CHAPTER SIX

6.1 Maxwell Equations

S ffar we hhave
So
B
D = , H = J , E = , and B = 0 (6.1)
t

H = J 14
24 3
H = J = 0 J + 0 if 0
0 1444 t424444 t 3
inconsistent with conservation of charge
If we postulate H = J + Dt , (6.5)
Then, H = J + D = J + = 0
1424 3 t 14 4244t 3
0
consistent with conservation of charge
(6.5) can be written: H = J + J D ,
where J D Dt is called the displacement
p current byy Maxwell.
Significance of the displacement current: a new way to generate B
 Maxwell Equations (contd)
Example
l off the
h displacement
di l current:

Maxwell equations:
D =
H = J + D inhomogeneous
t

(6.6)
E = t
B
homogeneous
B = 0
Faraday's law connects "E" and "B".

Maxwell eqs.q ( EM wave)) connects "optics"

p and "EM theory".
y
F = E + J B connects "mechanics" and "EM theory".
Review of Laws & Eqs. Obtained under Static Conditions
Physical laws:
E=
1 (x)(x x) 3
4 0

| x x |3
d x (a)
( ) { E = 0 (b)
(pp. 27-30) E = 0 ((c))

B=
0 J (x) (x x) 3
4

| x x |3

d x ((d)) { B = 0
(pp. 178-9) B = 0 J
(e)
(f)
Scalar and vector potentials:
1 (x) 3
E = , = d x , 2
= 0
4 0 | x x |
0 J (x) 3
B = A, A = d x
4 | x x |
laws/eqs still hold true if t 0? Why?
Question: Which of the above laws/eqs.
Helmholtzs Theorem: A vector is uniquely specified by giving its
divergence and its curl within a region and its normal component over
the boundary. (Arfken, Math. Meth. for Physicists, 3rd Ed. P.78)
Review of laws & eqs. obtained under static conditions (contd)
Field energy:
WE = 12 E Dd 3 x (4.89)
WB = 12 B Hd 3 x (5.148)
Forces:
FE = Ed 3 x
FB = J Bd 3 x
Boundary conditions:
(D2 D1 ) n =
( E E ) n = 0 (4.40)
2 1
(B 2 B1 ) n = 0 (5.86)
(5 86)
n (H H ) = K
2 1 (5.87)

Question: Which of the above eqs. still hold true if 0? Why?

t
 6.2, 6.3. A, , and Gauge Transformation
B = 0 B = A [see Arfken Sec 1.13] (6.7)
E + Bt = 0 ( E + t A ) = 0
E + t A = [see Arfken Sec 1.13]
t A
E = (6 9)
(6.9)
A and given by (6.7) and (6.9) already satisfy the homogeneous
M
Maxw ell
ll eqs. In
I the
th vacuum medium,
di the
th inhomogeneous
i h M
Maxwell
ll
eqs. can be written in terms of A and as
E = 0 2 + t ( A ) = 0 ((6.10))
B = 0 J + 0 0 Et 2
A 2 2
1
c t
2
(
A A + 1
c 2 t
)
= 0 J (6.11)
Thus the set of 4 Maxwell eqs.
Thus, eqs for E and B have been reduced to
2 coupled eqs. for A and . We next try to uncouple these 2 eqs.
 A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
A andd define
d fi the
th physical
h i l quantities
titi E and
d B th
throughh
B = A (6.7)
A
E = t
(6.9)
If ((A,, ) are transformed to (A
( , ) by
y the following
g
transformation (called the gauge transformation)
A = A + arbitrary scalar (6 12)
(6.12)
= function of x and t
(6.13)
t
A and will define the same E and B through (6.7) and (6.9), i.e.
B = A
A
E = t
The invariance of E and B under the gauge transformation is
called gauge invariance.
 A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
1. Lorenz gauge
Going back to
2 + t ( A) = 0 (6
(6.10)
10)
2 1
A 2 2
c t
2
A A + ( 1
c 2 t
) = J 0 (6.11)
The freedom implied by the gauge transformation implies that
we can choose a set of A and to satisfy the Lorenz condition
A + 1 =0 (6.14)
c 2 t
so that ((6.10)) and ((6.11)) are uncoupled
p to g
give
2 1 2
2 2 = 0 (6.15)
c t
2 1 2
A 2 2 A = 0 J (6 16)
(6.16)
c t
This can be accomplished by choosing and demanding
A + 1
c 2 t
( = A + 12 t
c
+ 2
2 2
1
c t
2
)
= 0 (6.17)
 A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
Lorenz gauge (contd)
Thus,, can be found from
2
2 2
1 2
= A 1 (6.18)
c t c 2 t

If (A, ) already satisfy the Lorenz condition, a restricted

gauge transformation with satisfying
2 1
2 2
2
=0 (6.20)
c t
can preserve the Lorenz condition (A ) in this restricted
condition. All (A,
class are said to belong to the Lorenz gauge.
Equations (6.15) and (6.16), under the Lorenz condition, are
equivalent in all respects to the Maxwell equations.
 A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
2 Coulomb
2. C l b gauge (also ( l calledll d radiation
di i gage, transverse gauge,
or solenoid gauge)
I the
In th Coulomb
C l b gauge, we have h
A = 0 (6.21)
(6.10) 2 = 0 (6.22)
then 2
1
(6.11) 2
A 1 A = 0 J +
(6.24)
c t
2 2
c 2 t

Divide J into two parts: J = J l + J t (6.25)

J l = 0 [J l is called longitudinal or irrotational]
and demand
J t = 0 [J t is called transverse or solenoidal]
J l = 1 J ( x) d 3 x (6.27)
4 |x x|
then J ( x) 3
See proof on
J t = 41 |xx| d x nextt page. (6 28)
(6.28
A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
Coulomb gauge (cont
contdd)
Prove J l [of (6.27)] + J t [of (6.28)] = J

J t = 41 |Jx(xx)| d 3 x (6 28)
(6.28)

(
)
= 41 [ |Jx(xx)| d 3 x 2 |Jx(xx)| d 3 x]
144244 3 14 4244 3
(A) (B)
J ( x) 3
(A) = |xx| d x = J ( x) 1 d 3 x = J ( x) 1 d 3 x
|x x| |x x|

= |xJ(xx| ) d 3 x |Jx(xx)| d 3 x

14 4244 3
0 (by the use of divergence thm.)
(B) = J (x) 2 |x1x| d 3 x = 4 J (x) (x x)d 3 x = 4 J (x)

J t = 41 [ |xJ(xx| ) d 3 x + 4 J (x)] = J l + J
14 4244 3
4 J l
A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
Coulomb gauge (cont
contd
d)
1 (x, t ) 3
= 0 (6.22) (x, t ) =
2
d x (6.23)
4 0 | x x |
instantaneous Coulomb potential

g J =
Conservation of charge: (1)
()
t

Sub. (1) into J l = 41 |xJ(xx| ) d 3 x, use (6.23) and c 2 = 1 0 0
1
= 0 J l (6.28)
c 2 t
Sub. (6.28) into J = J l + J t , then sub. J into
2
A 2 2 A = 0 J + 12 t
2 1 (6 24)
(6.24)
c t c
1 2
2 A 2 2 A = 0 J t (6 30)
(6.30)
c t
 A, , and Gauge Transformation (contd)
Coulomb gauge (cont
contdd)
Note:
((i)) J t = 0 J t does not lead to time variation of charge
g density
y
[see (1)].
(ii) 1r 1
r2
contributes only to the near fields.

Radiation fields are given by A alone.
alone
Coulomb gauge allows separation of "near" and "radiation" fields.
(iii) The Coulomb gauge is often used when there is no source.
source
Then, = 0 and A satisfies the homogeneous eq.
2
A 2 2 A = 0.
2 1
c t
The fields are given by
E = 1c t A, B = A (6.31)
 6.4 Greens Function for the Wave Equation
(6 15) (6.16),
(6.15), (6 16) and (6.30)
(6 30) all have
ha e the basic structure
str ct re

2 1
2 2
2
= 4 f (x, t ) (6.32)
c t
in free space (a non-dispersive medium in which the speed of wave
propagation has the same value c at all frequencies.) We assume that
the medium is unbounded and solve (6.32) by the Green's function
method, i.e. find the solution for a point source in space and time.
( 2
2 2
1
c t
2
) G(x, t, x, t) = 4 (x x) (t t) (6.41)
2G = 1 2 ( RG )
R R 2

{ unbounded and isotropic medium

point source in space and time
2
2G= 2G

t


2

G (x, t , x, t ) = G ( R, )

(6.41) R1 2 RG ( R, ) 12 2 G ( R, ) = 4 ( R ) ( ), (2)
2 2

R c
where R =| x x |, = t t , and R = x x
 Greens Function for the Wave Equation (contd)

Perform a Fourier transform in on (2)

1 d2
[ RG ( R, )] 2
R dR 2
+ G ( R, ) = 4 ( R )
2 (6.37)
c
G ( R, ) = G ( R, )ei d

where
= 1 G ( R, )e i d
G ( R , ) 2
(3)

In the limit R 0, (6.37) reduces to the Poisson's equation

c
with a point source at R = 0, hence
1
lim G ( R, ) = (6.38)
R 0 R
c

Note: Jackson defines k / c (p. 243) and denotes G ( R, ) by

Gk ( R ) (p.
(p 244).) Here,, we retain the notation as a reminder
that G ( R, ) is an -space quantity.
 Greens Function for the Wave Equation (contd)
F R > 00, th
For the solution
l ti off (6
(6.37)
37) is
i
i R i R
G ( R, ) = A ec
R
+B e c
R
(4)
If A + B = 1, (4) is a valid solution at R = 0 since it reduces to 1/ R as
R 0 [[as requ
q ired by y (6.38)].
( )] Hence the general
g solution of ((6.37)) is
G ( R, ) = AG + ( R, ) + BG ( R, ), (6.39)
i R
subject
bj t to
t the
th condition ith G ( R, )
diti A + B = 1 andd with e c
R
(6 40)
(6.40)

G ( R, ) = 21 G ( R, )e i d (3)

1
i m R( ) ( m Rc )
= d =
c
2
e (6.43)
R R
Write R = x x and = t t

G (x, t ; x, t ) =
(
t t m
x x
c ) G + : retarded Green function
(6 44)
(6.44)
x x
G : advanced Green function
 Greens Function for the Wave Equation (contd)
Discussion: The retarded Green function G+ shows shat an effect
observed at x, t is caused by the action of the source (located at x)
at an earlier (retarded) time t= t -| x-x|/c. In general,
general the source
does not generate a signal at a single frequency. In particular, for a
pulsed source of infinitesimal duration [(t-t), ) see (6.41)],
(6 41)] it
generates a signal composed of all frequencies. If the medium is
dispersive, components of different frequencies will propagate at
different speed and hence reach x at different times. Hence, the
signal at x will be a prolonged pulse, rather than a delta function in
t as in (6.44). This explains why G+ in (6.44) is valid only for a
nondispersive
o d spe s ve medium
ed u (suc
(such ass thee free
ee sp
space,
ce, see top
op oof p. 2433
and p. 245) in which components of all frequencies generated at
time t ppropagate
p g toward x at the same speed p c and consequently
q y
reach at x at the same time t = t +| x-x|/c.
 Greens Function for the Wave Equation (contd)
Particular solutions of (6.32) (6 32) are superposition of contributions
from disributed sources:
(x, t ) = d 3 x dt G (x, t , x, t ) f (x, t )
[ f (x, t )]t=t m xx
x x

G (x, t ; x, t ) =
(
t t m c )
x x
= d x
3 c
(5)
x x
(5) indicates that the signal received at position x and time t is
the superposition
s perposition of signals originating from different points in the
source at different times. For the + solution, the signal reaching
x at t originated from x at t = t x x c . This is apparently a
physical solution because the time of origination (t ) precedes the
the time of observation (t ). For the solution, however, the time
of origination would be t = t + x x c , which is after the time
of observation. This is not physically possible because an effect
cannot preceded iits cause. Thus,
Th "causality"
" li " requires
i thath we reject
j
the solution in (5). A = 1, B = 0 in (4) and (6.39).
Greens Function for the Wave Equation (contd)
+ [ f (x, t )]ret 3
( x, t ) = ( x, t ) = d x (6.47)
x x
where
h [ ]ret t = t x x c = retarded t d d time
ti
[see M&W, pp. 278-280 for an alternative derivation of (6.47)]
Note that
h ((6.47)) iis valid
lid for
f an infinite
i fi i space (see
( bottom
b off
p.244). If there are boundary surfaces, boundary conditions must be
considered in order to account for contributions from sources on the
boundary. A similar situation occurs in electrostatics, where the
solution
( x) 3
(x) = 4
1
|x x|
d x (1.23)
0
is valid for an infinite space,
space while
(x) = 4 3
G ( x, x) da (1.44)
1

0 v
( x )G D ( x , x ) d x 1

4 s
( x ) n D
applies
li to a finite
fi i volume l with
i h boundary
b d effects
ff accountedd for
f bby the
h
second term on the RHS.
 6.5 Retarded Solution for the Fields
Each Cartesian component of (6.15) and (6.16) is in the form of
(6.32). Assuming free space and applying the Green function G +
t (6.15)
to (6 15) andd (6.16),
(6 16)
2 1
2 2
2
= 0 (6.15)
c t

2
A 2 2
1 2
A = 0 J (6.16)
c t
we obtain
b i
(x, t ) 1
= 3



( )
x x
t t c (x, t )
0
d x dt




A (x, t ) 4 xx 0 J ( x , t )
1
3 1 (x , t ) 0
= d x , R = x x (6.48)
4 R 0 J (x, t ) ret
Note: and A reduce to (1.17)
(1 17) and (5.32),
(5 32) respectively,
respectively in the static
limit, i.e. when and are independent of time.
Retarded Solution for the Fields (contd)
In (6.48), and A are the linear superposition of the effects
from all points in the distributed sources and J. The fields E and
B can be computed from and A. To obtain E and B directly,
directly we
start from the microscopic Maxwell equations in free space.
E = 0
B = 0

E = B
t
1
B = 0 J + 0 0 t E = 0 J + c 2 t E
E = t B ( E) 2E = 0 t J 1 2 E
c 2 t 2
2 1
E 2 2
c t
2

0 0
(
E = 1 + 0 t J = 1 1
c 2 t
J ) (6.49)
0 J + 12 t E ( B) 2
B = B=
2
0 J 2 2
1 B
c c t
2
B 2 2
1 2
B = 0 J (6.50)
c t
 Retarded Solution for the Fields (contd)
(6 49) and
(6.49) d (6.50)
(6 50) are in
i the
th same form f as (6.16).
(6 16) AAssuming
i iinfinite
fi it
space, we may apply the Green function G + to obtain

E ( x, t ) =
1
d x dt
3
(
t t xx
c )
J
2
4 0
x x
1
c t

1 1 J
= d x
2
3 1
(6.51)
4 0 R c t
ret

B ( x, t ) =
0 3


( )
x x
t t c
J
4
d x dt
x x
1
= 0 d 3 x [ J ]rett ((6.52))
4 R
(6.51) and (6.52) can be converted into the Jefimenko formulae
[see (6.55)
(6 55) and (6.56)],
(6 56)] which ex explicitly
plicitly show the reduction to the
static equations (1.5) and (5.14).
 A brief discussion on Sec. 6.6 and derivation of Eq. (6.65)
We limit the scope of our consideration of Sec. 6.6 to a
general discussion of the averaging method and the derivation of
Eq. (6.65).
Microscopically, any matter is composed of electrons and
nuclei, in which the spatial variations of charge/current
distribution functions and electromagnetic field functions occur
over the atomic distances (of the order of 10-10 m). These
functions can be regarded as sums of delta functions. However,
macroscopici instruments
i only
l measure theh averagedd quantity.
i
Hence there is a need to develop an averaging method to reduce
microscopicall fluctuating
microscopically fl ct ating functions
f nctions to macroscopically
macroscopicall smooth
functions, as appear in macroscopic Maxwell equations.
 A brief discussion(contd)
Iff we replace
l eachh delta
d l function,
f i
e.g. (x x0 ), in the microscopic
distribution function (of charges, etc.)
with a smooth function f (x x0 ) (see
figure to the right) subject to the condition
f ( x x 0 ) d 3
x =1
and if the width L of f (x x0 ) is much greater than the atomic
distances (e g L 108 m)
(e.g. m), then the sum of many such functions
(each representing a delta function in the microscopic distribution
f ti ) will
function) ill bbecome a smooth
th ffunction
ti representing
ti the
th spatially
ti ll
averaged microscopic distribution function. This is the method
used in Sec. 6.6 for the derivation of macroscopic equations.
 A brief discussion (contd)
We may look at the above averaging procedure as follows. A
delta function (x x0 ) generates a smooth function f ( x x0 ),i.e.
(x x0 ) iis the
th source andd f (x x0 ) is
i the
th response. Hence
H f (x x0 )
can be regared as the "Green function" since it is the response of a
point source at x0 . If the source function is F (x)), the response
[denoted by F (x) ] will be a supperposition given by
F (x) = f (x x0 ) F (x0 )d 3 x0 ..... spatial average of F (x)
Defining a new variable x = x x0 , we obtain (6.65) of Jackson,
F (x) = f (x) F (x x)d 3 x (6
(6.65)
65)
As an example, we let F (x) = (x x0 ) and sub. it into (6.65)
(x x0 ) = f (x) (x x0 x)d 3 x = f (x x0 )
Thus, as expected, the delta function is converted into a smooth
function f (x x0 ) centered at x0 .
6.7 Poyntings
y g Theorem,, Field Energy,
gy, and Momentum
H = J + t D (6)


E = t B (7)

f = E + J B = force unit volume ((8))
[ rate of work done by field on charges in a volume V ]
= v f vd 3 x = v v Ed 3 x = v J Ed 3 x
1424 3
(6) (8)
rate of conversion of electromagnetic
= v (E H E t D)d x energy into mechanical or thermal energy
3
1424 3
E (E H)
= H
= H t B ( E H )

= v ( E H ) + E t D + H t B d 3 x (6 105)
(6.105)
Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
A
Assumption
ti 1:
1 Linear
Li medium
di with
ith negligible
li ibl dispersion
di i andd losses.
l
We can then write [reason given in lecture notes on Sec. 7.5A]
D(x, t ) = E(x, t ),
) B(x, t ) = H (x, t )
E t D = 12 t ( E D ) , H t B = 12 t ( H B ) . (9)
Assumption 2: The field energy density derived for static fields
u = 12 ( E D + B H ) ((6.106))
represents the field energy density even for time-dependent fields.
Sub (9)
Sub. (6 106) into v J Ed 3 x = v [ ( E H ) + E t D + H t B ]d 3 x
(9), (6.106)
v J Ed 3 x + v ut d 3 x + v ( E H ) d 3 x = 0 (6.107)
1442443 2
s Snda
u
+ S = J E S is called the Poynting vector. (6.108)
t Conservation of energy suggests
where S E H that S represents power flow. (6.109)
Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Example 1: power lines

Poyntings Theorem (contd)
Example 2: a DC circuit

3
+ u d 3 x + S nda = 0
v J E d x v t s
 Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Conservation of energy of combined system of particles and fields
1. Consider the matter in volume V to be composed of charged
particles (electrons + nuclei)
2. Let Emech be the total mechanical energy of all the particles
within V (including kinetic and thermal energies).
3. Assume that no particles move in or out of V .
Then v J Ed 3 x + v ut d 3 x + v ( E H ) d 3 x = 0 (6.107)
1424 3 1 424 3 1442443
dE dE s Snda
dt mech dt field
dtd ( Emech + E field ) = s S nda ((6.111))

(
where E field = v ud 3 x = 12 v 0 E + 1 B
2
0
2
) d 3 x is the total field
energy in volume V .
Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Conservation of linear momentum of combined system of
particles and fields
Let Pmech be the total momentum of all the particles in volume V .
From Newton's second law
d P
dt mech
= v ( E + J B ) d 3
x (6.114)
From the microscopic p Maxwell equations q
= 0 E B t E = t E B + E t B

J = 1 B E = EB E E
( )
0 0 t t
678
E + J B = 0 [E ( E ) + B t E c 2B ( B )]
= 0 [E ( E ) E ( E ) + c 2 B ( B ) c 2 B ( B )] 0 t E B
142 24 3
=0
(added term)
Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Sub. the expression for E + J B into d
dt
Pmech = v ( E + J B ) d 3 x
d
dt
Pmech + dtd v 0 ( E B ) d 3 x
= 0 v d 3 x E ( E ) E ( E ) + c 2 B ( B ) c 2 B ( B ) (6.116)
g = 12 E H (electromagnetic momentum density) (6.118)
Let c
P =
ffield v g d 3
x (total electromagnetic momentum in volume V )
(6.116) can be written (see p.261) divergence thm.

( mechh field
d
P
dt
+ P fi ld ) =

T d 3x =
v x s T n da

(6 122)
(6.122)
t
dt ( Pmech + P field ) = s T nda Note:dBy Newton's law, only dt Pmech
d d

(
(not P
dt field
) iis the
h force
f on volume
l V.
t
where T = T is the Maxwell stress tensor defined by

(
T = 0 E E + c 2 B B 12 E E + c 2 B B
) (6.120)
 Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Example: A plane wave is incident normally from free space onto a
perfectly absorbing surface. Find the force on the surface.
Conside the volume enclosed by y surface S . On the left side,, we have
n = e z = ( 0, 0, 1)
E = ( E x , E y , 0 ) instantaneous
fields th
B = ( Bx , B y , 0 ) left surface
fi ld on the
=0
E x2 + c 2 Bx2 12 ( E 2 + c 2 B 2 ) 2
E x E y + c Bx B y 0 0
t
T n = 0 E y E x + c 2 B y Bx E y + c By ( E + c B )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1
0

( )
2
2 2 2
0 0 1
E + c B
1
2

( ) (
= 12 0 E 2 + c 2 B 2 e z = 12 0 E 2 + 1 B 2 e z
0
) area of left surface

( )
t
dt (
d P
mech + P field ) = s T n da F = d P
dt mech
= 1 E 2 + 1 B 2 Ae
2 0 0 z

instantaneous
radiation pressure A 144 2 0
2443
0( z 0
144
z
4
)
= F = 1 E 2 + 1 B 2 e [ = E 2e = 1 B 2e ]
0
2444 3
z
instantaneous energy density equipartition of field energy
 Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Alternative method:
Assume the plane wave has finite cross-section A and finite length.
Then,, we can enclose the full extent of the wave within surface S ((see
figure). There is no field on the surface. Hence, for volume V,
t
d
d
dt ( Pmech + P field ) = s T nda = 0 EM momentum
d it
density
F = dtd Pmech = dtd P field = dtd v gd 3 x, z
1 1
where g = 2
E H = 2
EHe z [by (6.118)]
c c
Because the wave travels at speed c and it is totally absorbed,
absorbed the
electromagnetic momentum P field in V decreases at the rate gcA.
1
F = EHAe z = 0 E 2 Ae z From Ch. Ch 7: c = 1/ 0 0 , H = 0 / 0 E
c

instantaneous
radiation pressure A 0 z 2 0 (
= F = E 2e = 1 E 2 + 1 B 2 e
0 )z

Note: This method does not require the absorbing material to be flat.
Exercise: A spherical particle in the outer space with radius r
and density y m = 3.5x103 kg/mg 3 absorbs all the sunlight g it
intercepts. For what value of r does the suns radiation force
(FR) on the particle balance the suns gravitational force (FG).
time averaged radiation pressure = I/c I: sunlight intensity
6447448 (average power/unit
I r 2
P r 2
FR = 12 0 E + 1 B r =
2 2 2
= S 2 area) at particle
0 t c 4 R c PS: total power radiated
G: gravitational const. (6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2) by sun (3.9x1026 W)
MS: suns (1 99x1030 kg)
mass (1.99x10 k ) R: distance to sun
GM S m GM S 4 r 3 m
FG = 2
= 2
R R 3
3PS
FR = FG r = = 1.7 107 m
16 c mGM S
> > 7 (from Haliday,
FG = FR if r = 1.7 10 m Resnick, and
< < W lk )
Walker)
 Poyntings Theorem, Field Energy, and Momentum (contd)
Discussion: It was just shown that substitution of time-dependent
field equations into the force equation, f = E + J B, can lead to
the useful concept of radiation pressure. Similarly, we have shown
in Ch. 5 that substitution of the static field equation into the static
magnetic force, J B, can lead to the concepts of magnetic pressure
and magnetic tenson.
B / 0
magnetic force 1
= J B = B ( B )
unit volume 0 1
2 (B B)
B2 1 = ( B ) B + B ( B )
= + ( B ) B
2 0 0
14243 14243
magnetic magnetic
pressure tension
6.9 Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields
In linear equations, harmonic quantities can be represented
by complex variables as follows:
E ( x, t ) E ( x )
D( x , t ) D( x )

B ( x, t ) B ( x) it
= e
H ( x, t ) H ( x )
J ( x, t ) J ( x )

1 ( x, t ) ( x )
424 3 123
real complex (phasor)
Note: It is assumed that the LHS is given by the real part of
the RHS.
 Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields (contd)
To use these representations in products of harmonic quantities,
we must write the quantities as
E(x, t ) = Re E(x)e it = 12 E(x)e it + E ( x)eit

J ( x, t ) = Re J ( x)e it = 12 J ( x)e it + J ( x)eit

g of the pproducts of harmonic q
Time average quantities:
J ( x, t ) E ( x, t )
= 14 J ( x) E( x) + J ( x) E ( x) + J ( x) E( x)e 2it + J ( x) E ( x)e 2it

= 12 Re J (x) E(x) + J (x) E(x)e 2it

J ( x, t ) E(x, t ) t = 12 Re J ( x) E(x) if = real

Similary, E(x, t ) H (x, t ) t = 12 Re E(x)* H (x)

 Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields (contd)
Maxwell equations in terms of phasors
B = 0

D =

H = J i D ((10))
E = i B (11)
1 J Ed 3 x = 12 v E H i D d 3 x
2 v

( ) ( )
= 12 v E H i E D B H d 3 x
(6.131)
 Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields (contd)

(6.131) Complex Poynting's theorem:

1 J Ed 3 x + 2i
2 v v ( we wm ) d 3 x + s S nda = 0 (6 134)
(6.134)
where S = 12 E H complex Poynting vector
we = 1 E D = 1 E 2
4 4 time averaged field energy
density if , are real
wm = 4 B H = 4 B
1 1 2

Re[S] = time averaged Poynting vector
If and are real, the real part of (6.134) is
1 Re[[ J E]d 3 x +
2 v s Re[[S n]da =0
which is the counterpart of (6.107) applicable to constant-amplitude
harmonic fields
fields.
Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields (contd)
A li ti to
Application t two-terminal
t t i l networks
t k

1 I V = S S nda (6.135)
2 i i i
1 I V = 12 v J Ed 3 x + 2i v ( we wm ) d 3 x + S S S nda
2 i i i
2
= 12 I i Z , ( Z Vi Ii ) (6.136)
1
d
Z = 2 v J Ed 3 x + 4i v ( we wm ) d 3 x + 2 S S S nda
Ii i

R iX ( R : resistance,
resistance X : reactance )
 Poyntings Theorem for Harmonic Fields (contd)
Special case: Assume J = E and neglect radiation loss S S S nda
i
real

2 P 4i (Wm We ) A general definition of the impedance

Z = of a network in terms of the power loss
Ii
2
and the field energy in the network

P = ohmic loss = 1 E 2 d 3 x
2

where Wm = wm d 3 x

W =
e e x
w d 3

Wm > We pos
positive
t ve reactance
eacta ce
Wm < We negative reactance
 Homework
Problems 6.11, 6.20