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Abstract
Two theoretical models were used by Sun and Tao [Comp. Sci. Technol. 58 (1998) 1125] in Part A of the exercise to predict the
strength and stress/strain curves for a number of test problems. The strength model was based on linear elasticity in conjunction
with a ply-discount method using parallel spring stiness reduction, and the stress/strain curves were predicted by the linear model
and a non-linear model incorporating simplied shear-lag analysis and an ABAQUS nite-element package. This paper provides a
description of the correlation between experimental results provided by the organizers of the failure exercise and the theoretical
predictions, published in Part A for (a) biaxial failure envelopes of [0 ] unidirectional and [0 / 45 /90 ]s, [ 30 /90 ]s and [ 55 ]s
multi-layered composite laminates, and (b) stress/strain curves for [0 / 45 /90 ]s, [ 55 ]s, [0 /90 ]s and [ 45 ]s under uniaxial and
biaxial loadings. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Keywords: C. Failure criterion; C. Laminates; B. Strength; B. Stress/strain curves; Combined loading
Fig. 1. Biaxial failure stresses for 0 lamina made of GRP material E-glass/LY556/HT907/DY063.
Fig. 2. Biaxial failure stresses for 0 lamina made of CFRP material T300/914C.
predictions for an E-glass/LY556 epoxy lamina under shear strength is enhanced by the presence of a com-
combined transverse and shear loading ( y xy). The pressive transverse stress.
correlation is good for tensile y stress. However, for Fig. 2 presents the theoretical and experimental
compressive y stress, the correlation is rather poor as the results for T300/914C carbon/epoxy lamina under com-
theory predicts a quadratic envelope with no enhance- bined longitudinal and shear loading ( x xy). A wide
ment in the shear stress due to application of compressive scatter is observed in the test results, especially in the
stress while the test results showed a degree of enhance- values of uniaxial shear strength. In the test results, the
ment, especially for moderate values of y stress. It should data suggest (a) an enhancement in the shear stress
be noted that the experimental transverse compressive above the uniaxial shear strength when the longitudinal
strength [4] is greater than that provided for use in the tensile stress is around 9001000 MPa and (b) a reduc-
analysis of Ref. [1]. If a greater transverse compressive tion in the shear strength when a compressive stress is
strength were used, the predicted strength in the second applied. The interaction between the shear and tensile
quadrant would have agreed better with the experimental longitudinal stresses as displayed in the experimental
data. Nevertheless, the experimental data indicates that data cannot be easily explained.
C.T. Sun et al. / Composites Science and Technology 62 (2002) 16731682 1675
Fig. 3. Biaxial failure envelope of 0 GRP lamina under combined x and y stresses. Material: E-glass/MY750 epoxy.
Fig. 5. Biaxial failure stresses for (90 / 30 ) laminate under xy and x stresses.
The theory also underpredicted the laminate strength 1. This may be partly attributed to the high bre
when compressive x stress was combined with xy shear volume fraction of the test specimens used in this
stress. quadrant [4]. The bre volume fraction was around
Fig. 6 shows the experimental and theoretical results 67% while the theoretical prediction was for a bre
of the biaxial failure envelopes of [ 55]s laminates volume fraction of 60%. It is noted that in the tension-
made of E-glass/MY750 epoxy under combined x y tension quadrant, the theoretical predictions were lower
biaxial loading. Good correlation between theoretical than the experimental results. For instance, at SR=
nal failure prediction and test results can be observed 10:1, the hoop strength y was almost three times higher
in a number of areas. However, the theory under- than that predicted. On the other hand, the theoretical
predicted the experimental strength in the compression- nal strength overpredicted the experimental strength at
compression quadrant for stress ratio SR= y: x= 2: stress ratios between SR=0:1 and 2:1. The correlation
between the initial failure prediction and the strength of Fig. 8 shows the theoretical and experimental stress
unlined tubes was also poor. The dierence between strain curves for [0/90]s laminate under uniaxial loading
them was as high as 5 fold in some areas. ( y/ x =0 / 1). The test results were obtained from
Biaxial failure envelopes for [0/ 45/90]s laminate testing coupons under uniaxial tension [4]. The thick-
under x y biaxial loading are plotted in Fig. 7. The ness of the coupons was almost twice that of the lami-
correlation between the theory and test results is good nate analyzed, and the ber volume fraction, 62%, was
as both indicated (a) an increase in the stress y due to slightly higher than that used in the analysis, 60%.
biaxial loads in the tensiontension quadrant and (b) a In the linear analysis, the theoretical curves are linear
decrease in stress y in the tensioncompression quad- up to around 80 MPa stress where matrix cracking took
rant. An apparent poor correlation between test results place in the layer whose ber direction was perpendicular
and theoretical prediction can be seen in the compres- to the loading direction. A reduction in the modulus took
sioncompression and, to a lesser extent, in the tension place at this point. Thereafter, the slope changed and the
compression quadrants. This could be due to problems modulus decreased slightly but remained almost parallel
(mainly buckling) associated with the experiments. to that observed in the test.
In the nonlinear analysis, the initial modulus, up to 80
2.3. Stress/strain curves MPa stress, was identical to that obtained from the lin-
ear analysis. When compared with the test results, the
The stress/strain curves were predicted using (a) linear theoretical modulus, after initial failure, was slightly
analysis and (b) nonlinear analysis. In the linear analy- lower than that observed in the test.
sis, a ply-by-ply discount method was used [1]. As a In the linear analysis, the correlation between the
result, a kink was seen when matrix failure in a limina predicted and measured Poissons strains was good up
occured. In the latter case, material non-linearity, aris- to around 268 MPa stress at which matrix cracking
ing from matrix nonlinear behaviour, and eects of occurred in the 0 lamina. Thereafter, the predicted
matrix cracking were taken into account by using a strain was lower than the measured one.
progressive matrix cracking model [1]. Since the eect of The Poissons strain in the nonlinear analysis was
matrix cracking was modeled in a progressive manner, larger than that observed in the tests. This is in contrast
no jumps were seen in the resulting stress/strain curves. to results of the linear analysis where the predicted
It should be noted that, in the present exercise, the strain was smaller than that measured in the tests. It
nonlinear analysis was used only to produce stress/ must be mentioned here that the lamina modulus, E2, in
strain curves but not for strength predictions. To use the the nonlinear analysis was assumed to decrease expo-
result of the nonlinear analysis for strength predictions, nentially with increasing the crack density whereas in
it is necessary that new appropriate failure criteria be the linear analysis the same modulus was dropped to
developed. Thus, the ending point of each stress/strain zero suddenly after the occurrence of transverse cracks.
curve shown in Figs. 814 does not necessarily corre- Again, it is noted that the ending point in the stress
spond to the predicted ultimate strength of the laminate. strain curve obtained according to the nonlinear analysis
does not indicate failure of the laminate.
Fig. 9 shows the theoretical and experimental results
for the [ 45]s laminate under equal-biaxial tensile
loading ( y/ x=1/1). The experimental results were
obtained from tubes tested with and without the use of
plastic liner. The main source of nonlinearity in the pre-
dicted curves is matrix cracking rather than material non-
linearity. The predicted initial failure stress was 68 MPa
which is similar to that observed in the test, 70 MPa. The
post initial failure behaviour in the linear analysis was
similar to that of the nonlinear analysis with the secant
modulus in the nonlinear analysis slightly greater than
that of the linear analysis, as was the case of the [0/90]s
laminate.
Both models used in the theory predicted the strains
"x and "y to be identical. However, the test results
showed the hoop strain "y to be larger than the axial
strain "x. Furthermore, at any given stress the measured
strains were larger than those predicted. This could be
due to the short length of the test specimens, which
Fig. 7. Biaxial failure stresses for (0 / 45 /90 )AS4/3501-6 laminates. could cause signicant deviation from the boundary
1678 C.T. Sun et al. / Composites Science and Technology 62 (2002) 16731682
Fig. 8. Stress/strain curves for 0 /90 E-glass/MY750 laminate under uniaxial tension ( y=0).
Fig. 9. Stress/strain curves for 45 E-glass/MY750 laminate under y/ x= 1/1.
C.T. Sun et al. / Composites Science and Technology 62 (2002) 16731682 1679
Fig. 10. Stress/strain curves for 45 E-glass/MY750 laminate under y/ x= 1/ 1.
Fig. 11. Stress/strain curves for 55 GRP laminate under uniaxial tension ( y/ x= 1/0).
condition assumed in the theoretical predictions. Nei- In contrast, the nonlinear analysis gave nonlinear
ther the linear analysis nor the nonlinear analysis was curves. But the experimental nal failure strains of
able to predict leakage in this laminate. about 10% obtained from testing tubes under combined
Fig. 10 shows the predicted and measured stress/ internal pressure and axial compression were not pre-
strain curves for [ 45]s laminate subjected to equal dicted by the linear analysis.
biaxial tension-compression loading with y/ x=1/1. Fig. 11 shows the predicted and measured stress/
This is the only case among all the problems solved in strain curves for [ 55]s laminate subjected to uniaxial
this exercise, in which the nonlinearity is predicted to tensile loading with y/ x=1/0. The measured curves
come primarily from material nonlinearity as the beha- were obtained from internal pressure tests on thin tubes
viour is dominated almost fully by the unidirectional tested with and without the use of plastic liner. The
shear stress. The linear analysis produced straight lines correlation between the measured and predicted failure
indicating that the rst failure was the ultimate failure. stresses (and thus the failure strains) with the linear
1680 C.T. Sun et al. / Composites Science and Technology 62 (2002) 16731682
Fig. 13. Stress/strain curves for (0 / 45 /90 ) laminate under uniaxial tension ( y/ x= 1/0).
C.T. Sun et al. / Composites Science and Technology 62 (2002) 16731682 1681
[2] Soden PD, Hinton MJ, Kaddour AS. Lamina properties and lay- nates, published in. Composites Science and Technology 1998;
up congurations and loading conditions of a range bre rein- 58(7):122554.
forced composite laminates. Composites Science and Technology [4] Soden PD, Hinton MJ, Kaddour AS. Experimental failure stres-
1998;58:7 1011-22. ses and deformations for a range of composite laminates sub-
[3] Soden PD, Hinton MJ, Kaddour AS. Comparison of the pre- jected to uniaxial and biaxial loads. Composites Science and
dictive capabilities of current failure theories for composite lami- Technology [in press].