ql
(2T2 2T1 ) 0 Q2 0
2l 2
k ql
(T1 T2 ) 0 Q2 (iv)
l 2
Writing equation (iii) and (iv) in matrix form, we get
q0 l
k 1 1 T1 2 Q1

l 1 1 T2 q0 l Q2
2


ONE DIMENSIONAL
2 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

SYLLABUS
Of
One dimensional finite element analysis, generic form of total potential for one dimensional case, determination
of shape functions for linear bar finite element and quadratic bar finite element, stiffness matrix, one
dimensional problems of structure mechanics and heat conduction
Fins and Transient
& One Dimensional

2 Finite Element Analysis
Generic Form of Total Potential for One Dimensional Case
2.1 Write down the generic form of total potential for a one dimensional element.
Ans. Generic form of total potential for a one dimensional element is

1
ep { }e k { }e { }e { f }e
T e T
2
where,
k B B EA dx
e T
{ f }e B E x 0 A dx B x 0 A dx
T T
N q dx N i Pi
T T
One Dimensional Bar Element

2.2 What are local and global coordinates?
Ans. In FEA, to frame EME we consider a small element of finite length within the domain and evaluate the weighted
integral over the domain of this element. Coordinates of points within this element w.r.t the origin at one of the nodes
of this element are known as local coordinates. Global coordinates are coordinates of points within the whole domain
w.r.t. the origin which we consider to be at one of the extreme nodes in the whole domain

2.3 How do you define nodes and elements?
Ans. First step in FEA is dividing the domain into a number of segments. Each segment is of a finite length and is called as an
element. The end points of the segment or element are called as nodes. However we can have more than two nodes in
an element depending upon the degree of polynomial we choose to represent it.
2.4 What do you mean by discretization?
Ans. Discretization is the process of dividing the domain of a problem into a number of elements. It is the first step in FEA.
2.5 What is EME and GME?
Ans. EME stands for element matrix equation which is a matrix equation obtained by evaluating weighted integral by parts
over an element of finite length.
GME stands for global matrix equation which is a matrix equation obtained by assembling EMEs of different elements.
2.6 What are the properties of a stiffness matrix?
Ans. Properties are:

(i) Stiffness matrix is a square and symmetric matrix
(ii) All diagonal elements are always positive
2.7 What is shape function?
Ans. The shape function is a function which interpolates the solution between the discrete values obtained at the nodes.
Shape function is used to express the geometry or shape of the element.
In finite element method, field variables with in an element are generally expressed by the following approximate
relations:
x, y N1 x, y N 2 x, y 2 N 3 x, y 3
Where,
1 , , 3 Field variables
N1 , N 2 , N 3 shape functions
2.8 What is the difference between shape function and interpolation function?
Ans. Both functions are same but when the functions pertain to the geometry of the element or the independent variable,
they are called interpolation functions.
2.9 What are the properties of shape functions?
Ans. Properties of shape function are:

(i) Value of shape function of particular node is one at that node and is zero at all the other nodes.
(ii) Sum of all the shape functions is 1.
(iii) Sum of the d4erivatives of all the shape functions for a particular primary variable is zero
2.10 What are the types of problems treated as one dimensional problems?
Ans. The structural elements like axially loaded bars and rods, the steady state heat transfer problems like temperature
distribution through fin, heat conduction along the wall thickness, the fluid flow through hydraulic network, elastic
spring systems, etc.

One Dimensional Finite Element Analysis |2-3
2.11 What are the three types of loading considered in structural mechanics problem?
Ans. The types of loading considered in structural mechanics problems are

(i) Point load
(ii) Uniformly distributed load
(iii) Uniformly varying load
2.12 Determine shape function for 1-D quadratic bar finite element.
Ans. Quadratic elements are the elements which have end nodes as well as mid node. Consider a 1-D quadratic element as
shown in figure 2.1 which has two end nodes and one mid node. We number the two end nodes as 1 and 3 and the
middle node is given number 2.
The displacement at any point within the element can be given by:
u x N1u1 N 2 u2 N 3u3 (i)
Where u1 ,u2 and u3 are the values of u at point 1,2 and 3 and N1 , N 2 and N 3 are the parameters called interpolation
functions or Shape Functions. If we know the values of u at 1,2 and 3 we can find the value of u at any point between 1
and 2 using these functions.
x
l
u2 u3
u1
Figure 2 . 1|
The shape functions N i vary quadratically within the element. Let u x be given by the complete quadratic
polynominal
u x c0 c1 x c2 x 2 (ii)
At x 0, u u1
u1 c0 ,
At x l / 2, u u2
2

u3 u1 c1 c2
2 2 (iii)
At x l , u u3
u3 u1 c1 l c2 l
2
(iv)
From equation (iv)
c1
u 3 u1 c2 l 2
(v)
l
Substituting value of c1 in equation (iii), we get
u2 u1
u 3 u1 c2 l 2 l l
c2
2
l 2 2

u1 u3 c2 2
u2 l
2 2 4
2u1 4u2 2u3
c2 (vi)
l2
Substituting the value of c2 in equation (v), we get
3u1 4u2 u3
c1
l
Substituting the value of c0 , c1 and c2 in equation (ii), we get
3u1 4u2 u3 2u1 4u2 2u3

u ( x) u1 x x2
l l2
3x 2 x 2 4x 4x2
u ( x ) u1 1 2 u2 2
l l l l
(vii)
x 2x2
u3 2
l l
By comparing equations (i) and (vii), we get
3x 2 x 2 4x 4x2 x 2x2
N1 1 2 , N2 2 , N3 2

2.13 Write the stiffness matrix for a 1-D bar element.
Ans. Stiffness matrix for a 1-D bar element
EA 1 1
ke
l 1 1
Figure 2 . 2|
Where,
E = Young`s modulus of the material of the bar
A = Cross sectional area of the bar
l = length of the element
2.14 Explain the procedure of assembly of element matrix.

Or
Explain the procedure of assembly of stiffness matrix.
Ans. Consider a bar as shown in figure 2.3
P
L
X
Figure 2 . 3|
For finite element analysis of this bar, we divide it using two 1-D bar elements as shown below

l l
Figure 2 . 4|
The element matrix for each element can be written as
EA 1 1 u1 P1
e e
(i)
l 1 1 u2e P2e
Following points should be noted with respect to the above equation.

(1) The equation obtained in matrix form is known as Element Matrix Equation (E.M.E)
(2) The matrix given by square bracket in the L.H.S. is termed as stiffness matrix or coefficient matrix denoted by k e
which is given by
EA 1 1
ke
l 1 1
u e
(3) The column matrix in curly brackets in the L.H.S. 1e is known as primary variable matrix.
u 2
P
e
(4) The column matrix in curly brackets in the R.H.S. 1e is known as secondary variable matrix.
P2
Equation (i) can also be conveniently written as
k e u e P e
Assembly:
Equation (i) is derived for any general element and hence is applicable for all the elements. All the element matrix
equations are now assembled to give one global matrix equation. To achieve this, certain rules are to be followed for
assembly of different matrices.
These are given below:
(1) Rules for Primary Variables
In general, we can say that the value of primary variable at node 2 of the first element is same as that at node 1 of the
second element, in general
u2e u1e 1 U 2
This is explained graphically in figure 2.5
u2e u1e 1
u1e u2e 1
1 2 1 e +1 2
Figure 2 . 5| Nodes in local coordinate system
m
Figure 2 . 6| Nodes in global coordinate system

(2) Rule for Secondary Variables, i.e. L.H.S. Matrix
When we assemble two or more matrices pertaining to secondary variables, we get the global matrix for secondary
variable.
In this matrix, first and the last value give the values at the two extremities of the domain and the intermediate values
turn out to be zero unless there is external source acting at the node. In that case, value of the secondary variable at
that node will be the value of the external source.
Thus,
Pi 0, if no external force acts at the node i and
Pi P, if P is the force acting at the node i .
This is best explained by means of a free body diagram (F.B.D.) as shown in figure 2.7
e 1
P1e P2e P1 P2e 1
P2e P1e 1 0
Figure 2 . 7|
(3) Rule for stiffness Matrix
If [k]ij represents local matrix and [K]ij represents global matrix then
K ij kij
It may be noted here that the size of global matrix is n*n where n is the number of nodes multiplied by degree of
freedom of each node.
Now we shall apply all these rules, one by one to the problem under consideration Element matrix equation is given by
EA 1 1 u1 P1
e e
e e
l 1 1 u2 P2
As the bar is uniform in area and properties, EA is constant.
Also the domain is divided in two equal parts i.e. length of each element is L / 2 l L / 2 .
Element matrix equation for element 1 is given by
1 2
EA 1 1 1 u1 P1
1 1

L / 2 1 1 2 u12 P21
EME for element 2 is given by
2 3
EA 1 1 2 u1 P1
2 2

L / 2 1 1 3 u22 P22
Note the numbers 1,2 and 2,3 marking the column and rows of stiffness matrices is E.M.Es 1 an 2 respectively. These
numbers represent the nodes of the element under consideration.
For e.g. numbers 1 and 2 marking column and rows of stiffness matrix of E.M.E for element 1 represent the nodes 1 and
2 of this element. Similarly 2 and 3 in E.M.E for element number 2 represent nodes 2 and 3 of element number 2. Refer
figure 2.7; numbering the columns and rows of stiffness matrices in this way is necessary to assemble the matrices
conveniently.
Applying rule number 1 for primary Variables (P.V.),
u11 U1
u12 u12 U 2
u22 U 2

u22 U 3
U1

Primary variable matrix given by U 2
U
3
P11 P1

Similarly, secondary variable matrix is given by P21 P12 P2
P2 P
2 3
Assembly of stiffness matrix is given by
1 1 0 1 1 0
EA 2 EA
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
L/2 L
0 1 1 0 1 1
Therefore the global matrix equation is given by
1 1 0 U1 P1
2 EA
1 2 1 U 2 P2
L
0 1 1 U 3 P3
Numericals Based on 1-D Bar Element

2.15 (D) Consider the bar in the figure 2.8 shown in figure 2(D)
X 1 10 cm X A 17 cm X 2 20 cm
Figure 2 . 8|
Bar cross-sectional area, A = 1.4 cm , Youngs modulus, E 2 1011 N / m 2 . If d1 0.02 cm and d 2 0.01 cm
2
, determine the following:

(i) The displacement at point A
(ii) The strain in the element
(iii) The stress in the element
(iv) The element stiffness matrix
Ans. Given,
A 1.4 cm2 1.4 102 mm2 , E 2 1011 N / m2 2 105 N / mm2
u1 0.02 cm 0.2 mm, u2 0.01cm 0.1 mm
1 A 2
1
X 1 10 cm X A 17 cm X 2 20 cm
X
Figure 2 . 9|
Converting in local coordinate system

x1 0 x A 7 cm x2 10cm
Figure 2 . 10|
(i) Displacement at point A
At x A 7cm 70 mm, shape functions
x 7
N1 1 1 0.3
l 10
x 7
N2 0.7
l 10
So displacement at A-
u A N1u1 N2u2
0.3 0.2 0.7 0.1
0.13mm
(ii) Strain in the element
u2 u1 0.01 0.02

l 10
0.001
(iii) Stress in the element
E 2 105 0.001 200 N / mm2
(iv) Element stiffness matrix
EA 1 1
K
l 1 1
2 105 1.4 102 1 1

1 1
10 10
2.16 Find shape function of a two-noted bar element. Also calculate the displacements in the two-bar assembly
which is loaded with force p and constrained at the two end as shown in figure 2.11.
Figure 2 . 11|
A Cross sectional are
E Youngs Modulus
l Length of element
Ans.
Figure 2 . 12|

Element stiffness matrix
For element 1-
2 AE 1 1 u11 p11

l 1 1 u21 p21
For element 2-
AE 1 1 u22 p22

l 1 1 u32 p32
On assembly, global matrix equation
2 2 0 u1 F1
AE
2 2 1 1 u2 F2
l
0 1 1 u3 F3
Imposing global boundary conditions
u1 0, u3 0, F2 P
2 2 0 0 F1
AE
2 3 1 u2 P
l
0 1 1 0 F3
AE
3u2 P
l
Pl
u2
3 AE
2.17 Derive the force vector for a vertically hanging rod of length L, uniform cross-sectional area A, density ,
and Youngs modulus E.
Ans.
Figure 2 . 13|
The force vector is given by
F N W
T
We know that self weight

W gAdx
For one dimensional bar element
x x
N 1
l l

x
1 l
NT
x
l
x x l2 l
1 l l 1 1
F Adx gA dx gA 2 gA 2
l
l 2l
0
x 0
x l l
l l 2l 2
Force vector,
gAl 1
F
2 1
2.18 Consider a vertically hanging rod of length L, uniform cross-sectional area A, density , and Youngs
modulus E. Determine the nodal displacements, stress and strain in the bar by finite element method
using
(i) One element and
(ii) Two elements.
Ans. Consider a bar as shown in figure 2.14

For a bar element, the stiffness matrix is given by eq.
AE 1 1
k
e
l 1 1
Figure 2 . 14|
(i) One element solution A single 1-D element is used to model the whole bar as shown in figure 2.15.
Figure 2 . 15|
k {u} {F }

AE 1 1 u1 gAl 1

l 1 1 u2 2 1
As node 1 is fixed, u1 0 and also L .
AE 1 1 0 gAl 1

L 1 1 u2 2 1
gL2
u2
2E
Strain,
u2 u1 gL

L 2E
Stress,
gL
E
2
(ii) Two element solution Two 1-D elements of equal lengths L / 2 are used to model the bar as shown in figure
2.16.
Element matrix equation for first element,
AE 1 1 u1 gAl 1

l 1 1 u2 2 1
L

2
Figure 2 . 16|
For the second element,
AE 1 1 u2 gAl 1

l 1 1 u3 2 1
Assembling the two individual element level equations, we obtain Global matrix equation
1 1 0 u1 Agl / 2
AE
1 1 1 1 u2 Agl / 2 Agl / 2
l
0 1 1 u3 Agl / 2

Substituting the boundary conditions, u1 0 and also L / 2
We get
1 1 0 0 AgL / 4
AE
1 2 1 u2 AgL / 2 (i)
L/2
0 1 1 u3 AgL / 4
Solving, above equation, we obtain
3 gL2 gL2
u2 and u3
8E 4E

The element level strains,
u u 3 gL
1 2 1
L/2 4 E
u3 u2 1 gL
2
L/2 4 E
The element level stress,
3 gL
1 E 1
4
gL
2 E 2
4
2.19 Figure 2.17 below shows an assembly of two bar elements made of steel and aluminium. Find the nodal
displacements, element stresses, and the reaction force. Take:
2
E (for steel) = 210 GPa, Area, A (for steel) = 2 cm ,
2
E (for A1) = 70 GPa, Area, A (for A1) = 4 cm .
Figure 2 . 17|
Ans.
Figure 2 . 18|
For element number 1-
EA 70 103 4 102
280 102 N / mm
l 1 103
For element number 2-
EA 210 103 2 102
420 102 N / mm
l 1 103
Element matrix equation
For element 1-
1 1 u1 P1
1 1
280 102
2 1
1 1 u2 P2
For element 2-
1 1 u2 P2
2 2
420 102
2 3
1 1 u3 P2
After assembly, global matrix equation
280 280 0 u1 P1

102 280 280 420 420 u2 P2
0 420 420 u3 P3

Applying global boundary conditions
u1 0, P2 0, P3 40 103 N
280 280 0 0 P1

102 280 700 420 u2 0
0 420 420 u3 40 103
102 280 0 280 u2 0 u3 P1 (i)
102 280 0 700u2 420u3 0 (ii)
102 0 420u2 420u3 40 103 (iii)
Solving equations (i),(ii), and (iii), we get

u2 1.43 mm, u3 2.38 mm, P1 40.04 kN
Element stresses :-
E u
1 1 1 1
l u2
70 103 0
3
1 1
1 10 1.43
70 1 0 1 1.43
100.1 N / mm2 Compressive
210 103 1.43

2 1 1
1 103 2.38
210 1 1.43 1 2.38
199.5 N / mm2 Compressive
2.20 Determine nodal displacement and element stress for the stepped bar given below
E 200 103 N / mm 2
Figure 2 . 19|
Ans. Divide the whole domain of the problem into three elements.
Fix the nodes 1,2,3,4 and number the elements 1,2,3 as shown in the figure 2.20
Figure 2 . 20|
Note nodes 1 and 4 are end points and nodes 2 and 3 are the points where area, i.e. geometry changes.
Element No. 1
2 2
A1 d1 40 1256.64 mm 2 , he 200 mm
4 4

Element No. 2
2 2
A2 d 2 15 176.7 mm 2 , l 500 mm
4 4
Element No. 3

A3 d32 302 706.86 mm 2 , l 200 mm
4 4
E 2 10 N / mm 2 common to all elements
5
AE
for element No. 1 = 1256.64 103 N / mm
l
AE
l
AE
l
Now write element matrix equation for all the elements.
Element matrix equation for any element is given by
E A 1 1 u1e P1e

l 1 1 u2e P2e
1 1 u11 P11
1256.64 103 1 1
1 1 u2 P2
1 1 u22 P22
70.68 103 2 2
1 1 u3 P3
1 1 u33 P33
706.86 103 3 3
1 1 u4 P4
Now assemble all the element matrix equations to get the global matrix equation, by using the rules for assembling the
stiffness matrices, primary variable matrices and the secondary variable matrices.
1256.64 1256.64 0 0 U1 P1
1256.64 1327.32 70.68 0 U 2 P2
103
0 70.68 777.54 706.8 U3 P3

0 0 706.8 706.8 U 4 P4
Now impose the global boundary conditions given in the problem.
U1 0
P4 15 103 N
P2 0
P3 0
Substituting the values and simplifying we get
1256.64 1256.64 0 0 0 P1
1256.64 1327.32 70.68 U
103
0 2 103 0
0 70.68 777.54 706.8 U 3 0

0 0 706.8 706.8 U 4 15

Now frame the equations
1256.64U 2 P1
1327.32U 2 70.68U 3 0
70.68U 2 777.54 U3 706.8U 4 0
706.8U 3 706.8U 4 15
Solving the equation we get
U 2 0.01193 mm
U 3 0.224 mm
U 4 0.245 mm
P1 14.99 kN
Check Px 15 14.99 0.01 kN 0
Calculation of stress
Stress in each element is given by
E e and
e e
e
1 U
e 1 1 U 1
e
l 2
e
E U
1 1 U 1

e
l 2
Stresses in element no. 1, 1 is given by
1
2 105 0
1 1 1 10 0.0193
3
200 0.01193
11.93 N / mm 2
2
E U
Similarly, 2 1 1 U 2
l 3
2 105 0.01193
2 1 1 400 0.224 0.01193 84.828 N / mm
2
500 0.224
3
E U
3 1 1 U 3
l 4
2 105 0.224
3 1 1 10 0.245 0.224 21 N / mm
3 2
200 0.245
2.21 Using direct stiffness method, determine the nodal displacement of stepped bar shown in figure 2.21
F1 10 kN F2 5 kN
Figure 2 . 21|
E1 200 GPa , E 2 70 GPa , A1 150 mm , A2 100 mm 2

2

Ans. Divide the whole domain of the problem into two elements.
Fix the nodes 1,2 and 3 as shown in the figure 2.22
Figure 2 . 22|
E A 1 1 u1e P1e

l 1 1 u2e P2e
For element no. 1,
A E 150 200 103
6 105 N/mm
l 50
6 6 u11 P11
105 1 1
6 6 u2 P2
For element no. 2,
A E 100 70 103
1.4 105 N/mm
l 50
1.4 1.4 u22 P22
105 2 2
1.4 1.4 u3 P3
Global matrix equation is given as
6 6 0 U1 P1

10 6 7.4 1.4 U 2 P2

5
0 1.4 1.4 U 3 P3

U1 0 (since this end is fixed) ; P2 10 103 N ; P3 5 103 N
Substituting the values and framing the equations, we get
7.4U 2 1.4U 3 0.1
1.4U 2 1.4U 3 0.05
U 2 0.00833 mm and U 3 0.0274 mm
2.22 Determine nodal displacement and forces and also the stresses in the following stepped bar shown in
figure 2.23
A2 220 mm 2
A1 110 mm 2
Figure 2 . 23|
P 55 kN , E 2 105 N / mm 2

Ans. Divide the whole domain of the problem into two elements
Fix the nodes 1,2 and 3 as shown in the figure 2.24
Figure 2 . 24|
Note nodes 1 and 3 are end points and node 2 is the point where area, i.e. geometry changes.
Element No. 1
A1 110 mm 2 and l1 1.2 m 1200 mm
Element No. 2
A2 220 mm 2 and l2 2.4 m 2400 mm
E 2 105 N / mm 2 common to all elements
AE
for element no. 1 = 18.33 103 N / mm
l
AE
l
E A 1 1 u1e P1e

l 1 1 u2e P2e
1 1 u11 P11
18.33 103 1 1
1 1 u2 P2
1 1 u22 P22
18.33 103 2 2
1 1 u3 P3
18.33 18.33 0 U1 P1

10 18.33 36.67 18.33 U 2 P2
3
0 18.33 18.33 U 3 P3
Now impose the global boundary conditions given in the problem viz.
U1 0 (since this end is supported) ; U 3 1.2 mm
P2 55 103 N
18.33 18.33 0 0 P1
3
10 18.33 36.67 18.33 U 2 10 55
3
0 18.33 18.33 1.2

P3
18.33U 2 P1

36.67U 2 18.33 1.2 55
18.33U 2 18.33 1.2 P3
Solving the equations we get
U 2 2.1 mm
P1 38.49 kN
P2 16.5 kN
Check analytically
Py P1 P2 P3 38.49 55 16.5 0.01 0 . Hence checked.
Calculation of Stresses
Stress is given by
e
E U

e
1 1 1
l U 2
2 105 0
1 1 1 350 N / mm 2
1200 2.1
2 105 2.1
Similarly, 2 1 1 75 N / mm2
2400 1.2
2.23 Determine nodal displacement and forces and also the stresses in the bar shown in figure 2.25
Figure 2 . 25|
d st 40 mm d Al 25 mm
E St 2.1 10 N / mm E Al 0.7 105 N / mm 2 , P 5 kN
5 2
Fix the nodes 1,2 and 3 as shown in figure 2.26
Figure 2 . 26|
Note nodes 1 and 3 are end points and node 2 is the point where area, i.e. geometry changes. Also material properties
and the loading conditions change. In this problem, elements and nodes are numbered from right to left.
Note here that at node 2, three elements meet, two aluminum bars in parallel are in series with the steel bar and also
there are three elements but only three nodes.
d St 40 mm and lSt 500 mm

d Al 25 mm and l Al 400 mm
Load applied at node 2 5 5 10 kN
ESt 2.1 105 N / mm 2 and E Al 0.7 105 N / mm 2

Element no. 1 (Steel)
2 2
ASt d St 40 1256.6 mm 2 , lst 500 mm
4 4
AE
for element no 1
l
1256.6 2.1 105
527.8 103 N / mm
500
Element no. 2 and element no. 3 i.e. Aluminium
2 2
AAl d Al 25 490.8 mm 2 , l Al 400 mm
4 4
AE 490.8 0.7 105
for element no. 2 and 3 =
l 400
85.9 10 N / mm
3

E A 1 1 u1 P1
e e

l 1 1 u2e P2e
1 1 u1 P1
1 1
527.8 103
1 1
1 1 u2 P2
1 1 u2 P3
2 2
85.9 103 2 2
1 1 u3 P3
1 1 u2 P2
3 3
85.9 103 3 3
1 1 u3 P3
827.8 527.8 0 U1 P1

10 527.8 699.6 171.8 U 2 P2
3
0 171.8 171.8 U 3 P3
U1 0 ; U 3 0 ; P2 10 103 N
527.8 527.8 0 0 P1
3
10 527.8 699.6 171.8 U 2 10 10
3
0 171.8 171.8 0 P
3

Now frame the equations 527.8U 2 P1
699.6 U 2 10
171.8U 2 P3
U 2 0.0143 m
P1 7.5443 kN
P3 2.4567 kN
Check analytically
Px P1 P2 P3 7.5443 10 2.4567 0. Hence checked.
Stress in aluminium bar
E U 0.7 105 0
2 1 1 3 1 1
l U 2 400 0.0143
25.025 N / mm 2 Tensile
Stress in steel bar
E U 2.1 105 0.0143
1 1 1 2 1 1
l U1 500 0
6.006 N / mm 2 Compressive
2.24 Determine nodal displacement and forces and also the stresses in the bar shown below.
Figure 2 . 27|
E 210 GPa for bar material
Fix the nodes 1,2,3 and 4 as shown in the figure 2.28
Figure 2 . 28|
Note nodes 1 and 4 are end points, node 2 is where external load acts and node 3 is the point where area, i.e. geometry
changes.
Element No. 1
2 2
A1 d1 60 2827.43 mm 2 , l1 150 mm
4 4
Element No. 2

2 2
A2 d 2 60 2827.43 mm 2 , l2 50 mm
4 4
Element No. 3
2 2
A3 d3 40 1256.64 mm 2 , l3 150 mm
4 4
E 2.1 105 N / mm 2 common to all elements
AE
l
AE
l
AE
l
E A 1 1 u1 P1
e e

he 1 1 u2e P2e
1 1 u1 P1
1 1
3958.4 103
1 1
1 1 u2 P2
1 1 u2 P2
2 2
11875.2 103
2 2
1 1 u3 P3
1 1 u3 P3
3 3
1759.29 103 3 3
1 1 u4 P4
3958.4 3958.4 0 0
3958.4 3958.4 11875.2 11875.2 0
103
0 11875.2 11875.2 1759.29 1674.67

0 0 1674.67 1759.29
U1 P1
U P
2 2

U 3 P3
U 4 P4
3958.4 3958.4 0 0 U1 P1
3958.4 15833.6 11875.2 U P
103
0 2 2
0 11875.2 13634.49 1759.29 U 3 P3

0 0 1759.29 1759.27 U 4 P4

U1 0 ; P2 20 103 N ; P3 0; P4 15 103 N
3958.4 3958.4 0 0
3958.4 15833.6 11875.2 0
103
0 11875.2 13634.49 1759.29

0 0 1759.29 1759.29
0 P1
U
2 3 20
10
U 3 0
U 4 15
3958.4U 2 P1
15833.6 U 2 11875.2 U 3 0
11875.2 U 2 13634.49 U 3 1759.29 U 4 0
1759.29 U 3 1759.29 U 4 15
P1 34.992 kN
U 2 0.00884 mm
U 3 0.0101 mm
U 4 0.0186 mm
Check analytically
Px P1 P2 P3 P4 34.992 20 0 15
0.00744 0.
Stress is given by
e
E U
1 1 1
e
l U 2
2.1 105
1 U 2 U1
150
2.1 105
i.e. 1 0.00884 0 12.38 N / mm 2
150
2.1 105
2 U 3 U 2
50
2.1 105
2 0.0101 0.00884 5.292 N / mm2
50
2.1 105
3 U 4 U 3
150
2.1 105
3 0.0186 0.0101 11.9 N / mm 2
150

2.25 Determine angular deformations and torque at all nodes for the given shaft
100 80 50
Figure 2 . 29|
G = 100 GPa
All lengths and diameters are in mm.
Ans. This is torsion problem.

Element matrix equation is given by
1 1 1 T1
e e
GJ

1 1 e e
l 2 T2
Divide the shaft into three elements. Fix the nodes 1,2,3 and 4 as shown in figure 2.30
Figure 2 . 30|

1 105 100 4
GJ 32
For element No. 1 : 2181.7 10 6
l 450
For element No. 2 :

105 80 4
GJ 32
1005.3 10 6
l 400
For element No. 3 :

105 50 4
GJ 32
122.7 106
l 500
Element matrix equation for
1 1 1 T1
1 1
Element No. 1 is 2181.7 106

1 1
1 1 2 T2
1 1 1 T1
2 2
Element No. 2 is 1005.3 106 2 2

1 1 2 T2
1 1 1 T1
3 3
Element No. 3 is 122.7 106 3 3

1 1 2 T2
Global matrix equation is
2181.7 2181.7 0 0 1 T1
2181.7 3187 1005.3 0 2 T2
106
0 1005.3 1128 122.7 3 T3

0 0 122.7 122.7 4 T4

T1 ? 1 0
T2 3 106 N .mm 2 ?
T3 2 106 N .mm 3 ?
T4 ? 4 0
Global matrix equation becomes
2181.7 2181.7 0 0
2181.7 3187 1005.3 0
106
0 1005.3 1128 122.7

0 0 122.7 122.7
0 T1
3
2 6
10
3 2
0 T4

2181.7 2 T1
3187 2 1005.3 3 3
1005.3 2 1128 3 2
122.7 3 T4
2 5.314 104 rad
3 1.3 103 rad
T1 1.159 kNm
T4 0.159 kNm
T 1.159 3 2 0.159 0
Hence tallied.
2.26 For the three stepped bar shown in the figure 2.31 Determine the displacement at nodes, stresses in the
three sections and reactions at the ends.
20 kN 10 kN
3
2 80 mm
1
80 mm 90 mm 500
Aluminium Brass Steel
E = 70 GPa E = 105 GPa E = 200 GPa
A = 900 mm2 A = 400 mm2 A = 200 mm2
Figure 2 . 31|
Ans. The element matrix equation is given by

A E 1 1 u1 P1
e e
e e
l 1 1 u2 P2
Divide the bar into three elements. Fix the nodes 1,2,3 and 4 as shown in figure 2.32
Figure 2 . 32|
Tabulating the values
A E 105 l AE
105
l
1 900 0.7 80 7.875
2 400 1.05 90 4.667
3 200 2 70 5.714
Table 2.1
Element matrix equation for each element
For element No. 1:
1 1 u1 P1
1 1
7.875 105
1 1
1 1 u2 P2
For element No. 2 :
1 1 u2 P2
2 2
4.667 105 2 2
1 1 u3 P3
For element No. 3 :
1 1 u1 P1
3 3
5.714 105
3 3
1 1 u2 P2
Assembling all E.M.Es, we get Global matrix equation as
7.875 7.875 0 0 U1 P1
7.875 12.542 4.667 U P
104
0 2 2
0 4.667 10.381 5.714 U 3 P3

0 0 5.714 5.714 U 4 P4
Impose global boundary conditions given in the problem viz.
U1 0;U 4 0; P2 20 kN and P3 10 kN
Substituting the values and simplifying, the global matrix equation becomes
7.875 7.875 0 0 0 P1
7.875 12.542 4.667
0 U 2 2
4
104 10
0 4.667 10.381 5.714 U 3 1

0 0 5.714 5.714 0 P4
By method of elimination we have,

125.42 U 2 46.67 U 3 2
46.67 U 2 103.81U 3 1

Displacement-
U 2 0.023455 mm ;U 3 0.020178 mm
Reactions P1 78.75U 2 18.4906 kN
P4 57.14U 3 11.5294 kN
Check Px 0
Stresses : Stress is given by
e
E U
1 1 1
e
l U 2
0.7 105
1 0.023455 20.523 N / mm2
80
1.05 105
2 0.020178 0.023455
90
3.823 N / mm 2
2 105
3 0 0.020178 57.650 N / mm2
70
1-D Spring Systems

2.27 Determine the displacement of nodes 1 and 2 in the spring system shown in figure 2.33. Use minimum of
potential energy principle to assemble equation of equilibrium.
Figure 2 . 33|
Ans.
Figure 2 . 34|
x1 u1 u3
x2 u1 u4
x3 u2 u1
Potential energy of the system
1 1 1
P.E. K1 x12 K2 x22 K3 x33 F1u1 F2u2 F3u3 F4 u4
2 2 2

1
K1 u1 u3 K2 u1 u4 K3 u2 u1
2 2 2
PE
2
F1u1 F2u2 F3u3 F4 u4
According to minimum potential energy principle

0
PE 0
0ui
For i=1
0
PE 0
0u1
1
2K1u1 2K1u3 2K2u1 2K2u4 2K3u1 2K3u2 F1 0 (i)
2
For i 2
0
PE 0
0u2
1
2K3u2 2K3u1 F2 0 (ii)
2
For i 3
0
PE 0
0u3
1
2K1u3 2K1u1 F3 0 (iii)
2
For i 4
0
PE 0
0u4
1
2K2u4 2K2u1 F4 0 (iv)
2
Rearranging equations (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv), we get
u1 K1 K 2 K3 u2 K3 u3 K1 u4 K 2 F1
u1 K3 u2 K3 u3 0 u4 0 F2
u1 K1 u2 0 u3 K1 u4 0 F3
u1 K 2 u2 0 u3 0 u4 K 2 F4
Writing above equations in matrix form
K1 K 2 K3 K3 K1 K2 u1 F1

K3 K3 0 0 u2 F2

K1 0 K1 0 u3 F3

K2 0 0 K2 u4 F4
K1 60, K2 75, K3 100
And boundary conditions
u1 0, u2 0, F1 100, F2 80

23 100 60 75 u1 100
100 100
0 0 u2 80

60 0 60 0 0 F3

75 0 0 75 0 F4
235 u1 100 u2 100 (v)
100 u1 100 u2 80 (vi)
Solving equation (v) and (vi), we get
u1 1.33 m, u2 2.125 m
2.28 A system of four springs is shown in the figure 2.35. Apply the principle of minimum potential energy to
obtain the Global stiffness Matrix. The vertical members at nodes 2 and 3 are to be considered rigid. Solve and
obtain:
(i) Nodal displacements at 2, 3 and 4
(ii) Reaction force at node 1.
Take:
K 1 2 N / mm F2 30 N
K 2 4 N / mm F3 0
K 3 3 N / mm F4 40 N
Figure 2 . 35|
Ans.
Figure 2 . 36|
x1 u2 u1
x2 u3 u2
x3 u3 u2
x4 u4 u3
Potential energy of the system
1 1 1 1
P.E. K1 x12 K2 x22 K3 x33 K 4 x43 F1u1 F2u2 F3u3 F4 u4
2 2 2 2
1
K1 u2 u1 K2 u3 u2 K3 u3 u2 K 4 u4 u3
2 2 2 2
P.E.
2

F1u1 F2u2 F3u3 F4 u4
According to minimum potential energy principle

0
PE 0
0ui
For i=1
0
PE 0
0u1
1
2K1u1 2K1u2 F1 0 (i)
2
For i=2
0
PE 0
0u2
1
2K1u2 2K1u1 2K2u2 2K2u3 2K3u2 2K3u3 F2 0 (ii)
2
For i=3
0
PE 0
0u3
1
2K2u3 2K2u2 2K3u3 2K3u2 2K4u3 2K4u4 F3 0 (iii)
2
For i=4
0
PE 0
0u4
1
2K4u4 2K4u3 F4 0 (iv)
2
Rearranging equations (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv), we get
u1 K1 u2 K1 u3 0 u4 0 F1
u1 K1 u2 K1 K 2 K3 u3 K 2 K3 u4 0 F2
u1 0 u2 K 2 K3 u3 K 2 K3 K 4 u4 K 4 F3
u1 0 u2 0 u3 K 4 u4 K 4 F4
Writing above equations in matrix form
K1 K1 0 0 u1 F1
K K1 K 2 K3 K 2 K3 0 u2 F2
1
0 K 2 K3 K 2 K3 K 4 K 4 u3 F3

0 0 K4 K 4 u4 F4
K1 2, K2 4, K3 4, K 4 3
2 2 0 0 u1 F1
2 2 4 4 4 4 0 u F
2 2

0 4 4 4 4 3 3 u3 F3
u4 F4
0 0 3 3

u1 0, F2 30 N , F3 0, F4 40 N
2 2 0 0 0 F1
2 10 8 0 u 30
2
0 8 11 3 u3 0

0 0 3 3 u4 40
2u2 F1 (i)
10 u2 8u3 30 (ii)
8 u2 11u3 3u4 0 (iii)
3u3 3u4 40 (iv)
Solving equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
u2 35 mm, u3 40 mm, u4 53.33 mm F1 70 N
2.29 Consider the spring mounted bar shown in figure 2.37 Solve for the displacmenet of point P and Q using
bar elements (assume AE = constant)
Figure 2 . 37| Spring mounted bar
Ans.
Figure 2 . 38|
Divide the system into two elements as shown
Figure 2 . 39|
For element 1
1 1 u1 P1
1 1
K 1 1
1 1 u2 P2
For element 2-
AE 1 1 u2 P2
2 2

L 1 1 u32 P32
AE
Let K2
L

1 1 u2 P2
2 2
K2 2 2
1 1 u3 P3
Global matrix equation
K K 0 u1 P1
K
K K2 K 2 u2 P2
0 K2 K 2 u3 P3
Global boundary conditions are
u1 0 [As node is fixed]
P2 0 [No external force at 2]
P3 100
K K 0 0 P1
K
K K2 K 2 u2 0
0 K2 K 2 U 3 100

Forming the equations

Ku2 P1 (i)
K K 2 u 2 K 2 u3 0 (i)
K 2 u2 K 2 u3 100 (ii)
100 100 K K 2
u2 , u3
K K .K 2
100
Hence displacement of point P
K
AE
100 K
Displacement of point Q, L
AE
K
L
2.30 Find for the following problem:

(i) Nodal displacement
(ii) Reaction forces
(iii) Force in each spring.
F2 F3 F4
k1 k2 k3 k4
Figure 2 . 40|
k1 10 N / mm k2 15 N / mm k3 25 N / mm k4 20 N / mm
F2 20 N F3 30 N F4 50 N
Ans. Fix modes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and elements 1, 2, 3, 4 as shown in figure 2.41.

k1 10 k2 15 k3 25 k4 20
Figure 2 . 41|
Element matrix equation for spring element is
1 1 U1e F1e
k e e
1 1 U 2 F2
10 10 U11 F11
Element no. 1 is 10 10 1 1
U 2 F2
15 15 U 22 F22
U 3 F3
25 25 U 33 F33
U 4 F4
20 20 U 44 F44
U 5 F5
10 10 0 0 0 0 F1
10 25 15 0 0 U 20
2
0 15 40 25 0 U 3 30
U 50
0 0 25 45 20
4
0 0 0 20 20 0 F5
Frame the equations
10U 2 F1 (i)
25U 2 15U 3 20 (ii)
15U 2 40U 3 25U 4 30 (iii)
15U 3 45U 4 50 (iv)
20U 4 F5 (v)
Frame the equations and solve
(a) Nodal displacements: Solving equations (2), (3) and (4), we get
U 2 0.805 mm
U 3 2.675 mm
U 4 2.597 mm
(b) Reaction forces: Solving equations (1) and (5), we get
F1 10U 2 8.05 N
F5 20 U 4 51.94 N
Fx 0

F x 8.05 20 30 50 51.94
0.01 0. Hence tallied.
(c) Forces in each spring is given by
e k 1 1 U1
e
F e
U 2
1 10 0.805 0 8.05 N (Tensile)
F
2 15 2.675 0.805 25.05 N (Tensile)
F
3 25 2.597 2.675 1.95 N (Compressive)
F
4 20 0 2.597 51.94 N (Compressive)
F
2.31 Figure 2.42 shows a cluster of four springs. Calculate deflections of each spring when a force of 2000 N is
applied. Model the springs as 1-D element.
25 N / mm
20 N / mm
2000 N
75 N / mm
50 N / mm
Figure 2 . 42|
Ans. Number the elements and nodes as shown in figure 2.43.
2000 N
Figure 2 . 43|
There are four elements with three nodes.
Element matrix equations for spring element is
1 1 U1e F1e
k e e
1 1 U 2 F2
Element no. 1 is
1 1 U11 F11
25 1 1
1 1 U 2 F2
Element no. 2 is
1 1 U12 F12
75 2 2
1 1 U 2 F2
Element no. 3 is

1 1 U 23 F23
20 3 3
1 1 U 3 F3
Element no. 4 is
1 1 U14 F14
50 4 4
1 1 U 3 F3
On assembling, we get the global matrix equation
25 75 50 25 75 50 U1 F1 150 100 50 U1 F1
25 75 100 120 20 U F
25 75 20 20 U 2 F2 i.e. 2 2
50 20 20 50 U 3 F3
50 20 75 U 3 F3
Impose global boundary conditions
U1 0; F2 0; F3 2000 N
(Balance of secondary variables)
150 100 50 0 F1
100 120 20 U 0
2
50 20 70 U 3 2000
Solving equations (2) and (3) simultaneously, we get

U 2 5 mm
U 3 30 mm
F1 100 5 50 30
2000 N
Verify F x 2000 2000 0. Hence tallied.
2.32 Consider a two degree of freedom spring mass system as shown in figure 2.44 x1 t and x2 t are the
independent generalized coordinates. Determine the required equations of motion in matrix form.
Figure 2 . 44|
Ans.
m1 x1 m2 x2
Figure 2 . 45|
To determine equations of motion:
We know that displacement x is associated with force mx in a direction opposite to that of displacement, where x is the
acceleration and m is the mass.

Forces m1
x1 and m2
x2 are shown in the figure 2.45
Number the elements and the nodes as shown in figure 2.45
Element matrix equation for a spring system is given as
1 1
k x F where k k
e

1 1
Element matrix equation for elements 1,2 and 3 are given as
1 1 x1 F1
k1
1 1 x2 F2
1 1 x2 F2
k2
1 1 x3 F3
1 1 x3 F3
k3
1 1 x4 F4
Global matrix equation is given as
k1 k1 0 0 x1 F1
k
1 1 k2
k k2 0 x2 F2

0 k2 k2 k3 k3 x3 F3

0 0 k3 k2 x4 F4
x1 0; x2 x1 ; x3 x2 ; x4 0; F2 m1
x1
and F3 m2 x2
Global matrix equation will become
k1 k1 0 0 0 F1
k
1 k1 k2 k2 0 x1 m1
x1

0 k2 k2 k3 k3 x2 m2 x2

0 0 k3 k2 0 F4
By method of elimination, we get
k1 k 2 k 2 x1 m1
x1

k2 k2 k3 x2 m2 x2
m1 x1 k1 k 2
0 k 2 x1
0
0

x2 k 2
m2 k2 k3 x2
This is the equation of motion in matrix from
1-D Heat Transfer Element

2.33 Write element matrix for 1-D heat conduction.
Ans. The element matrix for 1-D heat transfer element

q0 l
k 1 1 1 2 Q1
T

l 1 1 T2 q0 l Q2

2

Where,
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity
l = length of the element
q0 = rate of internal heat generation
T1 and T2 = nodal temperature at node 1 and 2
Q1 and Q2 = heat transfer from node 1 and 2
2.34 Using finite element method, determine the temperature distribution in the wall shown in the figure 2.46
and calculate the heat flow through the wall.
0 0C 20 0 C
Figure 2 . 46|
A: Steel, B: Insulation
k A 55 10 3 W / mm 0 C ; k B 1 10 3 W / mm 0 C
Ans. Fix nodes 1, 2, 3 4 and elements 1, 2, 3 as shown in figure 2.47.
1 0 0 C 4 20 0 C
A B A
Figure 2 . 47|
Element matrix equation for the heat transfer problem with conduction only is
kA 1 1 1e Q1e

l 1 1 1e Q2e
Element matrix equations for each element, assuming A 1 unit
kA 55 103
For element no. 1 : 27.5 103
l 2
For element no. 2 :
kA 0.1 10 3
0.025 10 3
l 4
For element no. 3 :
kA 55 103
27.5 103
l 2
Element no. 1 is
27.5 27.5 11 Q11
103 1 1
27.5 27.5 2 Q1
Element no. 2 is
0.025 0.25 12 Q12
103 2 2
0.025 0.25 2 Q2

Element no. 3 is
27.5 27.5 13 Q13
103 3 3
27.5 27.5 1 Q2
27.5 27.5 0 0 0 Q1
27.5 27.525 0.025 0 2 0
103
0 0.025 27.525 27.5 3 0

0 0 27.5 27.5 20 Q4
1 00 C ; 4 200 C ; Q2 0 and Q 3 0
27.5 27.5 0 0 0 Q1
27.5 27.525 0.025 0 2 0
103
0 0.025 27.525 27.5 3 0

0 0 27.5 27.5 20 Q4
Frame the equations
27.5 2 Q1 103 (i)
27.525 2 0.025 3 0 (ii)
0.025 2 27.525 3 27.5 20 0 (iii)
27.5 3 27.5 20 Q 4 103 (iv)

Solving equations (ii) and (iii), we get
2 0.0182 0 C ; 3 19.982 0 C
Then find Q1 and Q4 by solving equations (i) and (iv)
Q1 0.5005 Watt 10 3 / unit ;Q 4 0.495 Watt 10 3 / unit Q1 Q4 0 Hence tallied.
Heat flow through wall Q1 Q4 0.5005 W/mm2
2.35 The plane wall shown in figure 2.48 is 0.5 thick. The left surface of the wall is maintained at a constant
0
temperature of 200 C, and the right surface is insulated.
Figure 2 . 48| Heat conduction in a slab

0
The thermal conductivity k = 25 W/m C, and there is a uniform heat generating inside the wall of Q = 400
3
W/m . Determine the temperature distribution through the wall thickness using linear elements.

Ans.
Figure 2 . 49|
T1 2000 C
1 2
1 2 3
Figure 2 . 50|
Element matrix equation for the heat transfer problem with conductivity only is
l
q
KA 1 1 T1 Q1 o 2
e e

l 1 1 T2e Q2e l
q
o 2
Assuming A = 1 unit
For element 1,
KA 25 1
100
l 0.25
For element 2,
KA 25 L
100
l 0.25
l 400 0.25
qo 50
2 2
100 100 T1 Q1 50
1 1 1
For element 1, 1 1
100 100 T2 Q2 50
1
For element 2,
100 100 T2 Q2 50
2 2 2
100 100 2 2 2

T3 Q3 50
100 100 0 T1 Q1 50
100 200 100 T Q 100
2 2
0 100 100 T3 Q3 50
Global boundary conditions are
T1 2000 C 473 K

Q2 0 [No external heat flow]
Q3 0 [Due to insulation]
100 100 0 473 Q1 50

100 200 100 T 0 100
2
0 100 100 T3 0 50
Frame the equations
100 473 100T2 Q1 50 (i)
100 473 200T2 100T3 100 (ii)
100T2 100T3 50 (iii)
T2 474.5 K , T3 475 K

Classes
for
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
According to CSVTU 8th Sem Syllabus
by
APUROOP RAO
(Author of FINITE ELEMENT METHODS Book)
(Mtech. IIT Kharagpur, Ex Employee- Mahindra & Mahindra Automobile R&D)
st
BATCH STARTING - 1 Week of March
for
Bhilai and Raipur
FOR MORE INFO - 0788-6499334
ONE DIMENSIONAL
3 BEAM & FRAME ELEMENT
SYLLABUS
Of
Stiffness matrix formulation for beam and frame element, Determination of shape functions and element
matrices, Application problems
Fins and Transient
& One Dimensional

3 Beam & Frame Element
1-D Beam Element
3.1 Describe a beam element.
Ans. A beam element is a one dimensional element which can undergo transverse deflection. Each node of a beam element
has two degrees of freedom.
vi vj
i j
Figure 3 . 1|
3.2 Derive shape functions for a beam element.
Ans. Consider a beam as shown in Figure 3.2

The beam is of length l with axial local coordinate x and transverse local co-ordinate y .
The local transverse nodal displacements are given by d1 y and d 2 y
The rotations are given by 1 and 2 The local nodal forces are given F1 y and F2 y The bending moments are given by
m1 and m2 .

1 , m1
m2 , 1
F2 y , d 2 y
F1 y , d1 y
Figure 3 . 2|
Figure 3.3 indicates sign convensions used in simple beam theory for positive shear force F and bending moment m.
Figure 3 . 3| Beam theory sign convention for shear forces and bending
Assuming transverse displacement variation, the element length is to be.
v x a1 x3 a2 x 2 a3 x a4 (i)
We express v in terms of nodal degrees of freedom d1 y , d 2 y , 1 and 2 as follows:
At x = 0
v o a4 d1y (ii)
dv x
3a1 x 2 2a2 x a3
dx
dv o
a3 1 (iii)
dx
When x L
v L a1 L3 a2 L2 a3 L a4 d 2 y (iv)
dv L
3a1 L2 2a2 L a3 2 (v)
dx
dv
Where
dx
Finding a1 and a2 in terms of d1 y , d 2 y , 1 and 2 by using the above equations (ii), (iii), (iv), (v).
(iv) d 2 y a1 L3 a2 L2 a3 L a4
a1 L3 a2 L2 a3 L d1y
d 2y d1 y a1 L3 a2 L2 1 L
a4 d1y
d 2y d1 y 1 L a1 L3 a2 L2

1
L
d2 y d1y 1L l a1L2 a2 L (vi)
(v) 2 3a1 L2 2a2 L a3

3a1 L2 2a2 L 1

One Dimensional Beam and Frame Element |3-3
a 3 1
2 1 3a1 L2 2a2 L (vii)
Equation (vi) 3
3
L
d 2 y d1 y 1 L 3a1 L2 3a2 L (viii)
Solving equation (vii) and (viii)

2 1 3a1 L2 2a2 L
3
L
d2 y d1y 1L 3a1L2 3a2 L
Subtracting, equation (viii) from equation (vii) we get
2 1
3
L
d2 y d1y 1 L a2 L
2 1
3
L
d 2 y d1 y 1 L a2 L
3
L
2 1 d 2 y d1 y 31 a2 L
3
L
2 21 d 2 y d1 y a2 L
3
L
1 3
2 21 2 a2
L L d 2 y d1 y
2 21 2 d2 y d1 y a2
1 3

L L
1
2 21 2 d1 y d2 y a2
3
L L
3
a2 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2
1
(ix)
L L
Substitute a2 value in equation (v)
3
2 3a1 L2 2 L 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2 a3
1
L L
3a1 L2
6
L
d1y d2 y 2 21 2 1
a3 1
2 1 3a1 L2
6
L
d1y d2 y 41 22
31 32 3a1 L2 d1 y d 2 y
6
L
3a1 L2 31 32 d1 y d 2 y
6
L
a1 L2 1 2 d1 y d 2 y
2
L
a1 2 1 2 3 d1 y d 2 y
1 2
L L

a1
2
L3
d1 y d 2 y L12 1 2
Sub a1 , a2 , a3 and a4 values in equation (i)
2 3
v x 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2 x3 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2 x 2 1 x d1 y
1 1
L L L L
a3 1 ; a4 d1 y
In matrix form,
v x N d
d1 y

1
v x N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
d 2 y

2
v x N1d1 y N 21 N3 d 2 y N 42 (x)
Where N1 , N 2 , N 3 and N 4 are shape functions for beam element.
N1
1
L3
2 x 3 3 x 2 L L3

N 2 3 x 3 L 2 x 2 L2 xL3
1
L

N 3 3 2 x 3 3 x 2 L
1
L

N4 3 x L x L
1 3 2 2
3.3 Write down the stiffness matrix for a typical beam element.
Ans. Stiffness matrix for a typical beam element is

12 6 L 12 6 L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI
K 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6L 2L 6 L 4 L2
Where,
E Youngs modulus
I Moment of inertia
L Length of the beam element
3.4 Derive stiffness matrix for a beam element.
Ans. The stiffness matrix for the beam element is derived by using a direct equilibrium approach and beam theory sign
conventions.
We known that,
2 3
v x 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2 x3 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2 x 2 1 x d1 y
1 1
L L L L
dv x 2 3

1
L

3 x 2 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2 2 x 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2 1
1

dx L L L
Put x 0 in equation (i)

d 2v 0 3
0 2 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2
1
dx 2 L L
6
L2
d1y d2 y 6Ld2 y 4L21 2L22
Put x L in equation (i)
d 2v L 2 3
1

6 L 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2 2 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2
1

dx 2 L L L L
3 1y
d d 2 y 2 1 2 2 d1 y d 2 y
12 L 6L 6
L L L
2
21 2
L
1 12Ld1 y 12Ld2 y 6 L21 6 :

L3 d1y 6Ld2 y 4L 1 2L 2
2 2
Put x 0 in equation (ii)

d 3v 0 2
6 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2
1
dx 3 L L
1
12d1 y 12d 2 y 6 L1 6 L2
L3
Put x L in equation (ii)
d 3v L 2
6 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2
1
L
3
dx L
1
12d1 y 12d 2 y 6 L1 6 L2
L3
We know that,
d 3v 0
Nodal force, F1 y EI
dx3
EI
F1 y 12d1 y 6 L1 12d 2 y 6 L2
L3
[From equation no. (v)]
d 2 v 0
Bending moment, m1 EI
dx 2
EI
6 Ld1 y 4 L21 6 Ld 2 y 2 L22
L3
[From equation no. (iii)]
EI
m1 6Ld1 y 4 L21 6 Ld 2 y 2 L22
L3
d 3v L
Nodal force, F2 y EI
dx 3
EI
12d1 y 6 L1 12d 2 y 6 L2
L3

[From equation no. (vi)]
EI
F2 y 12d1 y 6 L1 12d 2 y 6 L2
L3
d 2v L
Bending moment, m2 EI
dx 2
EI
m2 6 Ld1 y 2 L21 6 Ld 2 y 4 L22
L3
[From equation no. (iv)]
Arranging to the above equation F1 y , m1 , F2 y , m 2 in matrix from,
d 2v x 2 3

1

6 x 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2 2 2 d1 y d 2 y 21 2
1

(i)
dx 2 L L L L
d 3v x 2
6 3 d1 y d 2 y 2 1 2
1
(ii)
L
3
dx L
d 2v 0 1
6 Ld 1 y 4 L21 6 Ld 2 y 2 L22 (iii)
dx 2
L2
d 2v L 1
6 Ld1 y 2 L21 6 Ld 2 y 4 L22 (iv)
dx 2 L3
d 3v 0 1
12d1 y 6 L1 12d 2 y 6 L2 (v)
dx 3
L3
d 3v L 1
12d1 y 6 L1 12d y 6 L2 (vi)
dx 3 L3
F1 y 12 6 L 12 6 L d1 y
2
m1 EI 6 L 4 L 6 L 2 L 1
2
3 (vii)
F2 y L 12 6 L 12 6 L d 2 y
m 2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L 2
2
2
12 6 L 12 6 L
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI
Stiffness matrix, K 3 (viii)
L 12 6 L 12 6 L
2
6L 2L 6 L 4 L2
This is a finite element equation for a beam element.
Where,
E Youngs modulus
I Moment of inertia
L Length of the beam

Numericals Based on 1-D Beam Element
Beams with Point Loads

3.5 Determine the slopes and deflections at point 1, 2 and 3 of propped cantilever beam shown in figure 3.4.
Figure 3 . 4|
5 2
E 2 10 N / mm , I 1 10 mm , L 5m , P 1kN .
7 4
Ans. Discritize the beam by two elements and number the nodes.
P
1 2 3
d 1y , 1 d 2y , 2 d 3y , 3
Figure 3 . 5|
Element stiffness matrix for beam element-
12 6L 12 6L
2
EI 6L 4L 6L 2L
2
k 3
L 12 6L 12 6L
2
6L 2L 6L 4L
2
For element 1-
E 2 105 Nmm2 , I 1 107 mm4 , L 5m 5 103 mm
1 2 3 4
12 30 12 30 1
2 105 1 107
K1 30 100 30 50 2

3
5 103 12 30 12 30 3

30 50 30 100 4
Similarly for element 2-
3 4 5 6
12 30 12 30 3
2 105 1 107
K2
30 100 30 50 4

3
5 103
12 30 12 30 5

30 50 30 100 6
On assembly, global stiffness matrix is given by-

1 2 3 4 5 6
12 30 12 30 0 0 1

30 100 30 50 0 0 2
12 30 12 12 30 30 12 30 3
k 16
30 50 30 30 100 100 30 50 4
0 0 12 30 12 30 5

0 0 30 50 30 100 6
12 30 12 30 0 0
30 100 30 50 0 0

12 30 24 0 12 30
16
30 50 60 200 30 50
0 0 12 30 12 30

0 0 30 50 30 100
Global matrix equation is given by-
F1 y 12 30 12 30 0 0 d1 y

M1 30 100 30 50 0 0 1
F
2y 12 30 24 0 12 30 d2 y
16
M2 30 50 60 200 30 50 2
F 0 0 12 30 12 30 d3 y
3y
M3 0 0 30 50 30 100
3
Impose global boundary conditions-
F1 y P 1 103 N , M1 0, M2 0
d2 y 0, d3 y 0, 3 0
0 12 30 12 30 0 0 d1 y
0 30 100 30 50
0 0 1
F2 y 12 30 24 0 12 30 0
16
0 30 50 60 200 30 50 2
F3 y 0 0 12 30 12 30 0

M3 0 0 30 50 30 100 0
By elimination method-
1 103 12 30 30 d1 y

0 16 30 100 50 1
0 30 50 200 2

Solving above matrix, we get.
d1 y 36.45 mm, 1 9.375 103 rad , 2 2.34 103 rad

3.6 Determine the defection and slope at point 1, 2 and 3 for the beam shown in the figure 3.6.
10 KN
1 3m 2 3m 3
20 KN-m
Figure 3 . 6|
4
E 210 Gpa , I 4 10
Ans. Discretize the beam with two elements and number the nodes as shown-
d 1y , 1 d 2y , 2 d 3y , 3
Figure 3 . 7|
For both elements-
EI 210 103 4 104
3.11 106 N M
L3 33
Element stiffness matrix for both elements-
12 18 12 18
18 36 18 18
K 1 K 2 3.11 106
12 18 12 18

18 18 18 36
On assembly, global stiffness matrix
12 18 12 18 0 0
18 36 18 18 0 0

12 18 12 12 18 18 12 18
K 3.11 106
18 18 18 18 36 36 18 18
0 0 12 18 12 18

0 0 18 18 18 36
Global matrix equation is given by
F1 12 18 12 18 0 0 d1 y

M1 18 36 8 18 0 0 1
F2 12 18 24 0 12 18 d2 y
3.11 10
6

M2 18 18 0 72 18 18 2
F3 0 0 12 18 12 18 d3 y

M3 0 0 18 18 18 36
3
Imposing global boundary conditions-
F2 10 103 N , M2 20 103 Nm
d1 y 0, 1 0, d3 y 0, 3 0

F1 12 18 12 18 0 0 0

M1 18 36 8 18 0 0 0
10 103 12 18 24 0 12 18 d2 y
3
K 3.11 106
20 10 18 18 0 72 18 18 2
F3 0 0 12 18 12 18 0

M3 0 0 18 18 18 36 0
10 103 24 0 d2 y
3
3.11 106
10 10 0 72 2
d2 y 1.339 104 m, 2 8.928 105 rad
3.7 Determine the slope and deflection at both ends of the beam shown in figure 3.8.
Figure 3 . 8|
E 210 GPa , I 2 104 m 4
Ans. Discritize the beam with one element as shown in figure 3.9-
d , 2
d 1 y , 1
2y
Figure 3 . 9|
Element matrix for beam element is given
F1 12 6L 12 6L d1 y
2
M1 EI 6L 4L 6L 2L 1
2
3
F2 L 12 6L 12 6L d2 y
M2 2
6L 2L 6L 4L 2
2
EI 210 109 2 104

1.55 106 N m
L3 33
Imposing boundary condition-
F2 50 103 N , M2 0
d1 y 0, 1 0
12 6 3 12 6 3 0
F1

M1

1.55 106

6 3 4 3 2 2

6 3 2 3 0

50 10 12 6 3 6 3 d2 y
3
12

0

6 3 2 3
2

6 3 4 32 2


50 103 6 12 18 d2 y
1.55 10
0 18 36 2
50 103 50 103 12d2 y 182

0 1.55 106 18d2 y 362
d2 y 0.01m, P2 5.376 103 rad
3.8 Determine the nodal displacements and slope at all three nodes of the beam shown in figure 3.10.
Figure 3 . 10|
E 210 GPa , I 1 104 m 4
Ans. Discritize the beam with two elements
d 1y , 1 d 2y , 2 d 3y , 3
Figure 3 . 11|
12 6 5 12 6 5

210 10 1 10 6 5 4 5
9 4
2

6 5 2 52
K1
53 12 6 5 12 6 5
6 5 2 52

6 5 4 52
24 125 24 12 5

K2
210 109 1 104 125 8 5

2

12 5 4 52

53 24 125 24 12 5

125 4 5
2

12 5 8 52

24 5 24 12 5

210 109 1 104 125 8 5

2

12 5 4 52

53 24 125 24 12 5

125 4 5
2
4 52
8 52


On assembly global stiffness matrix is-
12 30 12 30 0 0

30 100 30 50 0 0
210 109 1 104 12 30 12 24 30 60 24 60
K
53 30 50 30 60 100 200 60 100
0 0 24 60 24 60

0 0 60 100 60 200
F1 12 30 12 30 0 0 d1 y

M1 30 100 30 50 0 0 1
F2 210 109 1 104 12 30 36 30 24 60 d2 y

M2 53 30 50 30 300 60 100 2
F3 0 0 24 60 24 60 d3 y

M3 0 0 60 100 60 200
3
Imposing boundary conditions-
F2 5 103 N , M2 0, F3 5 103 N , M3 0,
d1 y 0, 1 0
F1 12 30 12 30 0 0 0

M1 30 100 30 50 0 0 0
5 103
5 12 30 36 30 24 60 d2 y
1.68 10
M2 30 50 30 300 60 100 2
5 103 0 0 24 60 24 60 d3 y

M3 0 0 60 100 60 200 3
By elimination method
5 103 36 30 24 60 d2 y

0 5 30 300 60 100 2
1.63 10
5 10
3 24 60 24 60 d3 y
0
60 100 60 200 3
d2 y 4.73 103 m, 2 2.3 103 rad

d3 y 0.019m, 3 3.18 103 rad
3.7 A beam of length 10m, fixed at one end and supported by a roller at the other end carries a 20 kN
concentrated load at the center of span, Determine deflection under load.
Take E 200 GPa , I 24 106 m 4 .
20 kN
5m 5m
Figure 3 . 12|

Ans. Discritize the beam with two elements-
d , 2 d , 3
d , 1 2y 3y
1y
Figure 3 . 13|
Stiffness matrix for beam element
EI 12 6L 12 6L
k
L3 6L 4L2 6L 2L2
For element 1
EI 200 109 24 106
38400
L3 53
Stiffness matrix for element 1
1 2 3 4
12 6 5 12 6 5 1

K 1 38400 6 5 4 5
2

6 5 2 52 2

12 6 5 12 6 5 3
6 5 2 52

6 5 4 52 4
1 2 3 4
12 30 12 30 1
38400 30 100 30 50 2
12 30 12 30 3

30 50 30 100 4
Similarly, stiffness matrix for element 2-
3 4 5 6
12 30 12 30 3
K 2 38400 30 100 30 50 4
12 30 12 30 6

30 50 30 100 6
On assembly, global stiffness matrix is
1 2 3 4 5 6
12 30 12 30 0 0 1

30 100 30 50 0 0 2
K 38400 12 30 12 12 30 30 12 30 3

30 50 30 30 100 100 30 50 4
0 0 12 30 12 30 5

0 0 30 50 30 100 6

1 2 3 4 5 6
F1 12 30 12 30 0 0 1 d1 y

M1 30 100 30 50 0 0 2 1

F2 12 30 24 0 12 30 3 d2 y

M2 30 50 0 200 30 50 4 2
F3 0 0 12 30 12 30 5 d
3y
M3 0 0 30 50 30 100 6 3
Imposing global boundary conditions-

F2 20 103 N , M2 0, M3 0
d1 y 0, 1 0, d3 y 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
F1 12 30 12 30 0 0 1 0

M1 30 100 30 50 0 0 2 0
20 103 12 30 12 30 12 30 3 d2 y
38400
0 30 50 30 100 30 50 4 2
F3 0 0 12 30 12 30 5 0

0 0 0 30 50 30 100 6 3
20 103 24 0 30 d2 y

0 38400 0 200 50 2
0 30 50 100 3

20 103 38400 24d2 y 0 2 303 (i)
0 38400 0 d2 y 2002 503 (ii)
0 38400 30 d2 y 502 1003 (iii)
By solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

d2 y 0.0379 m, 2 3.255 103 rad , 3 0.013rad
Beams with Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDL)
3.8 Find the deflection and slope at both ends of the cantilever beam shown in figure 3.14.
Figure 3 . 14|
4 4
E 210 GPa , I 1.2 10 m

Ans. Equivalent force system of the beam-
10 2 10 2
2 2
10 22 10 22
12 12
Figure 3 . 15|
Discrediting the beam with one element
Figure 3 . 16|
12 6 2 12 6 2 d
F1 10 103 2y
3
M1 3.33 10 210 10 1.2 10

9 4

6 2 4 22
6 2 2 22
1
3
F2 10 10 23 12 6 2 12 6 2 d2 y
F 3.33 103
3
6 2 2 2
2

6 2 4 22 2

Imposing boundary conditions-
F2 0, M2 0
d1 y 0, 1 0
F1 10 103 12 12 12 12 0
3
M1 3.33 10 6 12 16 12 8 0
3.15 10
10 10
3
12 12 12 12 d2 y
3.33 103
12 8 12 16 2
10 103 12 12 d2 y
3
3.15 106
3.33 10 12 16 2
d2 y 7.94 104 m, 2 5.29 104 rad
3.9 Find the deflection and slope at all three nodes of the beam shown in figure 3.17. Take E = 200 GPa,
I 1.2 104 N / mm 2
Figure 3 . 17|

Ans. Equivalent force system of the beam
12 5 12 5 24 5 12 5

2 2 2 2
12 52 12 52 24 52 24 52
12 12 12 12
Figure 3 . 18|
Discritizing the beam with two elements
d , 2 d , 3
d , 1
3y
2y
1y
Figure 3 . 19|
For each element
EI 200 109 1.2 104
192000 Nm
L3 53
Element stiffness matrix for each element is
12 6 5 12 6 5

6 5 4 5 6 5 2 5
2 2
1 2
K K 192000
12 6 5 12 6 5
6 5 2 52
6 5 4 52
12 30 12 30
30 100 30 50
192000
12 30 12 30

30 50 30 100
On assembly, global stiffness matrix is
12 30 12 30 0 0
30 100 30 50 0 0

12 30 24 0 12 30
K 192000
30 50 0 200 30 50
0 0 12 30 12 30

0 0 30 50 30 100
F1 30 103 12 30 12 30 0 0 d1 y

M 1 25 10 0 1
3
30 100 30 50 0
F 90 103
2 12 30 24 0 12 30 d2 y
192000
M 2 25 10
3
30 50 0 200 30 50 2
F 60 103 0 0 12 30 12 30 d3 y
3
M 3 50 103 0 0 30 50 30 100 3

M 2 0, M 3 0, d1 y 0, 1 0, d2 y 0, d3 y 0
F1 30 103 12 30 12 30 0 0 0

M 1 25 10 30 100 30 50 0 0
3
0
F 90 103
2 12 30 24 0 12 30 0
3
192000
M 2 25 10 30 50 0 200 30 50 2
F 60 103 0 0 12 30 12 30 0
3
M 3 50 103 0 0 30 50 30 100 3
25 10 200 50 2
3
3
192000
50 10 50 100 3
2 1.488 103 rad , 3 3.35 103 rad
1-D Frame Element

3.10 Describe a frame element.
Ans. Frame element is a one dimensional element which can undergo both axial and transverse deflection. Thus we can say
that its a combination of bar and beam element. Each node of a frame element has three degrees of freedom.
vi vj
i j
ui uj
Figure 3 . 20|
3.11 Derive stiffness matrix for a frame element.
Ans. In the case of plane frame, all the members lie in the same plane and are interconnected by rigid joints. Initially, the
stiffness matrix of the plane frame member is derived in its local co-ordinate axes and then it is transformed to global
co-ordinate system. In the case of plane frames, members are oriented in different directions and hence before forming
the global stiffness matrix it is necessary to refer all the member stiffness matrices to the same set of axes. This is
achieved by transformation of forces and displacements to global co-ordinate system.
ELement stiffness matrix
Consider a member of a plane frame as shown in figure 3.21. in the member coordinate system xyz. The global
orthogonal set of axes xyz is also shown in the figure. The frame lies in the xy plane. The member is assumed to have
uniform flexural rigidity EI and uniform axial rigidity EA for sake of simplicity. The axial deformation of member will
be considered in the analysis. The possible displacements at each node of the member are: translation in x and y
direction and rotation about zaxis.

d'2 y
d'2 x
2 '
d1' y
d1' x 1'
Figure 3 . 21| Frame element in local coordinate system

Stiffness matrix for bar element is derived in Unit 1 and stiffness chapter for beam element is derived in this unit
earlier. Combining them we can write the stiffness matrix for frame element in local coordinate system xyz.
AE AE
L 0 0 0 0
L

0 12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
0
L3 L2 L3 L2

0 6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
0 2
L2 L L L
k
'

AE 0 0
AE
0 0
L L
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
0 0 2
L3 L2 L3 L
6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI
0 0 2
L2 L L L
Transformation from local to global coordinate system
In plane frame the members are oriented in different directions and hence it is necessary to transform stiffness matrix
of individual members from local to global co-ordinate system before formulating the global stiffness matrix by
assembly.
d2 y
d2 x
d1 y

d1x
Figure 3 . 22| Frame element in global coordinate system

Let be the angle by which the member is inclined to global x axis. The relation between deformations in local and
global coordinate system will be
d1' x d1x cos d1 y sin
d1' y d1x sin d1 y cos
1' 1

Hence we can write
d1' x cos sin 0 0 0 0 d1x
'
d1 y sin cos 0 0 0 0 d1 y
' 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
'
d2 x 0 0 0 cos sin 0 d2 x
d ' 0 0 0 sin cos 0 d2 y
2y
2' 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
It can be written as
u T u
'
.(i)
Where T is known as transformation matrix.

Similarly, the relation between forces in local and global coordinate system is given by
F1x F1'x cos F1'y sin
F1 y F1'x sin F1'y cos
M1 M1'
Hence we can write
F1x cos sin 0 0 0 0 F1x
'
'

F1 y sin cos 0 0 0 0 F1 y
M 0 0 M1'
1 0 1 0 0

F2 x 0 0 0 cos sin 0 F2' x
F 0 0 0 sin cos 0 F2' y
2y
F2 0 0 0 0 0 1 M 2'
F T F '
T
.(ii)
Global stiffness matrix

We know that
F k ' u'
'
From equation (i)
F k ' T u
'
From equation (ii)
F T F ' T k T u
T T
F k u
Where,
T
k T k T
3.12 What is the difference between bar, beam and frame element? Be precise in your answer.
Ans. The difference between bar, beam and frame element is due to the degree of freedom of their nodes.
In bar element, each node has only one degree of freedom (i.e. axial deflection)

ui uj
i j
Figure 3 . 23| Bar Element

In beam element, each node has two degrees of freedom (i.e. vertical deflection and slope)
vi vj
i j
i j
Figure 3 . 24| Beam Element

In frame element, each node has three degrees of freedom (i.e. axial deflection, vertical deflection and slope)
vi vj
ui
i j uj
i j
Figure 3 . 25|
Numericals Based on 1-D Frame Element

3.13 For the frame shown in figure 3.26, determine the deflection and slope at all the joints. Take E = 200 GPa,
I 60 106 mm 4 , A 600 mm 2 ,
Figure 3 . 26|
Sol. Discritize the frame with two elements
d 1x , d1 y , 1
d 2x , d2 y , 2
d 3x , d3 y , 3
Figure 3 . 27|
For element 1 and 2

AE 600 106 200 109

20000 103 N / m
L 6
12EI 12 200 109 60 106
666.67 103 N / m
L3 63
6 EI 6 200 109 60 106
2000 103 N
L2 62
4 EI 4 200 109 60 106
8000 103 Nm
L 6
2EI
4000 103 Nm
L
For element 1
Figure 3 . 28|
AE AE
L 0 0 0 0
L

0 12 EI 6 EI 12EI 6 EI
0 3
L3 L2 L L2

0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2EI
0
L2 L L2 L
K1
AE AE
0 0 0 0
L L
12EI 6 EI 12EI 6 EI
0 3 2 0 2
L L L3 L
6 EI 2EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 2
L2 L L L
20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000

0 2000 8000 0 2000 4000
103
20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000

0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000
For element 2
Figure 3 . 29|
As the element is inclined, the stiffness matrix deeds to be transformed.
20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 666 .67 2000 0 666 .67 2000

0 2000 8000 0 2000 4000
K 2 ' 10
3

20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000

0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000

K 2 T K 2 'T
T
Transformation matrix
cos sin 0 0 0 0
sin cos 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0
T
0 0 0 cos sin 0
0 0 0 sin cos 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
900 for the element 2.
cos 900 0,sin 900 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0
T
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 666.67 2000 1 0 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2000 8000 0 2000 4000 0 0 1 0 0 0
K2 10
3

0 0 0 0 1 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000 0 0 0 0 0 1
666.67 0 2000 666.67 0 2000

0 20000 0 0 20000 0

2000 0 8000 2000 0 4000
K 2 103
666.67 0 2000 666.67 0 2000
0 20000 0 0 20000 0

2000 0 4000 2000 0 3000
20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000 0 0 0

0 2020 8000 0 2000 4000 0 0 0

20000 0 0 20000 666.67 00 0 2000 666.67 0 2000
K 0 666.67 2000 00 666.67 20000 2000 0 0 20000 0

0 2000 4000 0 2000 2000 0 8000 8000 2000 0 4000
0 0 0 666.67 0 2000 666.67 0 2000

0 0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0

0 0 0 2000 0 4000 2000 0 8000

F1 x 20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 0 0 d1 x
F 0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000 0 0 0 d1 y
1y
M 1 0 2020 8000 0 2000 4000 0 0 0 1

F2 x 20000 0 0 20666.67 0 2000 666.67 0 2000 d2 x

F2 y 10 0 0 d2 y
3
666.67 2000 0 20666.67 2000 0 20000
M
0 2000 4000 2000 2000 16000 2000 0 4000 2
2
F3 x 0 0 0 666.67 0 2000 666.67 0 2000 d3 x

F3 y 0 0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 d3 y
M 3
0 0 0 2000 0 4000 2000 0 8000 3
Imposing global boundary conditions.
F1 x 0, M 1 0, F2 x 5 103 , F2 y 0, M 2 0
d1 y 0, d3 x 0, d3 y 0, 3 0
0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 0 0 d1 x
F 0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000 0 0 0 0
y
0 0 2020 8000 0 2000 4000 0 0 0 1
3
5 10 20000 0 0 20666 .67 0 2000 666 .67 0 2000 d2 x

0 10 0 0 d2 y
3
666.67 2000 0 20666.67 2000 0 20000
0
0 2000 4000 2000 2000 16000 2000 0 4000 2

F3 x 0 0 0 666.67 0 2000 666.67 0 2000 0

F3 y 0 0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0
M 3
0 0 0 2000 0 4000 2000 0 8000 0
0 20000 0 20000 0 0 d1 y
0

0
8000 0 2000 4000 1

5 10 10 20000 2000 d2 x
3 3
0 20666.67 0
0
0 2000 0 20666.67 2000 d2 y

0 0 4000 2000 2000 160000 2
d1 x 0.01316m , 1 0.92 103 rad

d2 x 0.01316 m , d2 y 9.35 105 m , 2 1.887 103 rad
3.14. Find the deflection and slope at B for the frame shown in figure 3.30. Take E = 200 GPa ,
I 60 106 mm 4 and A 600 mm 2
Figure 3 . 30|

Ans. Discritize the frame with two elements
d 2x , d2 y , 2 d 3x , d3 y , 3
d 1x , d1 y , 1
Figure 3 . 31|
Element 1
Figure 3 . 32|
6
AE 600 10 200 10 9
16000 103 N / m
L 7 .5
12EI 12 200 109 60 106
341.33 103 N / m
L3 7.53
6 EI 6 200 109 60 106
1280 103 N
L2 7.52
4 EI 4 200 109 60 106
6400 103 N / m
L 7.5
2EI 2 200 109 60 106
3200 103 N / m
L 7.5
AE AE
L 0 0 0 0
L

0 12EI 6 EI 12EI 6 EI
0
L3 L2 L3 L2

0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2EI
0 2
L2 L L L
K1
AE AE
0 0 0 0
L L
12EI 6 EI 12EI 6 EI
0 0 2
L3 L2 L3 L
6 EI 2EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 2
L2 L L L
16000 0 0 16000 0 0
0 341.33 1280 0 341.33 1280

0 1280 6400 0 1200 3200
103
16000 0 0 16000 0 0
0 341.33 1280 0 341.33 1280

0 1280 3200 0 1280 6400
Transformation matrix

cos sin 0 0 0 0
sin cos 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0
T
0 0 0 cos sin 0
0 0 0 sin cos 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
cos 36.87 0.8 , sin 36.37 0.6
0
0.8 0.6 0 0 0 0
0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0
T
0 0 0 0 .8 0 .6 0
0 0 0 0.6 0.8 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
K 1 T K 1 T
T

0.8 0.6 0 0 0 0 16000 0 0 16000 0 0
0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 341 .33 1280 0 341.33 1280

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1280 6400 0 1200 3200
K1 10
3

0 0 0 0.8 0.6 0 16000 0 0 16000 0 0
0 0 0 0.6 0.8 0 0 341.33 1280 0 341.33 1280

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1280 3200 0 1280 6400
0.8 0.6 0 0 0 0
0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0.8 0.6 0
0 0 0 0.6 0.8 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
10362.88 7516.16 768 10362.88 7516.16 768
7516.16 5978.45 1024 7516.16 5978.45 1024

768 1024 6400 768 1024 3200
K1 103
10362 .88 7516 .16 768 10362 .88 7516 .16 768
7516.16 5978.45 1024 7516.16 5978.45 1024

768 1024 3200 768 1024 6400
Element 2
Figure 3 . 33|
Equivalent force system of the beam-
3 6 3 6
2 2
3 62 3 62
12 12
Figure 3 . 34|

Figure 3 . 35|
6
AE 600 10 200 10 9
20000 103 N / m
L 6
12EI 12 200 109 60 106
666.67 103 N / m
L3 63
6 EI 6 200 109 60 106
2000 103 N
L2 62
4 EI 4 200 109 60 106
8000 103 N / m
L 6
2EI 2 200 109 60 106
4000 103 N / m
L 6
20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000

0 2000 8000 0 2000 4000
K 2 103
20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000

0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000
10632.8 7516.16 768 10362.88 7516.16 768 0 0 0

7516 .16 5978 .45 1024 7516 .16 5978 .45 1024 0 0 0
768 1024 6400 768 1024 3200 0 0 0

10362.88 7516.16 768 10362.88 20000 7516.16 0 768 0 20000 0 0
K 103 7516.16 5978.45 1024 7516.16 0 5978.45 666.67 1024 2000 0 666.67 2000

768 1024 3200 768 0 1024 2000 6400 8000 0 2000 4000
0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0

0 0 0 0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000

0 0 0 0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000
F1 x 10632.8 7516.16 768 10362.88 7516.16 768 0 0 0 d1 x
7516.16 5978.45 1024 0 d1 y
F1 y 7516.16 5978.45 1024 0 0
M1 768 1024 6400 768 1024 3200 0 0 0 1

F2 x 10362.88 7516.16 768 310362.88 7516.16 768 20000 0 0 d2 x

F2 y 9 10 10 7516.16 5978.45 1024 7516.16 666.67 2000 d2 y
3 3
6645.12 976 0
M 9 103
768 1024 3200 768 976 14400 0 2000 4000 2
2
F3 x 0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0 d3 x
3

F3 y 9 10 0 0 0 0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000 d3 y
M 3 9 103
0 0 0 0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000 3

d1x 0 , d1 y 0 , 1 0 , d3 x 0 , d3 y 0 , 3 0
F2 x 0 , F2 y 0 , M 2 0
F1 x 10632.8 7516.16 768 10362.88 7516.16 768 0 0 0 0

F 7516.16 5978 .45 1024 7516.16 5978 .45 1024 0 0 0 0
1y
M1 768 1024 6400 768 1024 3200 0 0 0 0

0 10362.88 7516.16 768 30362.88 7516.16 768 20000 0 0 d2 x

9 10 10 7516.16 5978.45 1024 7516.16 666.67 2000 d2 y
3 3
6645.12 976 0
9 103
768 1024 3200 768 976 14400 0 2000 4000 2

F3 x 0 0 0 20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0
3

F3 y 9 10 0 0 0 0 666.67 2000 0 666.67 2000 0
M 3 9 103
0 0 0 0 2000 4000 0 2000 8000 0
0 30362.88 7516.16 768 d2 x
3
9 10 7516.16 6645.12 976 d2 y
9 103 768 14400 2
976
d2 x 0.4575 103 m , d2 y 1.794 103 m

2 0.5278 103

TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE
4 ELEMENT ANALYSIS - I
SYLLABUS
Of
Two dimensional finite element analysis, simple three node triangular elements, four node rectangular element
six node triangular element, natural coordinates, coordinate transformation, simple two dimensional problems,
Gauss Quadrature Technique
Fins and Transient
& Two Dimensional Finite

4 Element Analysis - I
2-D Finite Elements
4.1 What are the different types of 2-D elements used in FEM.?
Ans. The 2-D elements used in FEM as are follows

(i) 3 Node triangular element
Figure 4 . 1|
(ii) 6 Node triangular element
Figure 4 . 2|

(iii) 4 Node rectangular element
Figure 4 . 3|
(iv) 8 Node rectangular element
Figure 4 . 4|
(v) 4 Node quadratic element
Figure 4 . 5|
Three Node Triangular Element

4.2 Derive shape function for simple 3 node triangular element.
Ans. Consider a triangular element ABC as shown in figure 4.6
C x3 , y3
B x2 , y2
A x1 , y1
Figure 4 . 6|

Two Dimensional Finite Element Analysis - I |4-3
Let Abe x1 , y1 , B be x2 , y2 and C be x3 , y3

As the problem is 2-D, we can express general polynomial to represent the solution of the problem as
U C0 C1 x C2 y (i)
If U1 , U 2 and U 3 are the values of the primary variable U at nodes 1,2 and 3, we have
U1 C0 C1 x1 C2 y1
U 2 C0 C1 x2 C2 y2
U 3 C0 C1 x3 C2 y3
Expressing in matrix form
U1 1 x1 y1 C0

U 2 1 x2 y2 C1
U 1 x y3 C2
3 3
1
C0 1 x1 y1 U1

C1 1 x2 y2 U 2 (ii)
C 1 x y3 U
2 3 3
1 x1 y1
Let 1 x2 y2 M
1 x3 y3
Adj M N
T
M
1

|M | |M |
Where N is the matrix formed by the cofactors of elements of matrix M .
x2 y3 x3 y2 y3 y2 x3 x2

1 3 3 1
N x y x y y3 y1 x3 x1
x1 y2 x2 y1 y2 y1 x2 x1
x2 y3 x3 y2 y2 y3 x2 x3

x3 y1 x1 y3 y3 y1 x3 x1
x1 y2 x2 y1 y1 y2 x1 x2
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
Where,
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 1 y2 y3 1 x2 x3
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 2 y3 y1 2 x3 x1
3 x1 y2 x2 y1 3 y1 y2 3 x1 x2
1 2 3
1
M 1 2 3
1
(iii)
|M |
1 2 3
Now, | M | 2 A where A is the area of the ABC,

Substituting equation (iii) in equation (ii), we get

C 0 1 2 3 U1
1
C1
2 A 1 2 3 U 2
C 1 2 3 U 3
2
1
C0 1U1 2U 2 3U 3
2A
1
C1 1U1 2U 2 3U 3
2A
1
C2 1U1 2U 2 3U 3
2A
Substituting in equation (i), we get
1 1 1
U 1U1 2U 2 3U 3 1U1 2U 2 3U 3 x 1U1 2U 2 3U 3 y
2A 2A 2A
1 1
1 1 x 1 y U1 2 2 x 2 y
2A 2A
1
U2 3 3 x 3 y U 3
2A
U U1 N1 U 2 N 2 U 3 N 3 (iv)
Shape functions for a triangular element with three nodes as vertices are given by
1
N1 1 1 x 1 y
2A
1
N2 2 2 x 2 y
2A
1
N3 3 3 x 3 y
2A
Where,
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 1 y2 y3 1 x2 x3
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 2 y3 y1 2 x3 x1
3 x1 y2 x2 y1 3 y1 y2 3 x1 x2
4.3 What is a constant strain triangle element?
Ans. A three node triangular element is called as a constant strain triangle element.
Shape functions for a triangular element with three nodes as vertices are given by
1
1 1 1 x 1 y
2A
1
2 2 2 x 2 y
2A
1
3 3 3 x 3 y
2A
i
As we can see that the first derivatives of i i.e and i are constants, strain within the element will be constant.
x y
Hence it is called a constant strain triangle element.

Numericals Based on Three Node Triangular Element

4.4 For the point P located inside triangle shown in figure 4.7. Find the shape function at point P.
Figure 4 . 7|
Ans. ()
Given,
x1 1, x2 5, x3 4
y1 1, y2 1, y3 3
Now,
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 5 3 4 1 11
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 4 1 1 3 1
3 x1 y2 x2 y1 1 1 5 1 4
1 y2 y3 1 3 2
2 y3 y1 3 1 2
3 y1 y2 1 1 0
1 x2 x3 5 4 1
2 x3 x1 4 1 3
3 x1 x2 1 5 4
1 x1 y1 1 1 1
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 5 1 8
1 x3 y3 1 4 3
Shape functions at x 4, y 2
1 1 1
N1 1 1 x 1 y 11 2 4 1 2
2A 8 8
1 1 3
N2 2 2 x 2 y 1 2 4 3 2
2A 8 8
1 1 1
N3 3 3 x 3 y 4 0 4 2
2A 8 2

4.5 For the three-noded triangular element shown in figure 4.8(d), calculate the temperature at point P(3,2.5).
The nodal temperatures are:
T1 100 0 C T2 300 0 C T3 400 0 C
Figure 4 . 8|
Ans. x1 1, x2 4, x3 4
y1 1, y2 1, y3 4
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 4 4 4 1 12
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 4 1 4 0
3 x1 y2 x2 y1 1 1 4 1 3
1 y2 y3 1 4 3
2 y3 y1 4 1 3
3 y1 y2 1 1 0
1 x2 x3 4 4 0
2 x3 x1 4 2 3
3 x1 x2 1 4 3
1 x1 y1 1 1 1
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 4 1 9
1 x3 y3 1 4 4
Shape functions at x 3, y 2.5
1 1 1
N1 1 1 x 1 y 12 3 3 0
2A 9 3
1 1 1
N2 2 2 x 2 y 0 3 3 3 2.5
2A 9 6
1 1 1
N3 3 3 x 3 y 3 0 3 2.5
2A 9 2
Temperature at (3,2.5)
T N1T1 N2T2 N3T3
1 1 1
100 300 400
3 6 2
283.330 C

4.6 The triangular element used for ground water flow simulation is shown in figure 4.9 The nodal coordinates
are x1 1, y1 2 , x2 4, y2 0.5 , x3 3, y3 4 . The nodal values of hydraulic heads at these nodes
are [3.5, 2.2, 4.4] respectively. Find the value of the hydraulic head at point (2.5, 2.5).
Figure 4 . 9|
Ans. Given:
x1 , y1 1, 2
x2 , y2 4, 0.5
x3 , y3 3, 4
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 4 4 3 0.5 14.5
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 3 2 1 4 2
3 x y2 x2 y1 1 0.5 4 2 7.5
1 y2 y3 3.5
2 y3 y1 2
3 y1 y2 1.5
1 x2 x3 1; 2 x3 x1 2;
3 x1 x2 3
1 x1 y1 1 1 2
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 4 0.5
1 x3 y3 1 3 4
16 1.5 4 0.5 2 3 4 14.5 3.5 2 9
1 1 x 1 y 14.5 3.5 x y
N1
2A 9
Similarly
2 2 x 2 y 2 2x 2 y
N2
2A 9
3 3 x 3 y 7.5 1.5 x 3 y
And N 3
2A 9
At 2.5, 2.5
3.25 2 3.75
N1 ; N 2 and N 3
9 9 9

Check N1 N 2 N 3 1
2.5, 2.5 N11 N 22 N33
3.25 2 3.75
3.5 2.2 4 3.419
9 9 9
4.7 Find the shape functions N 1 , N 2 and N 3 at the interior point P for the triangular element shown in figure
4.10.
Ans. To evaluate the shape functions N1 , N 2 and N 3 , we have

x1 1.5 x2 7 x3 4
y1 2 y2 3.5 y3 7
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 7 7 4 3.5 35
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 4 2 1 5.7 2.5
3 x1 y2 x2 y1 1.5 3.5 7 2 8.75
3 (4, 7)
P
(3.85, 4.8) 2
(7, 3.5)
1
(1.5, 2)
Figure 4 . 10|
And 1 y2 y3 3.5 7 3.5

2 y3 y1 7 2 5
3 y1 y2 2 3.5 1.5
Also 1 x2 x3 7 4 3
2 x3 x1 4 1.5 2.5
3 x1 x2 1.5 7 5.5
1 x1 y1 1 1.5 2
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 7 3.5
1 x3 y3 1 4 7
49 14 1.5 7 3.5 2 4 7 23.75

Interpolation functions are given by
1 1
N1 1 1 x 1 y 35 3.5x 3 y
2A 23.75

1
N2 2 2 x 2 y
2A
1
2.5 5 x 2.5 y
23.75
1
N3 3 3 x 3 y
2A
1
8.75 1.5 x 5.5 y
23.75
N1 , N 2 , N 3 at P x 3.85, y 4.8 are given by
1
N1 35 3.5 3.85 3 4.8 0.3
23.75
1
N2 2.5 5 3.85 2.5 4.8 0.2
23.75
1
N3 8.75 1.5 3.85 5.5 4.8 0.5
23.75
Check N1 N 2 N 3 1
4.8 The nodal coordinates of a triangular element are as shown in figure 4.11 The x coordinate of interior point
P is 3.3 and shape function N 1 0.3 . Determine N 2 , N 3 and y coordinate of point P.
Figure 4 . 11|
Ans. Given:
x1 , y1 1, 2 ; x2 , y2 5,3 ; x3 , y3 4, 6
x 3.3 and N1 0.3
To find y, N 2 and N 3
x 3.3 N1 x1 N 2 x2 N 3 x3
0.3 1 N 2 5 N 3 4 3.3 (i)
Also, we have N1 N 2 N 3 1
i.e. N 2 N 3 1 0.3 0.7 (ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
N 2 0.2 and N 3 0.5
y N1 y1 N 2 y2 N 3 y3
00.3 2 0.2 3 0.5 6
y 4.2

4.9 The triangular element has nodal coordinates (10,10), (40,20) and (30,50) for nodes 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
For the point P located inside the triangle, determine the x and y coordinates if the shape functions
N 1 0.15 and N 2 0.25 .
Ans. Given:
x1 , y1 10, 10 ; x2 , y2 40, 20 ;
x3 , y3 30,50
N1 0.15 and N 2 0.25
To find: P x, y
1 x2 y3 x3 y2 40 50 30 20 1400
2 x3 y1 x1 y3 30 10 10 50 200
3 x1 y2 x2 y1 10 20 40 10 200
And 1 y2 y3 20 50 30
2 y3 y1 50 10 40
3 y1 y2 10 20 10
3 (30, 50)
P
2
1 (40, 20)
(10, 10)
(0,0)
Figure 4 . 12|
Also 1 x2 x3 40 30 10
2 x3 x1 30 10 20
3 x1 x2 10 40 30
1 x1 y1 1 10 10
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 40 20 2000 600 10 50 20 10 30 40 1400 300 100 1000
1 x3 y3 1 30 50
Interpolation functions for point P are given by
1 1
N1 1 1 x 1 y 1400 30 x 10 y
2A 1000
0.15
1 1
N2 2 2 x 2 y 200 40 x 20 y i.e.30 x 10 y 1250
2A 1000
0.25
40 x 20 y 450
x 29.5 and y 36.5
P x, y 29.5,36.5

Four Node Rectangular Element

4.10 Derive shape functions for a 4 node rectangular element.
Ans. Now, consider a rectangular element ABCD with four nodes at vertices as shown in figure 4.13
Let, A be x1 , y1 , B be x2 , y2 , C be x3 , y3 and D be x4 , y4 . AB l and BC h
y
D x4 , y4 C x3 , y3
A x1 , y1
O x
B x2 , y2
l
Figure 4 . 13|
For convenience, consider local coordinate system x-y as shown in figure 4.13
Since ABCD is a rectangle, we can write
U x , y C1 C2 x C3 y C4 x y (i)
U1 C1 (at x 0 , y 0 )
U 2 C1 C2 l (at x l , y 0 )
U 3 C1 C2 l C3 h C4 lh (at x l , y h )
U 4 C1 C3 h (at x 0 , y h )

C1 U1

U U1
C2 2
l

U U1
C3 4
h
U C1 C2 l C3 h

C4 3 (ii)
lh
U 3 U1 U 2 U1 U 4 U1

lh
U 3 U 2 U 4 U1

lh

U 3 U 4 U1 U 2

lh
Substituting equation (ii) in (i), we get
U 2 U1 U U1 U U 4 U1 U 2
U U1 x 4 y 3 xy
l h lh
x y x y x x y x y
U U1 1 U2 U3
l h lh l lh lh
y x y
U4
h lh

U U1 N1 U 2 N 2 U 3 N 3 U 4 N 4
Shape functions may be expressed as
x y x y x y
N1 1 1 1
l h l h l h
x y
N 2 1
l h
xy
N3
lh
y x
N 4 1
h l
Numericals Based on Four Node Rectangular Element

4.11 Coordinates of nodes of a quadrilateral element are as shown in the figure 4.14 Temperature distribution
at each node is computed as T1 100 0 C , T2 600 C , T3 50 0 C and T4 900 C . Compute temperature at point
P(2.5, 2.5).
Figure 4 . 14|
Ans. Shape functions at nodes are given as

x y
N1 1 1
l h
x y
N2 1
l h
xy
N3
lh
y x
N4 1
h l
First convert the coordinate of the elements into local coordinates as shown below
y
Figure 4 . 15|
x1 0 y1 0

x2 2 y2 0
x3 2 y3 1
x4 0 y4 1
From the figure 4.15, we find that l 2 and h 1 .
P 2.5, 2.5 can be represented as P 0.5, 0.5 in local coordinates x and y .
At P , we can find N i as
0.5 0.5
N1 1 1 0.375
2 1
0.5 0.5
N2 1 0.125
2 1
0.5 0.5
N3 0.125
2 1
0.5 0.5
N4 1 0.375
1 2
Check N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 1
Now T 0.5, 0.5
T1 N1 T2 N 2 T3 N3 T4 N 4 850 C
4.12 A typical four-noded rectangular element is shown in figure 4.16. If the nodes 1,2,3 and 4 are located at the
coordinate points (3, 3), (6, 3), (6, 5) and (3, 5) respectively and the temperature distribution has been
computed at each node as T1 120 0 C , T2 650 C , T3 40 0 C and T4 80 0 C derive the shape function and
compute the temperature at x = 4 and y = 4.
Figure 4 . 16|
Ans. T1 1200 C , T2 650 C , T3 40 0 C and T4 80 0 C

To find T at point (4,4)
Figure 4 . 17|

Convert x,y coordinates into local coordinates x , y taking point 1 as origin. The element in local coordinates is shown
below
y
Figure 4 . 18|
Shape functions at nodes are given as
x y
N1 1 1 ;
l h
x y
N 2 1 ;
l h
xy
N3 ;
lh
y x
N 4 1
h l
From the figure 4.18, we find that l 3 and h 2
Ni at (1,1) are given by
1 1 1 1 1 1
N1 1 1 ; N 2 1
3 2 3 3 2 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
N3 ; N 4 1
3 2 6 2 3 3
1 1 1 1
Check N i 1
3 6 6 3
T 1,1 T1 N1 T2 N 2 T3 N 3 T4 N 4
1 1 1 1
120 65 40 80
3 6 6 3
T 1,1 84.170 C
Natural Coordinates
4.13 Explain natural coordinates and coordinate transformation.
Ans. So far we have used Cartesian coordinates x and y to describe the positions of nodes of an element, i.e. we have
described the vertices of a triangular element as x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 and x3 , y3 We have also derived shape functions for
such an element in terms of these coordinates.
However, the procedure becomes tedious when a quadrilateral element is considered or a polynomial of higher order
is considered for an approximate solution or a triangular element with 6 nodes..
In order to simplify this procedure, we convert these coordinates into, what are called as natural coordinates.
In one dimensional problems, the natural coordinate is designated as and its limits in the natural coordinate system
is -1 to 1. The two coordinate systems are shown in the figure 4.19.

x x1 x x2 1 1
Figure 4 . 19|
Coordinate Transformation
Let , x a b
At 1, x x1 x1 a b (i)
At 1, x x2 x2 a b (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
x1 x2 x x
b and a 2 1
2 2
x x x x
x 2 1 , 1 2
2 2
x x x x
Or x 1 2 2 1 . (iii)
2 2
1 1
, x1 .x2 1 x1 2 x2
2 2
1 1
Where 1 and 2
2 2
It can be noted from equation (iii) that natural coordinate is dimensionless.
4.14 Derive shape function for a 4 node quadrilateral element in natural coordinates.
Ans. Consider a quadrilateral element ABCD as shown in figure 4.20 Let coordinates of vertices A,B, C and D be
x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 and x4 , y4 . This quadrilateral can be transformed into a rectangle in natural coordinates i.e.
in coordinates as shown in figure 4.20.
D x4 , y4 D 1, 1 C 1,1
C x3 , y3
A x1 , y1
B x2 , y2 A 1, 1 B 1, 1
O
Figure 4 . 20|
Since the element is a quadrilateral element with 4 nodes each having 2 DOFs, we can write the equations,
x N i xi N1 x1 N 2 x2 N 3 x3 N 4 x4 (i)
And y N i yi N1 y1 N 2 y 2 N 3 y3 N 4 y 4 (ii)

in order to determine the coordinates of any point P(x,y) within the element.
Equation of BC is 1 i.e. 1 0
Equation of CD is 1 i.e. 1 0
Let, N1 A 1 1
At node 1. N1 1; 1 and 1
1
1 A.2.2 A
4
1
N1 1 1
4
Similarly we can find
1
N 2 1 1
4
1
N 3 1 1
4
1
N 4 1 1
4
Check N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 1
Numericals Based on Natural Coordinates

4.15 Compute coordinates of point P in natural coordinates ( and ) and find values of shape functions at P.
Figure 4 . 21|
Ans. (i) Convert x,y coordinate to local x and y coordinates. Take point (2,2) as (0,0) Then the element in local
coordinates will be as shown in the figure 4.22
Figure 4 . 22|
x1 0 y1 0
x2 2 y2 0
x3 2 y3 1
x4 0 y4 1

(ii) We know that
x 1 x1 2 x2 3 x3 4 x4
For P(0.5, 0.5), we have
1 1
0.5 1 1 x1 1 1 x2
4 4
1 1
1 1 x3 1 1 x4
4 4
1 1 1
i.e. 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
1
i.e. (i)
2
Similarly
y 1 y1 2 y2 3 y3
1 1 1 1
0.5 1 1 y1 1 1 y2 1 1 y3 1 1 y4
4 4 4 4
1 1 1
i.e. 1 1 1 1
2 4 4
1
1 1 1 1
2
i.e. 0 (ii)
1
Point P is given by , 0 in coordinates
2
1
To compute i at P , 0
2
1 1 3 3
1 1 1 1
4 4 2 8
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
4 4 2 8
1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
4 4 2 8
1 1 3 3
And 4 1 1 1
4 4 2 8
4.16 For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in figure 4.23 determine the local coordinates , of
the point Q which has Cartesian coordinates (7,4).
Figure 4 . 23|

Ans. To determine and coordinates of point Q(7,4)
We know that
1 1
1 1 1 ; 2 1 1 ;
4 4
1 1
3 1 1 1 and 4 1 1
4 4
x x11 x22 x33 x44
1 1
73 1 1 6 1 1
4 4
1 2
8 1 1 1 1
4 4
28 3 1 6 1 8 1 2 1
19 9 3
9 3 9 (i)
We also know that
y y11 y22 y33 y44
1 1 6
4 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4
5
1 1 1
4
16 1 1
6 1 5 1
13 9
9 3 (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
13

3
Substituting this value is equation (i), we get
39 13 2 9 i.e.13 2 40 9 0
0.2106 or 3.28
But 1 1
0.2106 and 0.9125
4.17 A quadrilateral element is defined by the coordinates (1,4), (4,2), (5,6) and (2,7). The temperatures at the
0 0 0 0
nodes are 20 C, 30 C, 40 C and 25 C respectively. Determine temperature at point P(3,4)
Figure 4 . 24|

Ans. (i) First express P(3,4) in , coordinates.

We know that
x x11 x22 x33 x44
1 11 1 4 1 1
3
4 5 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 4 1

4 5 1 2 1
1
12 6 2
4
6 2 0 (i)
Similarly
y y11 y22 y33 y44
1 4 1 1 2 1 1
4
4 6 1 1 7 1 1
1 4 1 2 1

4 6 1 7 1
1
19 3 7
4
3 7 3 (ii)
From equation (i) , we get
3
Substituting this value in equation (ii), we get
3 21 3 2 3 i.e.3 2 24 3 0
2 8 1 0
0.123 or 8.123
8.123 1 1
0.123 and 0.369
(ii) To compute i at P 0.123, 0.369

1 1
1 1 1 1 0.1231 0.369
4 4
0.3002
1 1
2 1 1 1 0.1231 0.369
4 4
0.3843
1 1
3 1 1 1 0.1231 0.369
4 4
0.1772
1 1
1 1 1 0.1231 0.369
And 4 4 4
0.1383
Check i 1

(iii) Compute temperature at P, TP using
TP T11 T22 T43 T44
20 0.3002 30 0.3843 40 0.1772 25 0.1383 28.080 C
Gauss Quadrature Technique

4.18 Explain Gauss quadrature technique for 1-D integration.
Ans. According to Gauss quadrature integration technique

1
f ( x)dx w f ( x ) w
1
1 1 2 f ( x2 ) w3 f ( x3 )
n
........... wn f ( xn ) wi f ( xi )
i 1
Where, w1 , w2 , w3 ,......, wn are weight factors and x1 , x2 , x3 ,......, xn are sampling points.
According to the number of Gaussian points (n), there are different values of weight factors ( wi ) and sampling points
( xi ) .
(i) For n=1-
w1 2 and x1 0
1
f ( x)dx w f ( x ) 2 f (0)
1
1 1
(ii) For n=2

1 1
w1 1, w2 1 and x1 , x2
3 3
1
f ( x)dx w f ( x ) w
1
1 1 2 f ( x2 )
1 1
1 f 1 f
3 3
(iii) For n=3
5 8 5
w1 , w2 , w3
9 9 9
and x1 0.6, x2 0, x2 0.6
4.19 Explain Gauss quadrature technique for 2-D integration.
Ans. According to Gauss quadrature integration technique for a two dimensional integration
1
f ( x, y )dx wi w j f xi , y j
n n

1 i 1 j 1
For a 2x2, Gauss rule

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
I f ( x, y)dx (1)(1) f
1 3
, (1)(1) f
3
, (1)(1) f
3 3 3
, (1)(1) f
3 3
,
3

Numericals Based on Gauss Quadrature Technique

4.20 Use Gaussian Quadrature to obtain exact values of the following integrals.
3x x
1 3
3 2
(i) x dx (ii) 1 dx
1 0
Ans. (i) According to gauss Quadrature technique for n 2

1
f x dx w f x w f x
1
1 1 2 2
Where,
w1 1, w2 1
1 1
x1 , x2
3 3
1 1 3 1 1 3 1
3x x dx 1 3 3 0
2
1
1 3 3 3 3
(ii) Converting the limits from (3,0) to (1,-1)
ba b a 30 30
x 1.5 1.5
2 2 2 2
dx 1.5d
3 1
x 1 dx 1.5 1.5 1 1.5d

2 2

0 1
1
1.5 2.25 2 2.25 4.5 1 d
1
1
1.5 2.25 2 4.5 1.25 d
1
By two point gauss quadrature

1
f x dx w f x w f x
1
1 1 2 2
Where,
w1 1, w2 1
1 1
x1 , x2
3 3
1
1.5 2.25 2 4.5 1.25 d
1
1
2
1 1
2
1
1.5 2.25 4.5 1.25 2.25 4.5 1.25
3 3 3 3
6

4.21 Evaluate the below integral using one point and two point Gauss quadrature integration technique.
1
I 2 x x dx
2
Ans. One point Gauss quadrature

w1 2 and x1 0
1
I 2 x x dx 2 f ( x)
2
I 2(2 0 0) 4
Two point Gauss quadrature
1 1
w1 1, w2 1 and x1 , x2
3 3
1 1
1
I 2 x x dx 1 f 1 f
2

1 3 3
1 1 2 1 1 2
I 1 2 12
3 3 3 3
4.6667
1
dx
4.22 Evaluate 1 x
1
2
using Gauss quadrature formula for n = 2 and n = 3.
Ans. (i) For n=2,

1 1
w1 1, w2 1 and x1 , x2
3 3
1 1
1
dx
I 1 x
1
2
1 f
3
1 f

3
1 1
I 1.5

2 2
1 1 3 1 1 3
(ii) For n=3,

5 8 5
w1 , w2 , w3
9 9 9
and x1 0.6, x2 0, x2 0.6
1
dx
I 1 x
1
2
5
f
9
8
9
5
0.6 f 0 f 0.6
9

5 1 8 1 5 1
I
9 1 0 9 1 0.6

2 2 2
9 1 0.6
1.5833

4.23 Evaluate the following integral by a 2x2 Gauss quadrature rule -
2 x
1 1
3 xy dxdy
1 1
Ans. For a 2x2 Gauss quadrature rule

2 x
1 1
I 3 xy dxdy
1 1
(1)(1)
2 1 3 (1)(1)

2 1 3
3
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
2 1 3 2 1 3
(1)(1) (1)(1)
3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3
2.6999

TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE
5
THERMODYNAMICS OF
ELEMENT ANALYSIS
COMPRESSIBLE - II
FLUIDS
SYLLABUS
Of
Of
Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluids: Velocity of pressure waves in a fluid, Mach number, isentropic stagnation state,
stagnation enthalpy, temperature, pressure, density, one dimensional steady isentropic flow, area velocity relationship, critical
properties-chocking in isentropic flow, dimensionless velocity, Effect of back pressure on the performance of nozzle Flow. Flow
of steam through nozzle, throat area for maximum discharge, supersaturated Flow n nozzle.
Finite element analysis for plane stress and plane strain problem, Strain displacement matrix for 2-D elements, two-
dimensional integrals. Application problems, Scalar field problems including heat conduction and flow problems.
Fins and Transient
&Two Dimensional Finite

5 Element Analysis - II
Introduction
5.1 Derive strain displacement matrix for a 3 node triangular element.
Ans. The displacement function for 3 node triangular element shown
Figure 5 . 1|
u1
v
1
u x, y N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u2
u
v x, y 0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 v2
u3

v3
The above equation can also be written as
u N1u1 N 2 u2 N 3u3

5-2|Finite Element Methods
v N1v1 N 2 v2 N 3 v3
ex

The strain components for 3 node triangular element are, ey

xy
Where,
ex and ey Normal strain
xy Shear strain
u
Normal strain, ex
x
u
N1u1 N 2u2 N3u3 (i)
x x
v
Normal strain, ey
x
v
N1v1 N 2u2 N3u3 (ii)
x x
u v
Shear strain, xy
y x
N N 2 N
xy u1 1 u2 u3 3
y y y
(iii)
N N 2 N
v1 1 v2 v3 3
x x x
Writing the equations (i),(ii),(iii) in matrix form, we get
N N 2 N 3 u1
1 0 0 0 v
ex x x x 1
N1 N 2 N 3 u2
ey 0 0 0 (iv)
y y y v2
xy N N1 N 2 N 2 N 3 N 3 u3
1
y x y x y x v3

We know that,
x2 y3 x3 y2 x y2 y3 x x
N1 y 3 2
2A 2A 2A
x y x y x y3 y1 x x
N2 3 1 1 3 y 1 3 (v)
2A 2A 2A
x y x2 y1 x y1 y2 x x
N3 1 2 y 2 1
2A 2A 2A
From equation (v)

N1 y2 y3 N 2 y3 y1 N3 y1 y2
;l ;
x 2A x 2A x 2A
N1 x3 x2 N 2 x1 x3 N 3 x2 x1
; ;
y 2A y 2A y 2A

Two Dimensional Finite Element Analysis - II |5-3
The equation (iv) becomes
u1
u
ex y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0 1
1 u
ey 2 A 0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1 2
v
(vi)

xy
x x
3 2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2 2
u3

v3
The above equation is of the form,
e B u
Where,
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
1
B 0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
2A
x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
B is the strain displacement matrix for the CST element. The equation (vi) is the element strain equation.
5.2 For a constant strain triangular element shown in figure 5.2 assemble strain displacement matrix. Take
t=20 mm and E 2 105 N / mm 2
Figure 5 . 2|
Ans. x1 100 ; y1 100

x2 400 ; y2 100
x3 200 ; y3 400
Youngs modulus, E 2 105 N / mm2

t 20 mm
To find
Assemble strain displacement matrix [B] = ?
We know the strain displacement matrix [B}
1
B
2A
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1

x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
1
A x1 y2 x2 y1 x2 y3 x3 y2 x3 y1 x1 y3
2

1 100 100 400 100 400 400 200 100

2 200 100 100 400
1
90, 000
2
A 45, 000 mm 2
Substitute the value of A in equation (1)

1
B
2 45, 000
100 400 0 400 100 0 100 100 0

0 200 400 0 100 200 0 400 100

200 400 100 400 100 200 400 100 400 100 100 400
300 0 300 0 0 0
1
0 200 0 100 0 300
90, 000
200 300 100 300 300 0
3 0 3 0 0 0
100
0 2 0 1 0 3
90, 000
2 3 1 3 3 0
3 0 3 0 0 0
B 0 2 0 1 0 3
1
900
2 3 1 3 3 0
5.3 For the triangular element shown in figure 5.3 Obtain the strain displacement matrix [B] and determine the
strains e x , e y and xy The nodal displacement are:
(2,7)
3
1
(1,1) (8,4)
Figure 5 . 3|
u1 0.001; v1 0.004
u2 0.003; sv2 0.002
u3 0.002; v3 0.005
All co-ordinates are in mm
Ans. Given:
x1 1 ; y1 1

x2 8 ; y2 4
x3 2 ; y3 7
u1 0.001 mm; v1 0.004 mm
u2 0.003 mm ; v2 0.002 m
u3 0.002 mm ; v3 0.005 mm
We, know that
u1
v
ex y2 y3 y3 y1 y1 y2 0
1
0 0
1
2

x2 x1
u
e y 0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 (i)
2A x x v
y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2 2
xy 3 2 u3

v3
A Area
1
A x1 y2 x2 y1 x2 y3 x3 y2 x3 y1 x1 y3
2
1
1 4 8 1 8 7 2 4 2 1 1 7
2
1
39
2
A 19.5 mm 2
We know the strain-displacement matrix, from equation (i)

4 7 0 7 1 0 1 4 0
B 0 2 8 0 1 2 0 8 1
1
2A
2 8 4 7 1 2 7 1 8 1 1 4
3 0 6 0 3 0
1
0 6 0 1 0 7 (ii)
2 19.5
6 3 1 6 7 3
Substitute equation (ii) in (i) along with area and displacements.
0.001
0.004
ex 3 0 6 0 3 0
1 0.003
e y 0 6 0 1 0 7
39 6 3 1 6 7 3 0.002

xy
0.002

0.005
0.021
0.057
1
39
0.014
ex 5.38 104
3
ey 1.4615 10
3.589 104
xy

ex 5.38 104
3
ey 1.4615 10
3.589 104
xy
Result
Element strains
(i) Normal strain ex 5.38 104
(ii) Normal strain ey 1.4615 103
(iii) Shear strain, xy 3.589 104
Finite Element Analysis for Plane Stress

5.4 Describe the plane stress condition.
Ans. Plane stress conditions are opted when the thickness is very less as compared to the size of the domain. The examples
are thin-walled cylinder filled with a fluid under pressure or a flat plate acted upon by a normal force.
For plane stress condition
z xz yz 0
5.5 Derive stress-strain relationship equation for plane stress condition.
Ans. In figure 5.4 one rectangular plate is loaded in plane of the paper throughout the thickness. Similarly in figure 5.4 a
round disc is loaded along the thickness.
Figure 5 . 4|
Plane stress Example. Thin Plate with Plane Loading.
These two bodies are free of stress and perpendicular to the paper. Such a state of stress is known as plane stress.
For these two plates, the stress components x , y and xy represent the state of stress.
The stress components z and shear stress xz and yz are zero.

So,
z xz yz 0
The shear strains xz , yz 0 but ez 0
(i.e.) xz yz 0

We know that for three dimension, the stress-strain relationship is
x y
ex z (i)
E E E
y x
ey z (ii)
E E E
z y
ez x (iii)
E E E
Substitute z 0 in equation (i)
x y
ex (iv)
E E
Substitute z 0 in equation (ii)
x y
ey (v)
E E
Multiply ' ' on both sides of equation (v)
x y
ey 2 (vi)
E E
Adding equation (iv) and (vi)
x 2 x
ex ey
E E
x
ex e y
E
1 2
x
E
e ey (vii)
1 2 x
Similarly multiplying in equation (iv) and adding in equation (vi), we get

y y
ex ey 2
E E
y
ex ey
E
1 2
y
E
e ey (viii)
1 2 x
We know that,
xz 0; yz 0, so consider only xy
xy G xy
We know that,
E
G
2 1
E
xy xy
2 1

E 1
xy xy
1 1 2
E 1
xy (ix)
1 2 xy
2
Arranging the equations (vii), (viii) and (ix) in matrix form,

x 1 0 ex
E
y 1 0 e y
1 2
1 xy
xy 0 0
2
The above equation is in the form of,
De
Where D stress-strain relationship for plane stress

1 0
E
D 1 0
1 2
1
0 0
2
Numericals Based on Plane Stress

5.6 Evaluate strain displacement matrix, strain and stress matrix for the following plane stress condition
problem (figure 5.5)
Take,
Figure 5 . 5|
u1 0, v1 0.25
u2 0, v2 0.35
u3 0, v3 0.25
Thickness (t) = 10mm, E=200 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.25
Ans. Given,
x1 0, x2 0, x3 0
y1 1, y2 0, y3 1

t 10 mm, E 200 GPa, 0.25
u1 0, u2 0, u3 0
v1 0.25, v2 0.35, v3 0.25
1 x1 y1 1 0 1
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 2 0 4
1 x3 y3 1 0 1
Strain displacement matrix
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
1
B 0 x2 x3 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
2A
x2 x3 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
0 1 0 11 0 1 0 0
1
0 20 0 00 0 2 0
4
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0
1 0 2 0 1 0
1
B 0 2 0 0 0 2
4
2 1 0 2 2 1
Strain matrix
Bu
.0
0.25
1 0 2 0 1 0
1
0
1 0 2 0 0 0 2
y 4 2 1 0 2 2 1 0.35
xy
0

0.25
x 0 0
1

y 1 0.25
y 4 0.2 0.05
xy
Stress-strain relationship matrix plane stress condition

1 0
E
D 1 0
1 2
1
0 0
2
1 0.25 0
200 103
D 0.25 1 0
1 0.252
0 0 0.375
Stress matrix
D

x 1 0.25 0 0
200 103 0.25
y 1 0 0.25
1 0.25
2
xy 0 0 0.375 0.05
x 0.0625
3
y 213.33 10 0.25
0.01875
xy
x 13333.125

y 53332.5
3999.94
xy
5.7 Evaluate the element stiffness matrix for the triangular element shown in figure 5.6. under plane stress
condition. Assume the following values. E 2 105 N / mm 2 ; 0.3; t 10 mm
Figure 5 . 6|
Ans. Given:
x1 0; y1 0
x2 3; y2 0
x3 1.5; y3 4
Yongs modulus, E 2 105 N / mm2

Poissons ratio 0.3
Thickness , t 10 mm
We know that stiffness matrix,
K B D B At
T
(i)
Where,
x1 y2 x2 y1 x2 y3 x 3 y2 x3 y1 x1 y3
1
A
2
1
0 0 3 0 3 4 1.5 0 1.5 0 0 4
2
1
12
2
A 6 mm 2

Strain-Displacement matrix,
1
B
2A
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
04 0 40 0 00 0
1
0 1.5 3 0 0 1.5 0 3 0
2 6
1.5 3 0 4 0 1.5 4 0 3 0 0 0
4 0 4 0 0 0
B 0 1.5 0 1.5 0 3
1
(ii)
12
1.5 4 1.5 4 3 0
Stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is,

1 0
E
D 1 0
1 2
1
0 0
2

1 0.3 0
2 10 5

0.3 1 0
1 0.3
2
1 0.3
0 0
2
1 0.3 0
D 219.78 10 0.3 1 0
3
(iii)
0 0 0.35
Substitute equation (ii) and (iii) in equation (i),
4 0 1.5
0 1.5 4
1 0.3 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
1 4 1.5 1
3 1.5 0 3
0
K 219.78 10 0.3 1 0 0 1.5 0
12 0 1.5 4 12
0 0 0.35 1.5 4 1.5 4 3 0
0 0 3

0 3 0
4 0 1.5
0 1.5 4
1 0.3 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
1.5 0 3
4 0 1.5
1.526 10 A t
3
0.3 1 0 0 1.0 0
0 1.5 4 0
0 0.35 1.5 4 1.5 4 3 0
0 0 3

0 3 0

4 0 1.5
0 1.5 4
4 0 4 0 0 0

1.5 0 3
4 0 1.5
1.526 10 6 10
3
0 1.5 0
0 1.5 4
1.5 4 1.5 4 3 0
0 0 3

0 3 0
91.6 103
16.787 3.9 15.212 0.3 1.575 3.6
3.9 7.25 0.3 3.35 4.2 4.5

15.212 0.3 16.767 3.9 1.575 3.6
N / mm
0.3 3.35 3.9 7.85 4.2 4.5
1.575 4.2 1.575 4.2 3.15 0

3.6 4.5 3.6 4.5 0 9
Result
Element stiffness matrix, [K]
K 91.6 103
16.787 3.9 15.212 0.3 1.575 3.6
3.9 7.25 0.3 3.35 4.2 4.5

15.212 0.3 16.767 3.9 1.575 3.6

0.3 3.35 3.9 7.85 4.2 4.5
1.575 4.2 1.575 4.2 3.15 0

3.6 4.5 3.6 4.5 0 9
Note It is noted that it satisfies the properties of stiffness matrix.
1. [K] matrix is symmetry
2. Sum of values in any row or column is zero.
5.8 For 2D plane shown in figure 5.7, determine the element stiffness matrix of plane stress condition.
Take E = 2 GPa
Thickness t = 10 mm
Poisson ratio = 0.3
3
60kN
500 mm
1 2
1000 mm
Figure 5 . 7|
Ans.
Figure 5 . 8|

x1 0, x2 1000, x3 1000
y1 0, y2 0, y3 500
1 x1 y1 1 0 0
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 1000 0 500000
1 x3 y3 1 1000 500
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
1
B 0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
2A
x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
0 500 0 500 0 0 00 0
1
0 1000 1000 0 0 1000 0 1000 0
500000
1000 1000 0 500 0 1000 500 0 1000 0 0 0
500 0 500 0 0 0
1
0 0 0 100 0 1000
500000
0 500 1000 500 1000 0
Stress-strain relationship matrix for plane stress

1 0
E
D 1 0
1 2
1
0 0
2
1 0 .3 0

0. 3 1 0
0 0 0.35
Stiffness matrix
K B D B At
T
500 0 0
0 0 500
1 0.3 0
1 500 0 1000 2 103 0.3 1
0
500000 0 1000 500 1 0.32
0 0 0.35
0 0 1000

0 1000 0
500 0 500 0 0 0
1
0 0 0 100 0 1000 25000 10
500000
0 500 1000 500 1000 0
500 150 0
0 0 175
500 0 500 0 0 0
500 150 350
K 0.22
0 0 0 100 0 1000
300 1000 175 0 500 1000 500 1000 0
0 0 350

300 1000 0

250000 0 250000 150000 0 150000

0 87500 175000 87500 175000 0

250000 175000 600000 35000 350000 150000
K 0.22
150000 875000 600000 325000 350000 1000000
0 175000 350000 175000 350000 0

150000 0 150000 1000000 0 1000000
5.9 Assuming plane stress conditions, determine the element stresses x , y and xy for the element shown in
figure. 5.9. The nodal displacements are:
u1 2.0 mm v1 1.0 mm
u2 0.5 mm v2 0.0 mm
u3 3.0 mm v3 1.0 mm
Take:
E 210 GPa
0.25
Thickness t = 2 mm.
All coordinates are in cm

Figure 5 . 9|
Ans. Given,
u1 2.0 mm, v1 1.0 mm, u2 0.5 mm, v2 0.0 mm
u3 3.0 mm, v3 1.0 mm
E 210 GPa 210 103 MPa, v 0.25, t 2 mm
x1 0, x2 8 cm 30 mm, x3 5 cm 50 mm
y1 0, y2 0, y3 5 50 mm
1
Area A 8 5 20 cm2 2000 mm2
2
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
1
B 0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
2A
x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2

0 50 0 50 0 0 00 0
1
0 50 30 0 0 50 0 80 0
2 2000
50 80 0 50 0 50 50 0 80 0 0 0
5 0 5 0 0 0
1
0 3 0 5 0 8
400
3 5 5 5 8 0
Stress-strain relationship matrix for plane stress

1 v 0
E
D v 1 0
1 v2
1v
0 0
2

1 0.25 0
210 10 3

0.25 1 0
1 0.252
1 0.25
0 0
2
1 0.25 0

224 10 0.25
3
1 0
0 0 0.375
Element stress
x

y D B u
xy

2
1
1 0.25 0 5 0 5 0 0 0
1 0.5
224 103 0.25 1 0 0 3 0 5 0 8
400 0
0 0 0.375 3 5 5 5 8 0
3

1
x 1 0.25 0 12.5
224 103 0.25
y 400 1 0 5
xy 0 0 0.375 10.5

13.75 7700
224 103
8.125 4550
400
3.9375 2205
x 7700 N / mm2 , y 4550 N / mm2 , xy 2205 N / mm2

5.10 For the 2-D loaded plate shown in figure 5.10 determine the displacement of nodes and the element
stresses using plane stress conditions.
Figure 5 . 10|
Ans. Number the elements 1 and 2, and nodes as shown in figure 5.11
Element no. 1
Figure 5 . 11|
Node
1 - x1 , y1 7.5,0
2 - x2 , y2 7.5,5
4- x4 , y4 0, 0
Element no. 2
Node
3 - x3 , y3 0,5
4 - x4 , y4 0, 0
2 - x2 , y2 7.5,5
Units in cm
1 y2 y4 5 0 5 1 x2 x4 7.5 0 7.5
2 y4 y1 0 0 0 2 x4 x1 0 7.5 7.5
3 y1 y2 0 5 5 3 x1 x2 7.5 7.5 0
1 x1 y1 1 7.5 0
2 A 1 x2 y2 1 7.5 5 0 7.5 5 7.5 5
1 x4 y4 1 0 0

37.5cm2
1 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 5 0
1
3
1
B 0 1 0 2 0 0 7.5 0 7.5 0 0
2A 37.5
1 1 2 2 3 3 7.5 5 7.5 0 0 5
0.133 0 0 0 0.133 0
0 0.2 0 0.2 0 0
0.2 0.133 0.2 0 0 0.133
0.133 0 0.2
0 0.2 0.133`

0 0 0.2
B
T

0 0.2 0
0.133 0 0

0 0 0.133

1 v 0 1 0.25 0
E 2 107 0.25
D 2 v 1 0 1 0
1 v 1 0.252
1 v 0 0 0.375
0 0
2
1 0.25 0

21333 10 0.25 1 3
0
0 0 0.375
V tA 1 37.5 37.5 cm 2
Stiffness matrix K is given by
K B D B t. A
T
Carrying out operation successively, we get

t. A B D 37.5 21333 103
T
0.133 0 0.2
0 0.2 0.133
1 0.25 0
0 0.2 0.25 0
0
1
0 0.2 0 0 0 0.375 33
0.133 0 0

0 0 0.133 63
0.133 0.033 0.75

0.05 0.2 0.05

0 0 0.75
8 108
0.05 0.2 0
0.133 0.033 0

0 0 0.5
K t. A B D B
1 T

10.64 2.64 6
4 16 4

0 0 6
K 107
1

4 16 0
10.64 2.64 0

0 0 4
0.133 0 0 0 0.133 0
0 0.2 0 0.2 0 0

0.2 0.133 0.2 0 0 0.133
1 2 3 4 7 8
2.615 1.33 1.2 0.8 1
0.532 1.415
1.33 3.732 0.532 0.532 2
0.8 3.2

1.2 0.8 1.20 0.8 3
0
107
0.532 3.2 0.532
0 3.20 4
1.415 0.532 0 0.532 1.415 0 7

0.8 0.32 0.8 0 0 0.532 8
Element no. 2
Node
3- x3 , y3 0,5
4- x4 , y4 0, 0
2- x2 , y2 7.5,5
1 y4 y2 0 5 5 1 x4 x2 0 7.5 7.5
2 y2 y3 5 5 0 2 x2 x3 7.5 0 7.5
3 y3 y4 5 0 5 3 x3 x4 0 0 0
1 0 5
2A 1 0 0 5 7.5 37.5 cm2
1 7.5 5
1 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 5 0
1 1
B 1 2 3 7.5 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 7.5 0
2A 37.5
1 1 2 2 3 3 7.5 5 7.5 0 0 5
0.133 0 0 0 0.133 0

0 0.2 0 0.2 0 0
0.2 0.133 0.2 0 0 0.133
Now,

1 v 0 1 0.25 0
E 3
D 2 v 1 0 21333 10 0.25 1 0
1 v
1 v 0 0 0.375
0 0
2
V tA 37.5 cm 2

0.133 0 0.2 10.64 2.66 6

0 0.2 0.133 4 16 4
1 0.25 0
0 0.2 0 6
0
0 0
t. A B D 37.5 21333 103 107
T
0.25 1
0 0.2 0 4 16 0
0 0
0.375 33
0.133 0 0 10.64 2.66 0

0 0 0.133 63 0 0 4
K t. A B D B
2 T
10.64 2.66 6
4 16 4
0.133 0 0 0 0.133 0
0 6
0
0
K 10 0.2
2
0
7
0.2 0 0
4 16 0 0.2
0.133 0.2 0 0 0.133
10.64 2.66 0

0 0 4
5 6 7 8 3 4
2.615 1.33 1.2 0.532 1.415 0.8 5
1.33 3.732 0.8 3.2 0.532 0.532 6

1.2 0.8 1.2 0 0 0.8 7
107
0.532 3.2 0 3.2 0.532 0 8
1.415 0.532 0 0.532 1.415 0 3

0.8 0.532 0.8 0 0 0.532 4
On assembly of K and K , we get

1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.615 1.33 1.2 0.532 0 1.415
0 0.8 1
1.33 3.732 0.8 3.2 0 0.532 0.532 2
0

1.2 0.8 2.615 0 1.415 0.532 0 1.33 3

0.532 3.2 0 3.732 0.8 0.532 1.33 0 4
K 107
g
0 0 1.415 0.8 2.615 1.33 1.2 0.532 5

0 0 0.532 0.632 1.33 3.732 0.8 3.2 6
1.415 0.532 0 1.33 1.2 0.8 1.615 0 7

0.8 0.532 1.33 0 0.532 3.2 0 3.732 8
Global matrix equation can be written as
2.615 1.33 1.2 0.532 0 0 1.415 0.8 u1 P1x

1.33 3.732 0.8 3.2 0 0 0.532 0.532 v1 P1 y
1.2 0.8 2.615 0 1.415 0.532 0 1.33 u2 P2 x

0.532 3.2 3.732 0.8 0.532 1.33 0 v2 P2 y
107
0

0 0 1.415 0.8 2.615 1.33 1.2 0.532 u3 P3 x

0 0 0.532 0.532 1.33 3.732 0.8 3.2 v3 P3 y
1.415 0.532
0 1.33 1.2 0.8 1.615 0 u4 P4 x
0.8 0.532 1.33 0 0.532 3.2 0 3.732 v4 P4 y
Impose the global boundary conditions
v1 0; u3 0; 0; v3 0; u4 0; v4 0

P3 x 0; P3 y 5000; P1x 0
By elimination method, we have
2.615u1 1.2u2 0.532v2 0
1.2u1 2.615u2 0
0.532u1 3.732v2 5000 107 500 106
u1 35.84 106 cm; u2 16.45 106 cm; v2 139.1 106 cm;
Back substituting, we get
P1 y 1.33 35.84 0.8 16.45 3.2 139.1 10 4106 N
P3 x 1.415 16.45 0.8 139.1 10 1345.6 N
P3 y 0.532 16.45 0.532 139.1 10 827.53 N
P4 x 1.415 35.84 1.33 139.1 10 1345.7
P4 y 0.8 35.84 1.33 16.45 10 67.6 N

Check Px 1345.6 1345.7 0
Py 4106 827.53 67.6 5000 1.13 N 0
To calculate stress
D B U
e e e e
For Element no. 1

1 0.25 0 0.133 0 0 0 0.133 0
0
D B 37.5 21333 10 0.25 1 0 0 0.2 0 0.2 0
0 0 0.375 0.2 0.133 0.2 0 0 0.133
35.84
0
0.133 0.05 0 0.05 0.133 0
8 16.45 6
8 10 0.033 0.2 0 0.2 0.033 0 10
139.1
0.075 0.05 0.075 0 0 0.05
0

0
2.188 1750.4
800 26.637 21309.6 N / cm2
1.45 1160
i.e.
x 17.5 N / m2
y 213.1 N / mm2
xy 11.6 N / mm
Similarly for Element no. 2
1 0.25 0 0.133 0 0 0 0.133 0
8 0

D B 8 10 0.25 1 0 0.2 0 0.2 0 0
0 0 0.375 0.2 0.133 0.2 0 0 0.133

0.133 0.05 0 0.05 0.133 0

8 108 0.033 0.2 0 0.2 0.033 0
0.075 0.05 0.075 0 0 0.05
0
0
0.133 0.05 0 0.05 0.133 0

8 108 0.033 0.2 0
0
0.2 0.033 10
6
2
0
0
0.075 0.05 0.075 0 0 0.05
16.45

139.1
2.19 1752
8 10 10 0.54 432 N / cm2
8 6
6.95 5564
i.e. x 17.52 N / mm 2
y 4.32 N / mm2
xy 55.64 N / mm2
Finite Element Analysis for Plane Strain

5.11 Describe plane strain condition.
Ans. Plane strain conditions are opted when the thickness is very large as compared to the size of the domain. The example
of this conditions is a long wire with stresses acting perpendicular to its length.
For plane strain condition
ez xz yz 0
5.12 Derive stress-strain relationship equation for plane strain condition.
Ans. In certain cases, the structures possess very long distance in z direction, that is perpendicular to the paper.
Problems may be a tunnel, a dam, a culvert, a retaining wall, a very long cylindrical tube filled with pressure etc. For
such structures, it is assumed that cross sections perpendicular to the z axis to be in same condition.
For this situation, naturally the displacement w in the z direction is zero.
Consequently,
ez xz yz 0
The shear stresses
xz yz 0 but z 0
We know that for three dimension, the stress-strain relationship is
x y
ex z (i)
E E E
y x
ey z (ii)
E E E
z y
ez x (iii)
E E E

Substitute z 0 in equation (i)
As ez 0 , from equation (iii)
z y
x 0
E E E
z x y
Substituting above value of z in equation (i)and (ii), we get
x y y
ex 2 x 2 (iv)
E E E E
y x y
ey 2 x 2 (v)
E E E E
Multiplying in equation (v)and 1 in equation (iv)and adding them, we get
y
1 ex ey 1 1 2
E
E
x e 1 ey (vi)
1 1 2 x
Similarly multiplying in equation (iv)and 1 in equation (v)and adding them, we get
E
y e e 1 (vii)
1 1 2 x y
We know that,
xz 0; yz 0, so consider only xy
xy G xy
We know that,
E
G
2 1
E
xy xy
2 1
E 1 2
xy xy
2 1 1 2
E 1 2
xy xy (viii)
1 1 2 2
Arranging the equations (vi), (vii) and (viii) in matrix form,

x 1 0 ex
E
y 1 0 e y
1 1 2 1 2 xy
xy 0 0
2
The above equation is in the form of,
De

D Stress strain relationship for plane strain condition.

1 0
E
D 1
1 1 2
0
1 2
0 0
2
Where E Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio.
Numericals Based on Plane Strain

5.13 For a plane strain element shown in figure 5.12 the nodal displacement are given as, u 1 = 0.005 mm,
v1 0.002 mm , u2 0v 2 0, u3 0.004 mm , v 3 0 Determine the element stresses. Take E = 200 GPa and
0.3 use unit thickness for plane strain.
Figure 5 . 12|
Ans. Given:
x1 5; y1 5
x2 25; y2 5
x3 15; y3 15
u1 0.005 mm; v1 0.002 mm
u2 0; v2 0
u3 0.004; v3 0
E 2 105 N / mm2
0.3

x 1 0
E
t 1 mm y 1 0
1 1 2 1 2
xy 0 0
2

y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
1
0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
2A
x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
u1
v
1
u2
(i)
v2
u3

v3
1
A x1 y2 x2 y1 x2 y3 x3 y2 x3 y1 x1 x1 y3
2
1
5 5 25 5 25 15 15 5 15 5 5 15
2
1
200
2
A 100 mm 2
We know that, from equation (i)

Stress-strain displacement matrix, [D]

1 0
E
D 1 0
1 1 2 1 2
0 0
2

1 0.3 0.3 0
2 105
0 1 0.3 0
1.3 0.4 1 2 0.3
0 0
3
0.7 0.3 0
D 384.62 10 0.3 0.7 0
3
(ii)
0 0 0.2
We know that, from equation (i)
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
1
B 0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1
2A
x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
10 0 10 0 0 0
1
B 0 10 0 10 0 20 (iii)
200
10 10 10 10 20 0
Substitute (ii) and (iii) along with area and displacement in equation (i).

0.005
0.002
x 0.7 0.3 0 10 0 10 0 0 0
3 0 10

10 0 20
1 0
y 384.62 10 0.3 0.7 0 0

200
0
xy
0 0 0.2 10 10 140 10 20 0
0.004

0
0.005
0.002
7 3 7 3 0 6
0
1923.1 3 7 3 7 0 14
0
2 2 2 2 4 0
0.004

0
0.041
1923.1 0.029
0.002
x 78.847

y 55.769 N / mm
2
3.8462
xy
5.14 For a two-dimensional loaded plate shown in figure 5.13 (i) determine the nodal displacements and
element stresses using plane strain condition, considering body force Take Youngs modulus as 200 GPa,
3
poissons ratio as 0.3 and density as 7800 kg/m .
Ans. Given:
x1 0; y1 0
x2 75 mm ; y2 0
x3 75 mm ; y3 50 mm
Youngs modulus, E 200 GPa
Figure 5 . 13|
2 10 N / mm
5 2
Poissons ratio, 0.3
Density, 7800 kg / m3
Stiffness matrix, K B D B At
T
(i)

Since this is a right-angle triangle
1 1
A b h 75 50
2 2
A 1875 mm 2
Strain Displacement matrix,

1
B
2A
y2 y3 0 y3 y1 0 y1 y2 0
0 x3 x2 0 x1 x3 0 x2 x1

x3 x2 y2 y3 x1 x3 y3 y1 x2 x1 y1 y2
1

2 1875
0 50 0 50 0 0 0 0 0

0 75 75 0 0 75 0 75 0
75 75 0 50 0 75 50 0 75 0 0 0
50 0 50 0 0 0
B 2.66 10 0 0 0 75 0 75
4
(ii)
0 50 75 50 75 0
Stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane strain condition.

1 0
E
D 1 0
1 1 2 1 2
0 0
2

1 0.3 0.3 0
2 105
1 0.3
1 0.31 2 0.3
0.3 0
1 2 0.3
0 0
2
0.7 0.3 0
3.846 10 0.3 0.7 0
5
(iii)
0 0 0.2
Applying (ii) and (iii) in equation (i), we get
50 0 0
0 0 50
0.7 0.3 0
50 0 75 5
K 2.66 10 3.846 10 0.3 0.7 0 B A t
4
0 75 50 0 0 0.2
0 0 75

0 75 0
0.7 0.3 0 50 0 50 0 0 0
D B 3.846 10 0.3 0.7 0 2.66 10 0 0 0 75 0 75
5 4
0 0 0.2 0 50 75 50 75 0

35 0 35 22.5 0 22.5
102.307 15 0 15 52.5 0 52.5 (iv)
0 10 15 10 15 0
Now,
B D B
T
50 0 0
0 0 50
35 0 35 22.5 0 22.5
50 0 75
4
2.66 10 102.307 15 0 15 52.5 0 52.5
0 75 50 0 10 15 10 15 0
0 0 75

0 75 0
B D B 0.0272
T
1750 0 1750 125 0 125

0 500 750 500 750 0
1750 750 2875 1875 1125 1125

1125 500 1875 4437.5 750 3937.5
0 750 1125 750 1125 0

1125 0 1125 393.75 0 3937.5
Let, us assume t = 1 mm.
K 51.02
1750 0 1750 1125 0 1125
0 500 750 500 750 0
1750 750 2875 1875 1125 1125

1125 500 1875 4437.5 750 3937.5
0 750 1125 750 1125 0

1125 0 1125 393.75 0 3937.5
Boundary conditions,
(i) Node 1 is fixed
u1 v1 0
(ii) Node 2 is Roller support, so
v2 0
u2 ?
v3 ?
u3 ?
(iii) At node 3, point load of 4500 N is action in y direction.
So, F3 y 4500 N
F1x F1 y F2 x F2 y F3 x 0
F3 y 4500 N
We know the finite element equation,
F K u (from chapter 2)

F1x

F1 y
F
2x
51.02
F2 y
F
3x
F3 y
1750 0 1750 1125 0 1125 u1
0
500 750 500 750 0 v1
1750 750 2875 1875 1125 125 u2

1125 500 1875 4437.5 750 3937.5 v2
0 750 1125 750 1125 0 u3

1125 0 1125 393.75 0 3937.5 v3
By applying boundary conditions in above equation,

0
0

0

0
0

4500
1750 0 1750 1125 0 1125
0 500 750 500 750 0

1750 750 2875 1875 1125 1125

1125 500 1875 4437.5 750 3937.5
0 750 1125 750 1125 0

1125 0 1125 393.75 0 3937.5
0
0

u2

0
u3

v3
In the above equation, u1 , v1 , v2 are zero, so neglect first, second and fourth row and columns. Hence equation is reduced
to
0 2875 1125 1125 u2

0 51.02 1125 1125 0 u3
4500 3937.5 v3
1125 0
Solving the above equation, we get
u2 0.9 mm
u3 0.9 mm
v3 1.4 mm
Element stress
D B u

x

y 1.023 10
8

xy
u1
v
35 0 35 22.5 0 22.5
1
15 0
2
15 52.5 0 52.5
u
v
0 10 15 10 15 0 2
u3

v3
35 0 35 22.5 0 22.5
1.023 108 15 0 15 52.5 0 52.5
0 10 15 10 15 0
0
0

0.9

0
0.9

1.4
35 0.9 22.5 1.4

1.023 108 15 0.9 52.5 1.4
15 0.9 15 0.9

x 0
8
y 1.023 10 60
0
xy
x 0
9

y 6.138 0 N / mm
2
0
xy
Result
(i) Nodal displacements
u1 0
v1 0
u2 0.9 mm
v2 0
u3 0.9 mm
v4 1.44 mm
(ii) Element stress
x 0 N / mm2
y 6.138 109 N / mm2 ; xy 0

5.15 Write the applications in thermal and fluid flow fields of FEM.
Ans. Following are the applications of FEM in the field of thermal and fluid flow
(i) Aerodynamic simulation of automobiles and aircrafts.
(ii) Design and analysis of heat exchangers.
(iii) Design and analysis of engines.
(iv) Risk and hazard analysis of air and water pollutants.
(v) Analysis of ventilation and air conditioning of buildings and vehicles.
(vi) Design and analysis of oil recovery systems by petroleum industries.
(vii) Design of ships and submarines.
(viii) Design of weapons.
Numericals Based on Heat Conduction

5.16 Carry out the two element finite element solution of a square region with uniform energy generation as
shown in figure 5.14 Assume that there is no temperature variation in the thickness direction.
Take k 30W / cm0C; l 10cm, T 500 C , Q 100W / cm2
T T
dT
0
dx T T
dT
0
dy
Figure 5 . 14|
Ans. Thermal conductivity k 30W / cm0 C

Side of square region l 10 cm
Atmospheric temperature T 500 C

Internal heat generation Q = 100 W/cm2
Step 1: Discretization of the domain
The given 2D square region can be determined by using 2 elements having 4 nodes as shown in figure 5.15
T T
T T
Figure 5 . 15|

Step 2: Computation of element matrices
For element 1
K Kc Kh
Since convection is not given, so neglect K h
K 1 K c 1
12 12 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3
K
K c 1 1 2 1 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
4A
2 2
1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 32 32

Area,
1 x1 y1 1 0 0
1 1
A 1 x2 y2 1 10 0
2 2
1 x3 y3 1 10 10
A 50 cm 2
Note: To accommodate in the matrix the new terms 1 , 2 , 3 and 1 , 2 and 3 are given
1 y2 y3 0 10 10
2 y3 y1 10 0 10
3 y1 y2 0 0 0
1 x3 x2 10 10 0
2 x1 x3 0 10 10
3 x2 x1 10 0 10
Equation (1) implies
100 100 0
30
Kc 1 100 200 100
4 50
0 100 100
15 15 0 1
123 15 30 15 2
0 15 15 3
Load vector, F FQ
1 1
QA 100 50
FQ1
1
3

3
1
1
1
1666.67 1

F
Q 1 1666.67 2 (ii)
1666.67 3


For element (ii),
Figure 5 . 16|
1 0 0
1
A2 1 0 10
2
1 10 10
A2 50 cm 2
Since material property and dimension of the element (2) is same as element (1), the stiffness matrix and load vector
can be same as element (1),
1 4 3
15 15 0 1
(iv)
C 2 15 30 15 4
K
0 15 15 3
1666.67 1

and FQ 1666.67 2 (v)
2
1666.67 3

Step 3: Assembly of element matrix
Assembling equation (ii) and (iv), we get global stiffness matrix.
1 2 3 4
15 15 15 0 0 15 1

15 30 15 0 2
KC G
0 0 15 15 15 15 3

15 0 15 30 4
30 15 0 15
15 30 15 0
C G
K

0 15 30 15
15 0 15 30
Assembly equation (3) and (5), we get global load vector,
F1 1666.67 1666.67
F
2 1666.67
F
F3 1666.67 1666.67
Q G
F4 1666.67
3333.34
1666.67

F Q G
3333.34
1666.67

Step 4: Construction of F.E equation
Global F.E equation is given by
K G T G F G
30 15 0 15 T1 3333.34
15 30 15 0 T 1666.67
Equation (7) Implies 2

0 15 30 15 T3 3333.34

15 0 15 30 T4 1666.67
Step 5: Identifying and imposing boundary conditions
Since temperature at node 1,4,3 are T T1 T4 T3 500 C substituting these values in the above equation, we get
30 15 0 15 50 3333.34
15 30 15 0 T 1666.67
2

0 15 30 15 50 3333.34

15 0 15 30 50 1666.67
Step 6: Solving unknowns
Considering only 2nd row of above equation
15 50 30 T2 15 50 50 0 50
1666.67
175 30T2 750 1666.67
T2 105.50 C
Result
Nodal temperatures are
T1 500 C , T2 105.50 C , T3 500 C , T4 500 C
Numericals Based on Fluid Flow

5.17 Carry out four element finite element solution for the two dimensional fluid flow shown in figure 5.17 The
potential (fluid head) on the left side is a constant 10 m, the kinetic head force 25 105 m / s acting on right
side edge. The upper and lower edges are impermeable. Also determine velocity gradient. The
permeabilities are k x k y 25 105 m / s Assume unit thickness.
Figure 5 . 17|

Ans. Given:
Potential at left side = 10 m
Kinetic Force on right side 25 105 m / s
Permeabilites, k x k y 25 105 m / s
Step 1: Discretization of the domain
The given region can be discretized into four element model having five nodes as shown in figure 5.18.
Figure 5 . 18|
Step 2: Computation of element matrix
For element (1)
Stiffness matrix,
12 1 2 1 3 12 1 2 1 3
kx ky
K 1 1 2 22 2 3 1 2 2
2 3 (i)
4A
2
4A
1 3 2 3 32 1 3 2 3 32

Area of triangle,
1 x1 y1 1 0 0
1 1 1
A1 1 x2 y2 1 2 0 1 20 0 0
2 2 2
1 x3 y3 1 1 1
( 3, 2)
(1,1)
(0,0) ( 2, 2)
( 1, 1) (2,0)
Figure 5 . 19|
A1 1 m 2
1 y2 y3 0 1 1
2 y3 y1 1 0 1
3 y1 y2 0 0 0
1 x3 x2 1 2 1
3 x1 x3 0 1 1
3 x2 x1 2 0 2
Equation (1) implies
1 1 0 1 1 2
25 105 105
K 1 1 1 0 25 1 1 2
4 1 4 1
0 0 0 2 2 4

1 2 5
12.5 0 12.5 1
(ii)
5
10 0 12.5 12.5 2
12.5 12.5 25 5
Force vector,
FQ1 0 1

F
Q 1 FQ2 0 2
FQ 0 5
3
Fq 1 0 1

F
q` 1 Fq2 0 2
0 5
Fq3 (iii)
For element 2,
Since dimensions of element (ii) is same as that of element (i), we can write element stiffness matrix and force vector
as follows.
Figure 5 . 20|
1 4 5
12.5 0 12.5 1
(iv)
K 2 105 0 12.5 12.5 4
12.5 12.5 25 5
Force vector,
FQ1 1

F
Q 2 FQ2 4 (v)
5
FQ3
Fq1 0 1

F
q 2 Fq2 0 4 (vi)
0 5
Fq3
Q q 0
For element (3),
Figure 5 . 21|

Stiffness matrix,
4 3 5
12.5 0 12.5 4
12.5 12.5 3
K 3 5
10 0
12.5 12.5 25 5
FQ1 0 4

F
Q 3 FQ3 0 3
0 5
FQ3
Force vector,
Fq1 0 4

F
q 3 Fq3 0 3
0 5
Fq3
Q q 0
For element (iv)
Stiffness matrix,
2 3 5
12.5 0 12.5 2
12.5 12.5 3
K 4 5
10 0
12.5 12.5 2.5 5
Since kinetic force 25 105 m / s is acting on edge 2-3, the force vector is given by
25 105 m / s
Figure 5 . 22|
Force vector,
FQ2 0 2

F
Q 4 FQ3 0 3
0 5
FQ5
Fq2 1 2 0
q l
Fq 3
Fq3 2 5 2 3
2
0 3
q5 3l5 3
2
1
0 5 1
Fq5
1 2
q2 3l2 3
1 3
2
0 5

Forces on edges 2-5 and 5-3 are not given. So delete first and second term of above equation.
Fq2 1 1
q l
5
25 10 2
F
q 4 Fq3 2 5 2 3
2
1
2
1
0 0
Fq5
25

F
q 4 25
0

Step 3: Assembly of element matrieces,
Assembling K1 K 2 K3 K 4
We get global matrix
K G 105
12.5 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.5 12.5
0 | 12.5 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 12.5 12.5
0 | 0 | 12.5 12.5 | 0 | 12.5 12.5

0 | 0 | 0 | 12.5 12.5 | 12.5 12.5
12.5 12.5| 12.5 12.5| 12.5 12.5| 12.5 12.5|25 25 25 25
25 0 0 0 25
0 25 0 0 25

K G 105 0 0 25 0 25

0 0 0 0 25
25 25 25 25 100
Assembling force vectors, we get global force vector.
0 1 0 1
0 2 25 2

F G FQ G Fq G 0 3 105 25 3
0 4 0 4

0 5 0 5
0
25

F G 105 25
0

0
Step 4: Construction of F.E equation
Finite element equation is given by
K G PG F G
25 0 0 0 25 P1 10 0
0
25 0 0 25 P2 25

10 5
0 0 25 0
25 P3 25

0 0 0 25 25 P4 10 0

25 25 25 25 100 P5 0

Step 5: Identifying and imposing boundary condition
The boundary conditions are
P1 P4 10 m
10 11
Step 6: Solving unknowns
Writing equation (11) in simultaneous equation
25 P2 25 P5 25
25 P3 25 P5 25
25 10 25 P2 25 P3 25 10 100 P5
25 P2 25 P3 100 P5 500
Solving equation (12), (13), (14)
P2 12 m, P3 12m, P5 11 m
Step 7: Post computing of nodal solution
To determine velocity gradient, velocity gradient equation is given by
P1
vx k x 0 1 1 2 3
P
v y 0 k y 2 A 1 2 3 2
P3
Velocity of gradient on element (2)
P1
vx 5 25 0 1 11 2
v2 v 10 P4
y 2 0 25 2 1 1 10
P5
10
105 25 0 11 2 105 25 25 50
10
2 0 25 1 10 2 25 25 0
11
105 250 250 550 105 50

2 250 250 0 2 0
vx 25 10
5
m / s
v y 0
Result
(i) Potential distribution
P1 10

P2 12
P P3 12 m
P 10
4
P5 11
(ii) Velocity gradient vx 25 105 m / s
vy 0 m / s

Note:

CSVTU PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION PAPERS |6-1
CSVTU PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION PAPERS
Apr-May 2016
UNIT-1
Q.1 Name two commonly used approaches in deriving the finite element questions.
Sol. Refer Q. No. 1.2
Q.2 Obtain a two-term Galerkin solution for the problem:
d2 y
8 x2 4 in 0 x 1
dx2
Subject to the boundary conditions:
y 0 0 and y 1 0
Q.3 Figure 6.1 below shows an assembly of two bar elements made of steel and aluminium. Find the nodal displacements,
element stresses, and the reaction force. Take:
E (for steel) = 210 GPa, Area, A (for steel) = 2 cm2,
E (for A1) = 70 GPa, Area, A (for A1) = 4 cm2.
Figure 6.1|
Q.4 A system of four springs is shown in the figure 6.2. Apply the principle of minimum potential energy to obtain the
Global stiffness Matrix. The vertical members at nodes 2 and 3 are to be considered rigid. Solve and obtain:
(i) Nodal displacements at 2, 3 and 4
(ii) Reaction force at node 1.
Take:
K1 2 N / mm F2 30 N
K2 4 N / mm F3 0
K3 3 N / mm F4 40 N
Figure 6.2|

UNIT-2
Q.5 What are the three types of loading considered in structural mechanics problem?
Q.6 Derive the shape functions of a linear, elastic bar element having two nodes.
Q.7 Derive the shape functions of a quadratic, elastic bar element having three nodes.
Q.8 Consider the bar in the figure 6.3 shown in figure 6.3.
X 1 10 cm X A 17 cm X 2 20 cm
Figure 6.3|
Bar cross-sectional area, A = 1.4 cm2, Youngs modulus, E 2 1011 N / m2 . If d1 0.02 cm and d2 0.01 cm , determine
the following:
(i) The displacement at point A
(ii) The strain in the element
(iii) The stress in the element
(iv) The element stiffness matrix
UNIT-3
Q.9 What is the difference between bar, beam and frame element? Be precise in your answer.
Q.10 Derive the stiffness matrix for the beam element.
Q.11 Derive the stiffness matrix for the frame element.
UNIT-4
Q.12 Why the three-node triangular element is also known as Constant Strain Triangular (CST) element?
Q.13 Derive the shape functions of a four-noded quadrilateral element using serendipity approach.
Q.14 Use Gaussian Quadrature to obtain exact values of the following integrals.
3x x dx x 1 dx
1 3
3 2
(i) (ii)
1 0

Q.15 For the three-noded triangular element shown in figure 6.4, calculate the temperature at point P(3,2.5).
The nodal temperatures are:
T1 100 0C
T2 300 0C
T3 400 0C
Figure 6.4|
UNIT-5
Q.16 Write the 3 3 constitutive material property matrix for plane strain problem.
Q.17 Derive the strain-displacement relationship matrix for three-noded triangular element in plane stress.
Q.18 Assuming plane stress conditions, determine the element stresses x , y and xy for the element shown in figure.6.5.
The nodal displacements are:
u1 2.0 mm v1 1.0 mm
u2 0.5 mm v2 0.0 mm
u3 3.0 mm v3 1.0 mm
Take:
E 210 GPa
0.25
Thickness t = 2 mm.
Figure 6.5|
All coordinates are in cm

Nov-Dec 2016
UNIT-1
Q.19 Define FEM and write its applications.
Q.20 The governing equation for a fully developed steady laminar flow for a Newtonian viscous fluid on an inclinded flat
surface (figure 6.6) is given by
d 2V
g cos
dx2
Where,
coefficient of viscosity
density
g Acceleration due to gravity
Angle between the inclined surface and the vertical
Figure 6.6|
Boundary conditions are:
dv
|x 0 0 and V L 0
dx
Find the velocity distribution V(x) using the weighted residual method.
Q.21 Determine the displacement of nodes 1 and 2 in the spring system shown in figure 6.7. Use minimum of potential
energy principle to assemble equation of equilibrium.
Figure 6.7|

Q.22 Using Rayleigh Ritz method, determine the expression for displacement of a bar subjected to a uniform axial load q 0 as
shown in figure 6.8.
Figure 6.8|
The boundary conditions are:
du
u 0 0; |x l 0
dx
UNIT-2
Q.23 Define shape function.
Sol. Refer Q. No.
Q.24 Find shape function of a two-noded bar element. Also calculate the displacements in the two-bar assembly which is
loaded with force p and constrained at the two end as shown in figure 6.9.
2A,E, A,E,
Figure 6.9|
A Cross sectional are
E Youngs Modulus
l Length of element
Q.25 Derive an expression to find out shape function and stiffness matrix for a quadratic bar element of length l .
UNIT-3
Q.26 Define frame element. How does it differ from beam and bar element?
Q.27 Derive an expression to get the shape function for a beam element.
Q.28 A beam of length 10m, fixed at one end and supported by a roller at the other end, (figure 6.10) carries a 20 kN
concentrated load at the center of span. Determine deflection under load. Take E=200 GPa, I 24 106 m4
Figure 6.10|

UNIT-4
Q.29 Write any two types of 2D triangular elements and also write number of nodes in that element.
Q.30 Determine the shape function of a four-noded rectangular element of area l h
Q.31 For the point P located inside triangle shown in figure 6.11. Find the shape function at point P.
3(4,3)
P(4,2)
1(1,1) 2(5,1)
Figure 6.11|
Q.32 Evaluate the integral by Gauss quadrature rule
2 x x dx
1
I 2
1
UNIT-5
Q.33 Write the applications in thermal and fluid flow fields of FEM.
Sol Refer Q. No. 5.15
Q.34 Evaluate strain displacement matrix, strain and stress matrix for the following plane stress condition problem (figure
.12)
Take,
Figure 6.12|
u1 0, v1 0.25
u2 0, v2 0.35
u3 0, v3 0.25
Thickness (t) = 10mm, E=200 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.25

Q.35 For 2D plane shown in figure 6.13, determine the element stiffness matrix of plane stress condition.
Take E = 2 GPa
Thickness t = 10 mm
Poisson ratio = 0.3
Figure 6.13|

About GATEMENTOR
GateMentor was started by Mr. Arvind Rai, an alumnus of IIT Kharagpur, to provide a systematic coaching to
GATE aspirants in Mechanical Stream. With just a few students in beginning we have grown to a premium
institution with more and more students selecting us as their success partner every year. Our methodology and
the subject knowledge has been our core strength. The results of our students every year is a proof of this fact.
Our students are placed in every IIT and PSU in the country.
The different programs provided by us for GATE and Public sector exams preparation, have been carefully
designed and developed over the years. The course material and various offline/online tests provided by us are
proven to be helpful to the students.From a modest beginning in 2008, GateMentor, has now grown into a fully
integrated coaching institute. Every year GateMentor students achieved under 100 rank (AIR) in GATE
examination. Almost each students crack Gate exam from our coaching centre. We are now in the Eight year of
our existence. Almost twenty five batches of students have passed out with successful placement in the
technical world and other organizations by clearing GATE exam.
GateMentor Centres BHILAI RAIPUR UDAIPUR
CAD MENTOR A Unit of GATEMENTOR Group

Achieve More ....
CAD/CAE
Contact: Apuroop Rao - 7879702974, (IIT-KGP, Ex-employee Mahindra Automobile R&D)
GATEMENTOR First Floor, Plot No. A-213, Street No.-27
Smriti Nagar, Bhilai, Phone : 0788-6499334
Office
Plot No. A-213, Street No.-27
Smriti Nagar, Bhilai
Phone : 0788-6499334
Website www.gatementor.co.in
PUBLICATIONS Email info@gatementor.co.in

Fem

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Fem

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

A Book apart

PUBLICATIONS A unit of GATEMENTOR Group

Finite Element Methods

FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

Second Edition : 2017

Typeset at : GateMentor Publications, Bhilai-490020

Formulation of finite element equation 1-1 to 1-37

One dimensional finite element analysis 2-1 to 2-39

One Dimensional beam & frame element 3-1 to 3-27

Two dimensional finite element analysis - I 4-1 to 4-23

CSVTU PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION PAPERS (APR-MAY 2016 - NOV-DEC 2016)

1 FINITE ELEMENT EQUATION

1.1 What do you mean by FEM? Write its applications.

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Weighted Residual Method

1.4 What do you mean by weight function?

1.5 Explain weighted residual method.

Assumtion of approximate solution

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Ans. Criteria are:

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Numericals Based on Weighted Residual Method

Ans. Step 1 Get the approximate solution:

Step 4 Galerkin method

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

(b) Galerkin method

For i 1, w1 x [coefficient of C1 in equation y]

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

1.9 Obtain a two-term Galerkin solution for the problem:

Ans. Assuming a trial function

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Ans. Assuming a trial sanction

1.11 Determine the Galerkin approximation solution of the differential equation

Ans. Lets assume a trial function

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

From Galerkin method

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

1.12 Solve the following differential equation.

Ans. Given differential equation is

y " 2C2 6 xC3

Rearranging the terms, we get

The weighted integral form is given by

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

w C 2 64x 64x C 70x 64x 10 dx 0

2.4667C2 3.7C3 1.667 0

3.7C2 5.6762 C3 2.5 0

Ans. Given differential equation is

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

0 0.3C2 0.45C3 0.08333

0 0.45C2 0.72381 C3 0.1333

0 0.45C2 0.72381 C3 0.1333 (ii)

Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get

Substituting these values in y, we get

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Ans. The given differential equation is

Where w is the weight function, w xy x 1 y 1

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Consider 1st integral

Ans. Given differential equation is

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

MECHANICAL eryc GATEMENTOR

Ans. The given governing differential equation is