LINE DISTANCE PROTECTION

General Calculation reference from TNEB MANUAL

The line impedance is converted to the secondary side of the instrument transformers wit h
the formula

Z sec = CT ratio/ VT ratio x Z prim

Z sec = VTsec x CTprim x Z prim

VT prim CT sec

SAMPL E SETTING CALCU LAT IO N FOR DIST ANCE RELAY

1. PRIMARY VALUE

The line data which is to be protected comprises of a small lengt h of

Cable on one side , wit h O/H line in between the feeder is . LINE
LENGTH = 14.877 Km of OHL(GTACSR ,1x 402/phase)
+ 0.5 Km of 900 sq.mm XLPE at one side,
+0.5 km of 900sq.mm XLPE at the other e nd

OHL (Z1) = 0.0901+ j 0.4604 ohms/km

OHL (Z0) = 0.114+ j 0.501 ohms/km
XLPE cable (Z1) 1200 sq.mm = ( 0.02032+j0.2773) /Km
XLPEcable (Z1) 1000 sq.mm = (0.0235+j0.2452)/Km

XLPE cable (Z0) = (0.1984 +j 1.938) / km

TOTAL (Z1L) = (1.3684 + j 7.0895)

= 7.2204 79.075

TOTAL (Z0L) = (1.8944 + j 9.3914)

Line impedence of adjacent = 7.005 Km of Cable 1200 sq.mm

short line (Z2L)
= (0.1423 +j 1.9425)
=1.9477 85.81

Line impedence of adjacent = 27.440 Km of OHL+0.425Km

Longest line (Z3L) 0f1000sq.mm cableAt one end+0.034Km
of 630sq.mm0FC
= (2.4818 + j 12.7436 )
= 12.9830 78.98

Fr = 0.263 ohm per loop

 S = 151 MVA (Maximun Load Transfer)

F = 50Hz
 CHAPTER-IX

Where
Z1 = Positive sequence impedance

Z0 = Zero sequence impedance

Fr = Additional fault resistance (arc and tower

footing resistance)

S = Apparent power (maximum power Transferred)

Iprim./sec. = 1200 / 1 A

U prim./U.sec. = 110000 / 110V , 50Hz

3 3

The relay shall work wit h following setting

Zone 1 = 80% of the line

Zone 2 = 100% of the line + 50% of Adjacent short line

Zone 3 = 100% 0f the line +110% of the adjacent longest line

Transformation Ratio = CT/PT = (1200/1) / (110000/110) = 1.2

STARTER REACH: V /S = 110/151 = 80.132 Ohms(primary value)

= 80.132*1.2 = 96.16 Ohms

Maximum permissible reach of the start relay Zma x = 0.5*96.16 = 48.08 Ohms

The starter relay setting is determined by the Zo ne-3 reach and the load impedance. The
radius of the start relay circle is determined by setting the Zo ne-3 reach by over
reaching about 35%.

Z1L (secondary) = Z1L (primary) x Transformation ratio

= (1.3684 + j 7.0895) x 1.2 = 1.6421 +j 8.5074
= 8.6644 79.08
Z2L (secondary) = ( 0.1423 +j 1.9425) x 1.2
= 0.1488 +j 2.0307 = 2.0362 85.81
Z3L (secondary) = (2.4818 + j 12.7436) x 1.2
= 2.5945 + j 13.3222 = 13.5725 78.98
Z0L (secondary) = (1.8944+ j9.3914 ) x 1.2 = 1.9804 + j 9.8178
= 10.0155 84.02 ohm/phase
 CHAPTER-IX

2. ZONE-1 SETTING:

Zone 1 impedance = 0.8 Z1L

= 0.8x 8.6644 79.08 ohm/phase

= 6.9315 79.08 ohm/phase

In case of numerical relays the value calculated shall be programmed directly In the case of
static/ magnetic relays the relay manual shall be referred for setting the calculated values by
wa y of selections

2. ZONE-2 SETTING:

Zone-2 settings =100% of the line + 50% of the adjacent shortest line

= 1.6421 +j 8.5074 + 0.5 x (0.1488 +j 2.0307)

= 1.7165 + j 8.7464
= 8.9132 79.17

According to the relay manual the settings are to be adopted for the Zone-2 reach. Similar to
the Zo ne-1 the numerical relays shall be fed wit h the value.

3. ZONE-3 SETTING:

The relay can be set wit h Zone 3 in reverse looking blocking mode or on
forward reach,

Required Zone-3 forward reach = 100 % of Z1L +110% of Z3L

= 1.6421 +j 8.5074 + 1.1 x (2.5945 + j 13.3222)
= 4.4961 + j 23.1618
= 23.5941 79.17 ohm / phase

As per relay manual the relay settings shall be calculated for the selection of relay
constants for the value calculated above. For the numerical relays the value calculated shall be
programmed directly.

The above setting shall be programmed in case of numerical relays. If the relay is of
static type, the availability of reverse zone shall be detected first and setting shall be set as per
procedure given by the manuf acturer.

Starter reach :
= 1.35 x 23.5941 79.17 ohm / phase
= 31.8521 79.17 ohm / phase
 CHAPTER-IX

5. EARTH FAULT COMPENSATION SETTING

KN = Z0LZ1L = (1.8944+j9.3914)- (1.3684+j7.0895)

3Z1L 3x (1.3684 +j 7.0895)

= 0.109 -1.9667

ZNL = KN x Z1L = 0.109 -1.9667 x 8.6644 79.08

= 0.9344 77.13

6. RELAY CHARACTERISTIC ANGLE SETTING

Z1L = 1.6644 79.08 ohm , therefore PH = 80

ZNL = 0.9344 72.13 ohm, therefore = 78

7. POWER SWING BLOCKING

In normal scheme, where Zone-4 elements will be reverse looking , the Zo ne-5 forward reach
should be set to the starter forward reach , and the Zone-4 reverse reach , should be set to the
reverse reach.

Thus Zone-5 forward reach = 31.8521 79.17 ohm / phase

Zone-4 reverse reach = 1.5094 ohm (25% of Zo ne I )

Proportion of Z0ne-4 reverse reach =

Zone- 4 reversereach
Zone-5 forward reach + Zone 4 reverse reach

= 1.7329 = 0.65156
31.852+1.7329

The reaches are set so that

The total reach to be set = 1.3 (Z5 forward +Z4 reverse)
Set the timer for identifying the fault condition to 40ms
 CHAPTER-IX

7. ACCURACY OF IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Zone-1 accuracy is +5% for System Impedance Ratios (SIR) of upto 30 and +10% for SIR of
upto 60. If +5% of accuracy of Zo ne-1 is required, then the operate in voltage for earth faults
and phase faults need to be more than the minimum required voltage of the relays.

Minimum Fault Level at 110KV bus of S/S 8066 = 2237.8 MVA

Assuming that the Zero sequence source impedance equals the positive sequence.

ZS1 = ZS0 = 110 = 7.786 ohm

2237.8

Sequence source impedance :

ZSE = ZS1 +ZS2 +ZS0 = 7.786 ohm

3

Line positive sequence impedance to Zo ne-1 reach point

= 80% of 8.6644 79.08 = 6.931579.08 ohm

Therefore relay voltage for a phase fault

= Z1LxE = 6.9315 x110 = 51.8 V

ZS1+Z1L 7.786+6.9315

Line zero sequence impedance to Zone-1 reach point

= 80% of 10.0155 84.02 = 8.012481.08 ohm

Line fault loop impedance

ZLE = Z1L+Z2L+Z0L = 6.9315+6.9315+8.0124 = 7.2918 ohm
3 3

Therefore relay voltage for an earth fault

ZLExE = 7.2918x110 = 30.71V

(ZSE + ZLE )3 (7.786+7.2918)3
 CHAPTER-IX

8. COMMUNICATION CO-ORDINATION TIME

tp = Signalling channel p/u time + margin

= 20ms (assumed) +20ms

= 40ms

td = 20ms (signalling channel reset time)

Assuming signalling channel reset time as 10ms

td = 20ms 10ms = 10ms

9. TIME LAG

It is decided to set T2 = 400ms and T3 = 1000ms

To set on the relay

T2 = (32 + 8)10 = 400 ms
T3 = (32 + 16 ) 20 = 960ms

Formulas Based on Various Manufacturer

General Scheme Referred From TNEB MANUAL
Scheme Referred from various manufacture