GENERATOR LOAD MODEL

The incremental power input to generator load system is PG - PD

Where PG =Pt, incremental turbine power output (assuming generator incremental loss to
negligible) and Pd is the load increment.
This incremental power to the system is accounted for the following ways
1. The system is originally running in its normal state with complete power balance, that is, P0G =
P0D + losses. The frequency is normal value f0. All rotating equipment represents a total kinetic
energy of Wkin = W0kin MW-Sec.
2. By connecting additional load objects to the system the load demand increases by P d which
refer to as new load.( If load objects are disconnected then P D < 0, that is, the new load is
negative.) The generator immediately increases its output P G to match the new load , that
is, PG = PD .
3. There will now be a power imbalance in the area that equals P T - PD megawatts. As a result
the speed or frequency will change.This change will be assumed uniform throughout the area.As
the kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the speed, for the area kinetic energy.

2
f
W kin =W 0kin
( )
f0 MWs-------------------Eq.( 2)
The old area load has a frequency dependency that can lump into one area parameter.

Pd
D= ( )f MW/Hz------------------- Eq. (3)
Area power balance required that the increase in turbine power equals the sum of old and
new load lunches plus the rate of change of kinetic energy. The area power balance as follows:

P T =P d + ( d ( W kin )
dt )
+ Df
MW -------------------Eq. (4)
As f = f 0 + f and as f is small relative to f0 --Eq. (2)
 2

[ [ ]] [
2

Wkin = W0kin
[ f 0 + f
f ] f f
=W 0kin 1+2 0 + 0
f f
=W 0kin 1+ 2
f
f0 ] -Eq. (5)]
By substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (4) the power balance equation takes on the form.

w0kin
P T P d =2 ( ) f0

d ( f )
dt
+ Df
MW ---------------- Eq. (6)

By dividing this equation by the generator rating Pr and by introducing the per-unit inertia
constant

W 0kin
H=
( )
Pr
MWs/ MW (or s) ------------------- Eq. (7)
It takes on the form

d ( f )
P T P d =
( )( )
2H
f0

dt
+ Df
MW ------------ Eq.(8)
The H parameter has the advantages over W0kin that it is essentially independent of system size.
Typical H values lie in the rage 2-8 seconds.

P T P d =2 Hd
{ } { }
f
f0
+ Df 0 f
f0 Pu MW -Eq. (9)
The equation is now written in terms of f / f0, that is the per-unit frequency. Many analysts
prefer this].

P T ( s )P d ( s )=
{ }
2H
f0
sf ( s ) + Df ( s )
---------------- Eq. (10)
Which equation can be written in the form?

f ( s ) =G p ( s ) { P r ( s )P D ( s ) }
------------------- Eq. (11)
Where, for brevity, the following new parameters have been introduced:

Kps
Gp(s)= ------------------ Eq. (12)
(1+ST ps )

2H
T Ps=
( )
f0D ------------------- Eq. (13)

1 HZ
K Ps =( )
D PU ------------Eq. (14)

FIG.2 (f) Generator load transfer function