Building Services Report (Mitsui Outlet Park)

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Acknowledge 5
1.3 Introduction of Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) 6
2.0 Fire Protection System 7-8

2.1 Active Fire Protection System
2.1.1 Literature Review 9
2.2 Research Finding for Active Fire Protection System 9-27
2.2.1 Smoke Detector System
2.2.2 Heat Detector System
2.2.3 Fire Alarm System 14-16
2.2.4 Water Sprinkler System 17-18
2.2.5 Fire Hydrant System 19-20
2.2.6 Non-water Based System 21-24
2.2.7 Fire Intercom System 25
2.2.8 Smoke Extraction System 26-27
2.3 Passive Fire Protection System
2.3.1 Literature Review 28
2.4 Research Finding for Passive Fire Protection System
2.4.1 Fire Command Centre 29
2.4.2 Emergency Exit Signage 30
2.4.3 Emergency Light 31
2.4.4 Fire Staircase 31
2.4.5 Emergency Speaker 32
2.4.5 Fire Roller Shutter 32
2.4.6 Fire Rated Door 33
2.4.7 Smoke Curtain 33
2.4.8 Smoke and Heat Ventilation 34
2.5 Conclusion 35
3.0 Mechanical Ventilation

3.1 Literature Review
3.1.1 Supply System 38
3.1.2 Extract System 39
3.2 Research Finding for Mechanical Ventilation System
3.2.1 Return Air Grille 40
3.2.2 Air Curtain 41-42
3.2.3 Supply Air Diffusers 43
3.2.4 Centrifugal Fan 44
3.3 Conclusion 45
TAYLORS UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 | 1
4.0 Air-Conditioning System 46-47
4.1 Literature Review 48-55
4.1.1 Air Cooling Principle 48
4.1.2 Air Cycle 48
4.1.3 Refrigerant Cycle 49
4.1.4 Room Air-Conditioning System 50
4.1.5 Split Unit AIr-Conditioning System 50-52
4.1.6 Centralized Air-Conditioning System 52-54
4.1.7 Packaged Unit Air Conditioning System 54
4.1.8 Indoor Packaged Units 54
4.1.9 Rooftop Packaged Units 55
4.1.10 Split Packaged Units 55
4.2 Research Findings for Air-Conditioning System
4.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 56-58
4.2.2 Air Conditioning Split Unit System (ACSU) 59-62
4.2.3 Ducted Split Unit Air Conditioning System 63-64
4.3 Conclusion 65
5.0 Mechanical Transportation System 66-67

5.1.1 Elevator 67-69
5.1.2 Escalator 69
5.2 Research Findings for Mechanical Transportation System
5.2.1 Elevator 70-75
5.2.2 Escalator 76-78

5.3 Conclusion 79
6.0 Conclusion 80
7.0 References 81-83
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Abstract
In this project, we were assigned to select a multi-storey building and carry out a thorough
case study on how application of building service systems make a building technically functional.
Upon completion of this assignment, we were able to identify and understand relevant information
related to mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, mechanical transportation system as
well as fire protection systems.
Our task was to produce an A4 bounded report with detail analysis on how the services
components function in the building. Services system was to be summarized in diagrammatic
forms and images.
Moreover, each of the system were compared to UBBL Law requirement and other legal
requirements to get a better understanding of the statutory requirements and regulations involved
in building designs and its importance towards practicality and public safety.
1.2 Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to Mr. Azim, our beloved
tutor for guiding us to have a better understanding on each building services system, and giving us
suggestion on system proposal. In spite of that, he has been giving us motivation and pushing us
to explore deeper into our research area which led us to the correct direction to learn more on
Building Services. We would also like to deliver our sincere gratitude to the head of Facility
Management, Mr Param for giving us permission to have a tour to required service room in Mitsui
Outlet Park.
In a nutshell, this project helped us to get a better understanding about how different
services are importance to a building and how they contributed to the users safety and comfort
while taking into considerations on design implication, which will be certainly helpful for our career.
1.3 Introduction of Mitsui OutLet Park (MOP)
The Mitsui Outlet Park KLIA Sepang opens on May 30 and is sited very near the KLIA and
directly accessible from the highway. The Mitsui Outlet Park KLIA Sepang is the result of a joint
venture (JV) between Mitsui Fudosan Co. Ltd and Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB). The
outlet will be managed by the JV Company, MFMA Development Sdn Bhd (MFMA).
The building consists of two storeys, housing array of shop offer a scrumptious choice of product
and gastronomic delights. Mitsui Outlet Park spans 24,000 square metres of space under the first
phase of its development. This building equipped with complete services of fire protection,
mechanical transportation, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems. Passenger
elevator and freight elevator can be found in the building to fulfil the users need. Mitsui Outlet Park
utilized natural lighting in most of the interior spaces to reduce energy usage on artificial lighting.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
2.0 Fire Protection System
Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) consists of fire protection system and smoke extraction system
that cover the whole building and external area.
Fire protection system that installed in MOP can be divided into hydrant system, sprinkler
system, hose reel system, fixed extinguisher system (CO2 and FM 200), fire alarm system, fire
intercom system and smoke extraction system.
There are 10 nos hydrant point that installed at perimeter building where the water is
supplied directly from 5 incoming water pipe from external. Each hydrant point is c/w hydrant box
where inside the box will provided 2 length of hose c/w nozzle.
Sprinkler system at the building is under OH 3 standard, there are 3 pumps located at fire
pump house and one GZ.I pressed tank install beside pump house, Fire main alarm ing valve is
located nearby MDF room external where is this alarm gong consists of 5 main pipe systems.
From main alarm gong valve, it is distributed to sprinkler pipe inside the building where had been
divided to 16 zoning. Ground floor area is supported by 7 zoning and first floor is supported by 9
zoning. Each zoning is c/w main butterfly valve with addressable flow switch where the control
signal wiring had been link to main fire alarm panel.
There are 33 sos hose reel drum that install inside the building. 17 no located at ground
floor area and 16 not located at first floor area. The hose reel drum is supported by 2 hose reel
pump located at fire pump house. One number G.I hose reel tank also been installed to support the
hose reel system for whole building where the tank with sprinkler tank but internally had been
separated by compartment.
All the main electrical room and genes room at the building had been installed with fixed
CO2 extinguisher system. Besides that, there are two FM 200 system that installed at MOP, one
located at MAHB MDF Room and another one is at Money Receive Room where its function had
been divert to server room.
MOP buildings fire alarm system is covered by break glass, alarm bell, smoke detector,
beam detector, flow switch accessories where all this accessories will be link back to main fully
addressable type fire alarm panel located at fire and security control room. Besides that, the co2,
FM 200, sprinkler and hose heel panel status also been provided to monitor the wet chemical
panel and LPG gas panel status where this panel will be installed by tenant contractor. During
alarm trigger, CMS system will be activated and will link to nearest BOMBA station at KLIA.
For fireman or BOMBA communication purpose during fire case or emergency case, every
floor staircase, lift motor room, fire pump room are installed with fire intercom handset and this
handset had been link to master fire intercom panel that located at Fire and Security Control
Room.
The smoke extraction system had been installed at MOP, to prevent smoke trapping when
fire incident happened. Basically there are 5 zones at common area and one zone at food court
area for smoke extraction system. Each zone had been installed with smoke curtain base on
zoning at ground floor and first to separate out each zone and when fire case, smoke will activate
either smoke detector or beam detector at that zone and will trigger the smoke spill fan at that zone
where all the smoke spill fan located at roof top area at that zone.
Official BOMBA inspection had been carry out by 6 January 2015 and second BOMBA inspection
had been carry out by 17 January 2015. MOP building had get BOMBA approval by 11 February
2015.
2.1 Active Fire Protection System
2.1.1 Literature Review
Active fire protection system is a group of systems that require action or motion in order to
work efficiently in the event of fire. Action may include the usage of both automatic or manual
action. Active fire protection is one of the most important elements to consider and plan for when
building any type of modern structure. With furnishings for buildings, factories and commercial
areas becoming increasingly more and more sophisticated and high-tech, it is paramount that said
surfaces be equipped with systems capable of immediately detecting any potential fire hazards, in
order to protect both said furnishings and the people making use of them. There are several types
of active fire protection system such as hydrant system, sprinkler system, hose reel system, fixed
extinguisher system (CO2 and FM 200), fire alarm system, fire intercom system and smoke
extraction system.
2.2 Research Finding for Active Fire Protection System
2.2.1 Smoke Detector System
The smoke detectors are intended to protect people and property by generating an alarm
earlier in the development of fire. When it comes to protecting people, it is critical to warn building
occupant before snow accumulate. Smoke can be detected either optically or physically. In MOP,
there are several types smoke detectors that can found which are photoelectric smoke detector,
fireray beam detector and optical smoke detector.
According to UBBL- Section 225. (1)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire
and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the
requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
(i) Photoelectric Smoke Detector:
Figure 2.2.1 (i)(a) Photoelectric smoke detector
Photoelectric smoke detector issue a signal to a fire alarm system when dense smoke
enters the device and interrupts the line of sight between a small light sources and a photoelectric-
sensitive cell, both installed inside the detector. The detector is a essential device for detecting
large free caused by smouldering materials.
Figure 2.2.1 (i)(b) Diagram of photoelectric smoke detector
(ii) Fireray Beam Detector:
Figure 2.2.1 (ii)(a) Fireray beam detector and diagram of firereay beam detector work.
Fireray beam detector combines an infrared transmitter and receiver in the same discrete
unit and operates by projecting well-defined beam to a reflective prism, which return the beam to
the receiver fro analysis. Smoke in the beam path causes a drop in power, which, if below a
pre-determined level, result in an arm signal. A full range of installation accessories is available
including the universal bracket, which allows a greater degree of flexibility during installation. Once
the detector head is connected, an integral LASER can be activated. This allows the reflective
prism to be slighted quickly and with confidence, Once the LASER has been used to coarsely align
the beam, Auto-align takes over and automatically steers the beam into the optimum position. The
system can be fully customised, according to local conditions; alarm thresholds (sensitivity) and
time to alarm can be set from the low level system controller.
Figure 2.2.1 (ii)(b) Fireray beam detector in MOP.
(iii) Optical Smoke Detector
Figure 2.2.1 (iii)(a) Optical smoke detector.
Optical smoke detector is a point detector for detection of combustion gases mainly
consisting of visible particles. The detector has a built in thermistor and is designed for use with
Autronicas interactive fire alarm system, which can provide temperature information from the
detector point.
2.2.2 Heat Detector System
The heat detector are a sire alarm device designed to reposed when the converted thermal
energy of a fire increase the temperature of a heat sensitive element. There are two types of heat
detector which are FIxed Temperature detector and Rate of rise detector. The fixed
temperature detector will be operated when the ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, usually
during the event of fire. This type of heat detector is highly cost-effective as it is cheaper than the
other types and also efficient enough to detect the ambient temperatures in order to protect the
occupants and property of the building. But in the case of rapid fire response, the Rate of rise
detectors will be more ideal in this condition as it detects both the rapid and slow increase in
temperature.

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire
and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the
requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
Figure 2.2.2 Heat detector and diagram of heat detector work.
In MOP, the the of the heat detector that had been used is Rate of rise heat detector. The
heat detector will automatically monitors the change in temperature in an enclosed area and
responds to a rapid rise in temperature by sending the signal to the fire indicator panel to sound a
alarm to warm of a fire in progress. For fire prevention, MOP had installed the heat detector in the
places where smoke detector is not appropriate, which in the are where smoke is a natural part of
the surroundings or operations.
2.2.3 Fire Alarm System
The fire alarm system is capable of alerting the users and occupants of the building the
event of fire emergency.
(i) Fire Alarm Control Panel
Figure 2.2.3 (i)(a) Fire alarm control panel in MOP.
In MOP a fire alarm control panel that can be found in the fire protection control room. The
fire alarm control panel (FACP), is the main controlling component in a fire alarm system. This
panel is a complete fire alarm control panel with full operation capabilities. The panel serves as an
operating panel for several defined operation zones. All alarm handling and system features can be
controlled and monitored from the panel. Not only that, this panel will be receiving information to
monitor the sensors such as the alarm devices and the detectors (heat and smoke detectors) that
are designed to detect changes, which then transmit the necessary information to the panel in
order to sound or switch off alarms in the case where false signal has been detect.
Figure 2.2.2 (i)(c)

Figure 2.2.2 (i)(b)
Schematic line diagram of fire alarm system for MOP.
Diagram of fire alarm control panel work.
In accordance to the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to:
Activate a pre- Initiate agent Shut down ventilation

discharge alarm. release. system.
Notify emergency Activate visual and Shut down machinery

response personnel. audible fire alarm. equipment.
(ii) Fire Alarm Bell
Figure 2.2.3 (ii) Fire alarm bell in MOP.
The fire alarm bells are responsible to alert the occupants to evacuate the building during
the event of fire. The devices are triggered either manually (manual call point) or mechanically
(detectors). The fire alarm bells will usually be placed about 1200mm above the manual call point
and 2700mm from the ground level.

The fire model of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel
with may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or
manually.
UBBL- Section 237

(1) Fire alarm shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these
BY-Laws.
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and
storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in
height shall be provided with a two-stage system with evacuation (continuos
signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while
an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
(3) Provision shall be made fro the general evacuation of the premises by action
of a master control.
(iii) Manual Call Point
Figure 2.2.3 (iii) Manual call point in MOP.
Due to some of the fire alarm might not be detected because of some reasons, MOP also
provided the manual call point that can be used to trigger the fire alarm. The manual call points are
located nearby the exits and doorways for the occupants of the building to break the glass where a
warning signal will then be sent to the panel, which in turns trigger the fire alarms and cut off other
services for example ventilation system.
According to UBBL- Section 237

Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db(A) or 5db(A) above nay
background noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.
2.2.4 Water Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto
which fire sprinklers are connected.
(i) Sprinkler Pump Room
Figure 2.2.4 (i)(a) Diagram of sprinkler pump room.
Sprinkler pump is essential as it draws water from the sprinkler water tank to supply the
sprinkler network. In MOP, the 6 main distribution pipes serving the sprinkler system are run from
the pump room (located at outside the building) to the alarm valves header and from the alarm
gong to the building.
In there event of a fire, when the glass bulb in the sprinkler will burst due to the high
temperature. This will cause the pressure on the system drop. When the pressure to abut 75% of
the standing pressure, the jockey pump would start automatically. This will build up the pressure to
the standing pressure and the jockey pump will stop automatically.
Further drops in the pressure, the Duty Pump will start automatically, about 50% of the
standing pressure. This is to boost up the pressure loss in the system. The standby pump would
automatically start about 35% of the standing pressure if the Duty Pump fails to start. Normally,
the duty pump and standby pump only can be stopped manually.
Jockey Pump
Cut in pressure: 70psi

Cut off pressure: 90psi
Duty Pump

Cut off pressure: Manual
Standby Pump

Cut off pressure: Manual
Figure 2.2.4 (i)(b) Schematic of water sprinkler system of MOPs ground floor and first floor.
(ii) Water Sprinkler
Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(a) Water sprinkler in MOP.
A sprinkler can be deployed in seconds when fire is detected, possibly before the fire
station has been informed of the fire. Therefore, it is very effective in putting out a fire during the
early stages. water is prevented from emerging by a glass or quartzite bulb containing liquid. The
different colours liquid in the bulb above debate different operating temperature because the size
of the air bubble changes. In MOP, the type that been used which is pendent sprinkler with
installed with the red color liquid.
Bulb Liquid Rupturing

Color Temperature
Orange 57
Red 68
Yellow 79
Green 93
Blue 141
Mauve 182
Black 204/260
Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(b) Types of the bulb liquid color in water sprinkler.
Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(c) Components of water sprinkler.
According to UBBL- Section 225.(2)

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the
exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to
2.2.5 Hose Reel System
The hose reel system intend for the occupant to use during the early stage of fire. They are
located to provide a reasonably accessible and controllable supply of water to combat a potential
fire risk. The system comprises of hose reel pump, fire water tank, hose reel, pipe work and valves.
Hose Reel Tank
Hose Reels
Duty Pump
Standby Pump
Figure 2.2.5 (a) Diagram of hose reel system work.
In MOP, they are total 33 of hose reel that can be find. each hose reel are located and
places strategically at every floor, along the escape routes and exits doors.
According to UBBL- Section231

(1) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire-fighting access lobby.
According to UBBL- Section 248

(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall
be painted red.
(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and
extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority
or otherwise clearly identified.
Location of the hose
Figure 2.2.5 (b) Schematic of hose reel system of MOP.
2.2.6 Fire Hydrant System
Fire Fighting Hydrant Systems are the most commonly used systems, in many residential
and industrial projects. If you have ever seen a Red colour pipe, circulating around a building or
factory, you have seen a Fire Hydrant Pipe. In most news clippings about a fire, you can see a
fireman shooting water up to 8stories high or more, that fire man is using the Fire Hydrant System.
Such is the power of the Fire Hydrant System that water can be shot right up to 8 floor, directly into
the fire.
(i) Fire Hydrant
Fire Hydrant Systems forms the basis, of Fire Protection Systems, without Fire Hydrant
System a Fire Protection System cannot be called a Fire Protection System. It will be a superficial
system. (With respect to large areas, in general). Fire Hydrant System installation is relatively easy.
A special well is dug, called Fire Well, where water is stored throughout the year for
365days. This water well is connected to the pump room. From the pump room, there are two to
three main pipes. These pipes form a network of pipe that cover the factory compound and the
factory. The pump has the work, to continuously filling all the pipes connected with water under
pressure. The pressure is nearly 7bar to 10bar.
When a fire is seen by a person, he activates the hydrant system and points it in the direction of
the fire. A very strong flow of water now, attacks the fire and the fire is eventually extinguished. The
pump continuously pumps the water to maintain the system pressure.
Figure 2.2.6 (a) Manual call point in MOP.
In MOP, this system is directly tapped off from the Water department main pipe outside the
building. The 6 MSCL pipe is run underground along building and total 10 los of pillar hydrant are
installed.
Operation of Fire Hydrant System
Break glass to obtain Fix the male end of Fix nozzle to the
key and open the hose to the valve of female end of hose.
hose cabinet. pillar hydrant and
unreel hose.
Direct water to base Hold nozzle firmly and

fire. turn on the hydrant
valve.
Figure 2.2.6 (b) Schematic of fire hydrant for MOP.
2.2.7 Non-water Based System
(i) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System
The CO2 suppression system is a type of system where carbon dioxide are stored in
cylinders as a liquid under great pressure. The fire suppression system is used to protect special
hazard pr sensitive area. In MOP, this system had been used for control room and money room.
The CO2 system is designed to operate automatically and manually to extinguisher fire by means
of detectors and manual pull handle. The detection and discharging of gas are monitored at the
CO2 control panel.
Figure 2.2.7 (i)(a) Diagram of CO2 suppression system work.
Automatic Operation
Upon operation of any of the detection circuit in the protected room where the system is provided
as Alarm signal will be illuminated at the control panel. After receiving signal of operation of second
detection circuit on the adjacent circuit, the group alarm lamp would be illuminated and the
automatic timer will commence operation for the discharge of personnels during Gas Discharge.
After the delay of approximately 30 seconds, an electrical supply would actuate the detonator
assembly fitted at the discharge head of the cylinder. Once the actuator assembly detonate, the
cutter mechanism will pierce the cylinder disc and the CO2 gas will discharge out through the
distribution nozzle via piping network into the premises.
Manual Operation
In the case of the detection circuitry failing to detect fire due to malfunction, smash the manual pull
handle glass and pull the handle. The gas will discharge from the cylinder to extinguisher fire in the
protected area.
Figure 2.2.7 (i)(b) Typical arrangement of CO2 cylinder.
(ii) FM200 Fire Suppression System
The FM200 system is designed to operate automatically and manually extinguisher fire by
means of detectors and manual Key Switch. The detection and discharging of gas are monitored at
the FM200 control panel.
Figure 2.2.7 (ii)(a) FM200 fire suppression system in MOP.
Automatic Operation
Upon operation of any of the detection circuit in the protected room where the system is provided
an alarm signal will be illuminated at the control panel. After receiving signal of operation of second
detection circuit on the adjacent circuit, the alarm lamp would be illuminated and the automatic
timer will commence operation for the discharge of the gas from the cylinder. The Twin Flashing
light would oscillate indicating the Non admittance of personnels during the Gas Discharge. After
the delay of approximately 30 seconds, an electrical supply would actuate the detonator assembly
fitted at the discharge head of the cylinder. Once the actuator assembly detonate, the cutter
mechanism will pierce the cylinder disc and the FM200 gas will discharge out through the
distribution nozzle via piping network into the premises.
Manual Operation
In case of the detection circuitry failing to detect fire due to malfunction, smash the manual Key
Switch glass and turn key to discharge position. The gas will discharge from the cylinder to
extinguisher fire in the protected area.
Figure 2.2.7 (ii)(b) Schematic of CO2 and FM200 suppression system for MOP.
(iii) Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device intended to extinguish small fire. This is
to prevent the fire from escalating into a full scale fire. The number and location of the fire
extinguisher are determines by the hazard of the occupancy. Fire extinguisher can be divided into
5 major class, each function reposed to different type of the fire situation.
Figure 2.2.7 (iii)(a) Figure 2.2.7 (iii)(b)

Diagram of type of fire extinguisher. Fire extinguisher in MOP.
Operation of the Fire Extinguisher
Pull the pin.
Aim the nozzle at the

base of the fire.
Squeeze the trigger.
Sweep from side to side.
According to UBBL- Section227

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of
practice and shall be sired in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from
all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method
of operation.
2.2.8 Fireman Intercom System
Communication between firefighters is one of the most crucial aspects of containing and
suppressing fires. This communication needs to be instant and effective. One of the best ways to
accomplish this is to install a fireman intercom system for any building structure in Malaysia.
When buildings are outfitted with fireman intercom systems, it allows our firefighters to instantly
change their plans to fight a fire. This can be a life-saving component of a fire response, which
means every business owner should consider installing an intercom system in their building as part
of a fire safety plan.
Figure 2.2.8 (a) Fireman intercom system in MOP.
In MOP, or fireman or BOMBA communication purpose during fire case or emergency case,
every floor staircase, lift motor room, fire pump room are installed with fire intercom handset and
this handset had been link to master fire intercom panel that located at Fire and Security Control
Room.
2.2.9 Smoke Extraction System
Figure 2.2.9 (a) Fire smoke extraction in MOP
A mechanical smoke ventilation system (MSVS) is an alternative method to natural smoke

venting. In the event of a fire, mechanical vent systems offer the ultimate in smoke control as they
remove smoke from the building to aid the occupants means of escape and provide clear access
for firefighting services.
In MOP, the system comprises of a mechanical extract shaft that serves the common
corridor and/ or lobby. When smoke it detected within a protected lobby, only the fire damper to the
smoke shaft on the fire floor will open (all other dampers will remain locked shut). In turn, the vent
at the head of the staircase will open allowing the smoke to be removed and make up air for the
smoke ventilation system. The fan at the top of the mechanical smoke shaft extracts the smoke
and prevents migration of smoke into the adjacent compartments.
On detection of smoke within a lobby, only the fire damper to the shaft on the fire floor will
open (all other dampers are locked shut) and the vent at the head of the staircase opens. The fan
at the top of the shaft extracts the smoke and prevents migration of smoke into the adjacent
compartments.
Figure 2.2.9 (b) Diagram of fire smoke extraction in work.
Figure 2.2.9 (c) Schematic of smoke extraction system for MOP.
2.3 Passive Fire Protection System
2.3.1 Literature Review
Passive fire protection is the use of a series of fire barrier systems that are integrated into
the structure of a building. The purposes of this particular system are to contain fires and slow
down the rate at which they spread. This is achieved by creating fire-resistant walls, floors and
doors. The passive fire protection system in Mitsui Outlet Park can be divided into 3 sub-
categories, which are fire escape, fire barrier as well as fire control.
Passive Fire Protection System
Fire Escape Fire Escape Fire Control

- Fire command - Fire roller shutter - Smoke and heat
centre - Fire rated door ventilation
- Emergency exit - Smoke curtain
signage
- Emergency light
- Emergency
speaker
2.4 Research Finding for Passive Fire Protection System
2.4.1 Fire Command Centre
Fire command centre controls the functions for fire detection and alarm system, from
precessing signals transmitted to the respective field devices to the recording of important events.
The authorities of the control center operate the fire alarm system and all field devices at this
panel.
The fire command centre is located at the ground floor of Mitsui Outlet Park. It is integrated
with security alarm, main fire control panel with mimic diagram, remote panel as well as the
fireman intercom system.
Figure 2.4.1 Fire control panel and fireman intercom system.
The function of the fire command centre is to contact the nearest fire department if there is
a fire, they will trigger alarm to warn the occupants of the evacuate to safety. They are also
responsible for operation of roller shutter in car parks to prevent the flame to spread continuously.
All of these emergency fixtures require electricity but fire devastates the electrical wires, thus, in
case of blackout, the command centre are still supplied with backup electricity by the Gen-set
room. This room is fire protected, it provides electricity for vital parts of the building such as lights
for corridors and control units to work.
According to UBBL Section 238: Fire Command Centre

Where it is specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws that a fire command
centre shall be provided, the fire command centre shall be located on the
designated floor with easy fire appliances access and shall contain a panel to
monitor the public address, fireman intercom, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire
detection and alarm systems and with a computerised monitoring system
connected to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.
2.4.2 Emergency Exit Signage
The emergency exit signage can be found above the fire rated door, which denotes the
location of the closest emergency exit in case of fire. The sign directs occupants to the fire
staircase leading to the nearest exit of the building, where the firemen can access for search and
rescue.
Figure 2.4.2 Emergency exit signage.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs

(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs
and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other
equipment.
(2) A sign reading KELUAR with an arrow indicating the direction shall be
placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit
is not immediately apparent.
(3) Every exit sign shall have the word KELUAR in plainly legible letters not less
than 150 millimeters high with the principal strokes of letters not less than 18
millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than
fifteen watts each.
2.4.3 Emergency Light
Emergency light in Mitsui Outlet Park functions automatically during power failure due to
fire, it is equipped with fully charged battery to illuminate along exit access pathways leading to
exits, fire staircase, aisles, corridors, ramps, and at the exit discharge pathways that lead to public
way. The level of illumination and quality consistency of emergency illumination are the important
keys to the safety of occupants during evacuation. Fire protection engineer is not always the
primary consultant to design or specify an emergency lighting system, but they do cooperate with
architects and electrical engineers seamlessly to ensure the system is sufficiently distributed in
places that help occupant to evacuate safely during an emergency.
Figure 2.4.3 Emergency light.
According to UBBL Section 253A: Emergency Lights

Emergency lighting shall be installed to provide sufficient illumination for escape
purposes. Such lighting shall be of the self-contained type to MS 619 or supplied
with emergency power from an emergency power system or central battery bank.
In all cases, the duration of emergency illumination in the event of failure of normal
supply shall not be less than one hour.
2.4.4 Fire Staircase
Fire staircase are vertical escape component of evacuation route, easily accessible from
the inside and outside of the building. The staircase is designed for emergency escapes while also
allowing firemen access to the building in an event of fire. It is usually 1.5m wide which is enough
for safe and quick evacuation. The fire staircase of Mitsui Outlet Park is also equipped with
intermediate railings to ensure safety escapes. The cement rendered fire staircase in Mitsui Outlet
Park is designed to be well-illuminated by natural lighting to save energy cost. The edges of the
tread are covered with anti-slip ceramic tiles to prevent slipping during emergency evacuation.
Figure 2.4.4 Fire staircase and operable windows.
According to UBBL Section 165: Exits to be accessible at all times

(1) Except as permitted By-Law 167 not less than TWO separate exits shall
provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be
necessary.
2.4.5 Emergency Speaker
The emergency speakers in Mitsui Outlet Park are integrated with fire alarm systems and
they provide full control of building audible and visual notification appliances. These speakers will
give out emergency warnings and instructions for the occupants to evacuate to safety.
Figure 2.4.5 Emergency speaker.
2.4.6 Fire Roller Shutter
To prevent flame and smoke from spreading across the building, fire roller shutter is the key
component which helps to delay the fire spreading duration, thus, leaving longer period for
emergency evacuation. Fire roller shutter can be found at the ground floor of Mitsui Outlet Park,
under the electric operation from commands in the office. It also can be found near services area
and surrounding car park to prevent flames from spreading inwards. Water sprinkles often are
found near the shutter.
Figure 2.4.6 Fire Roller Shutter.
2.4.7 Fire Rated Door
Fire rated doors are used to separate compartments in building to stop the fire from
spreading across. It suppresses the fire by restricting the oxygen flow which is an essential
element for a fire to burn continuously. The fire rated doors are positioned at the entrance of the
fire staircase in Mitsui Outlet Park, which promotes fluent and safe emergency evacuation.
Figure 2.4.7 Fire rated door.
Mitsui Outlet Park uses double leaf doors with the dimensions of 1600mm*2100mm. These
fire rated doors are rated to withstand up to an hour of fire, allowing sufficient duration for firemen
to put out the fire before it spreads across the building. The doors are closed by default because
an automatic door closer hinge is installed to inhibit flame and smoke.
According to UBBL Section 164: Door Closers for Fire Doors

(1) All fire doors shall be filled with automatic door closers of the hydraulic spring
operated type in the proper sequence.
(2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating
device to ensure that leafs close in proper sequence.
(3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold device incorporates a heat
actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be
permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or
protected staircase.
2.4.8 Smoke Curtain
Smoke curtains are installed at the entrance of services door which is prone to combustion,
such as Gen-set room and TNB room. During the event of fire, if any of the service room sparks,
the smoke detector inside will be triggered and the smoke curtains will be released on its own, to
retain the smoke and fire within the room, prevent the flames from spreading continuously.
Figure 2.4.8 Smoke curtain.
2.4.9 Smoke and Heat ventilation
The fire door and staircase are the less fire-prone areas but the smoke from lower ground
will escalate up and accumulate within these area if the smoke are not being able to be vented out
through stack ventilation. The fire staircases in Mitsui Outlet Park are equipped with operable
windows which allow the smoke to be expelled out in the event of fire. These windows are not only
function as vents, but also a medium which allows natural light to illuminate the space without
using artificial lighting fixtures.
Figure 2.4.9 Operable windows for ventilation.
According to UBBL Section 198: Ventilation of Staircase Enclosures

(1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by
either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free
area of not less than 1 square meter per floor.
2.5 Conclusion
In conclusion, after site visit and comprehensive studies, we have concluded that the fire
protection system in Mitsui Outlet Park is complete and fully in active operation. The architect
abide by UBBL Law (Part IV - Fire Requirements) in terms of designing effective passive fire
protection systems. The management team also done its part well by maintaining the active fire
protection system in its best condition.
Our analysis affirms that the fire protection system in Mitsui Outlet Park is up to par with
requirements for the authorities. This is further proved by no reports or history of fire has been
happened since its opening.
MECHANICAL VENTIALTION SYSTEM
3.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
Ventilation is necessary in a building to promote fresh air into spaces and then remove any
latent heat. The intentional introduction of outside air can be categorized as either mechanical
ventilation, or natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is differed from natural ventilation as it
requires electricity to operating its system, but also the natural ventilation component can be
affected by unpredictable environmental conditions, as it may not always provide an appropriate
amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or to regulate
the naturally driven flow.
Besides that, there are number of commercial building in Malaysia will use mechanical
ventilation. By using mechanical ventilation, the indoor air quality can be improved, ventilation is
controllable as well as the thermal comfort level of the environment can be improved significantly.
In many instances, ventilation for indoor air quality is simultaneously beneficial for the control of
thermal comfort. At these times, it can be useful to increase the rate of ventilation beyond the
minimum required for indoor air quality.
Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) has installed different type of ventilation systems in order to
ensure the humidity for human in comfort level, thus provides shopper shopping in a comfortable
environment. The unit of mechanical ventilation system in Mitsui Outlet Park is more than natural
ventilation due to the reason of mechanical ventilation system provides a more efficient
homogeneous effect by even distribution of air compared with natural ventilation.
Mechanical ventilation of MOP can be achieved by use of air curtain, duct fan, propeller fan and so
on.
Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems according to the function of the
space. There are two types of main ventilation system, which are supply ventilation system and
exhaust ventilation system. All these systems are having similar components which include fans,
filters, ductworks, fire dampers and diffusers.
3.1.1 Supply System
Figure 3.1.1 (a) Supply system.
A supply ventilation system is the reverse of an exhaust ventilation system. Fresh air is
drawn in through an air intake vent and distributed to many rooms by a fan and duct system,
figure 3.1.1(a). A fan and set of ducts dedicated solely to ventilation can be used, or an outside air
intake can be connected to the main return air duct, allowing the heating and cooling systems fan
and ducts to distribute the fresh air. In other words, this system pressurises the interior by
supplying from outside in order to maintain positive pressure, it allows better control of the air that
moves into the building. This system can be used a polluted and noisy environment and it filters
incoming air. The air supply should be located at high place and it should not be located near to the
outlet location in order to prevent air from escaping that is being circulated inside the building.
As with exhaust ventilation systems, supply ventilation systems are relatively simple and
inexpensive to install. To minimise energy use, fans should be sized and controlled to move only
the amount of ventilation air required. Most fresh air ventilation supply systems are designed to run
continuously, with fresh air flow rates at around 320 litres per second.
3.1.2 Extract System
Figure 3.1.2 (a) Extract system.
All exhaust ventilation systems must be connected to the facility exhaust system through a
series of ductwork. Such ductwork must comply with the following:
Material Materials for exhaust ducts shall comply with the Mechanical Code. All duct materials
should be selected based on the operation to be controlled.
Reactives Two or more operations shall not be connected to the same exhaust system when either
one or the combination of the substances removed may constitute a fire, explosion or
chemical reaction hazard within the duct system.
Penetration Exhaust duct systems penetrating occupancy separations shall be contained in a shaft of
equivalent fire-resistive construction. Ducts shall not penetrate area separation walls.
Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts.
Oversized fans waste electrical energy and space heat. If they are very powerful, they can
cause enough depressurisation to make a gas water heater backdraft. Choose a right-sized fan.
The lower the sone rating, the quieter the fan.
According to MS1525 code 8.4.5 Mechanical Ventilation Control

Each mechanical ventilation system (supply/exhaust) should be equipped with a
readily accessible switch or other means for shut down or volume reduction when
ventilation is not required. Example of such devices would include timer switch
control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.
3.2 Research Finding for Mechanical Ventilation System
3.2.1 Return Air Grille
Figure 3.2.1 (a) Return air grille in MOP.
An air return is a vent grille that is usually located either in a hallway or in the ceiling, and its
purpose is to extract air from a room and recycle it through the system to further condition it by
cooling or heating. According to MOP, the return air grille is placed at the offices area and
restroom, figure 3.2.1(a) to ensure the building is well-ventilated and foul air expelling out from the
building.
Figure 3.2.1(b) Location of return air grille in restroom of MOP.
Each of the restroom provides 3 return air grille (300x300) cover the whole area in the
restroom, figure 3.2.1 (b). In order to avoid big objects from entering and damaging the duct, the
grill work will be covered behind the duct. Filters are also installed to trap pollutants and allow
better air flow.
According to MS 1525 8.3.1 Separate Air Distribution System

Zones that are expected to operate non simultaneously for more than 750 hours
per year should be served by separate air distribution system. As an alternative
off-hour controls should be provided in accordance.
3.2.2 Air Curtain
Figure 3.2.2(a) Air Curtain in MOP and the location of air curtain
Figure 3.2.2(b) Diagram of Air Curtain work.
MOP has installed air curtain at every single entrance, figure 3.2.2(a). An air curtain is a
fan-powered device that creates an invisible air barrier over the doorway to separate efficiently two
different environments, without limiting the access of the people or vehicles. Air curtain delivering a
constant flow of air across the width of an opening, it keeps the atmosphere clean from pest and
insects, dust, airborne, pollution, smells, odours and stops draughts and cold or hot air entrance,
figure 3.2.2(b). The model of air curtain being used in MOP is:
Figure 3.2.2(c) Type of Air Curtain used in MOP.
Model: DAC 412B

Type: Air Curtain
Air Volume: 970 CFM
Outlet Velocity: 16.3 m/s
Power input: 240V / 0.32kW
Width (ft): 4 ft
Throw (ft): 12 ft
Figure 3.2.2(d) Situation without air curtain.
Figure 3.2.2(e) Situation with air curtain.
When an efficient air curtain is well installed, it save lots of energy and at the same time the
entrance areas remain climate protected, comfortable and free of draughts, insects, odours, etc.
The advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD diagrams above show clearly the efficiency of
air curtains. Poorly designed air curtains, wrong selected units (less powerful) or inadequate
installation will loose part or even all the advantages and became worse than unprotected door.
3.2.3 Supply Air Diffusers
Figure 3.2.3(a) Supply air diffuser
Figure 3.2.3(b) Components of supply air diffuser
Round ceiling diffusers widely use in MOP shopping centre due to the place requires high
flow capacities, figure 3.2.3(a). It consist of several concentric cones suspended below the ceiling
line by an outer cone. Neck sizes are available from 6 to 36 in. [152 to 914 mm], allowing a wide
range of air volume selections, figure 3.2.3(b).
Diffusers are used on both all-air and air-water HVAC systems, as part of room air
distribution subsystems, and serve several purposes:
- To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air.
- Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions.
- To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged.
- To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied portion of room.
- Accomplish the above while producing the minimum amount of noise.
3.2.4 Centrifugal Fan
Figure 3.2.4(a) Centrifugal fan
A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases, figure 3.2.4(a).
These fans increase the speed and volume of an air stream with the rotating impellers. Other
components used may include bearings, couplings, impeller locking device, fan discharge casing,
shaft seal plates etc.
Centrifugal fans use the kinetic energy of the impellers to increase the volume of the air stream,
which in turn moves them against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components.
Centrifugal fans displace air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90) of the airflow. They
are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions.
Main parts of a centrifugal fan are :

1. Fan housing
2. Impellers
3. Inlet and outlet ducts
4. Drive shaft
5. Drive mechanism
Figure 3.2.4(b) Components of centrifugal fan.
3.3 Conclusion
In summary, by using only natural ventilation to achieve thermal comfort in this such huge
shopping mall is not enough due to the climate but also the amount of activities carrying out during
the day. Mechanical ventilation definitely has merits over natural ventilation, but the issue comes to
retrofitting a solution to a building, which could add quite a bit to the cost. This is why the
mechanical ventilation system is designed into the building plans, so that the costs to implement
kept to a minimum.
After the interview with the facilities team, the biggest concern or challenge for their
ventilation system is reducing the system maintenance costs. In order to keep these system well
maintained in such huge shopping mall is challenging, but having a effective operated mechanical
system will cost effective way to reduce the expenses on energy bills. Firstly, change or clean the
filters for these systems regularly to reduce the energy bills. Dirty filters restrict airflow, which
makes the ventilation system work harder. This ultimately reduces the overall efficiency of the
ventilation system. Furthermore, while installing new air filters, ensure they are facing the correct
direction. Improper filter installation will hinder your systems operating efficiency. If a mechanical
system cannot be properly installed or maintained due to shortage of funds, it performances will be
compromised. Due of these problems, mechanical ventilation systems may result in the spread of
infectious diseases through health-care facilities, instead of being an important tool for infection
control.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
4.0 Air-Conditioning System
Malaysia poses tropical rainforest climate which is generally sunny throughout the year and
have high precipitation rate every month. The thermal comfort in a building is to have a filtered
supplied air with temperature ranging between 22 to 27 degree Celsius and relative humidity of
55-70%. In this hot and humid climate, air-conditioning system is one of the crucial building service
in most of the building in Malaysia to provide thermal comfort. Differ from mechanical ventilation,
air-conditioning is considered as an active system that removing heat from the air inside the room
and releasing the collected heat into the air outdoor with the aid of electric supply and water supply
(for building in large scale). There are three types of air-conditioning system that commonly used to
accommodate with users need.
(i) Window Air-Conditioning System

(ii) Split Unit Air-Conditioning System
(iii) Centralized Air-Conditioning System
(iv) Packaged Air-Conditioning System
Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) at KLIA consists of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation
system which can separate into tenant and landlord area. 3 types of air-conditioning system used
in MOP, namely, Rooftop package (PAC), Air-conditioner Split Unit (ACSU) and Variable
Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system. 3 units ACSU was located at MDF room (1 nos) and backyard
server room (2 nos), respectively. 29 units Rooftop PAC used to provide cooling in common area
such as Sunshine square (12 units), Beach walk (6 units), Pier walk (7 units) and Tropical plaza (4
units). While VRF system used to provide cooling in Tenant & Backyard area. 42 sets VRF outdoor
served for 335 indoor units inside tenants, whole 5 sets VRF outdoor serve for landlord area. All
indoor units for VRF are ceiling cassette type, except 11kV TX room which is 10 HP ceiling ducted
(4 nos).
Among all systems, Rooftop package (PAC) are able to be controlled and monitored
through BMS system located at Fire and Security control room at ground floor backyard.
4.1.1 Air cooling Principle
Gas liquefy when it is compressed and a large amount of latent heat will be released. As
the pressure of liquid is lowered, it vaporizes back to gas, and as it boils through the vaporizing
process, it absorbs large amount of latent heat into liquid. All air-conditioning systems are made up
of two major cycles, air cycle and refrigerant cycle.
4.1.2 Air Cycle
Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned.
Treated air means the air supply to the room is typically filtered through air cleaners to remove dust
and pollen particles. This is done by first absorbing the latent heat inside the room and transferred
it to the chilled water at the Air Handling Unit (AHU). The air is then mixed with fresh air from
outside and blow through the cooling coil to provide a lower temperature and cooler air supply the
indoor. Distribution of air can be either through ductwork or chilled water pipes.
Figure 4.1.2 (a) Air cycle between room and air handling unit (AHU) .
4.1.3 Refrigerant Cycle
Refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from one place to another. The fully enclosed
system consisting 4 stages: expansion, evaporation, compression and condensation. Within this
enclosed system there is a chemical compound named refrigerant which can be reused.
Figure 4.1.3 (a) Schematic diagram shows the process of refrigerant cycle and its components.
This will helps the air-conditioning system to operate economically.

(i) The refrigerant liquefy and evaporate repeatedly during the process of it releases and absorbs
heat in the cycle to help remove heat from the supply air and discharge it to the outside air.
(ii) The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low pressure gas, it is compressed and then
moves out of the compressor as a high pressure gas.
(iii) The gas then flows to the condenser. The gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to
the outside air.
(iv) The liquid moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of
the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
(v) The low pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from liquid to gas.
(vi) As a hot and low pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle
is repeated.
4.1.4 Room Air-conditioning System (Window unit)
Being the simplest form of air-conditioning system and suitable only for a small room, this
type of system usually installed at window opening or wall. This air-conditioning system can be
divided into the room side and the outdoor side which are separated by an insulated partition.
Refer to Figure 4.1.4(a) ,window unit air-conditioner is a single unit air-conditioner where all the
components such as compressor, condenser, expansion valve/coil, evaporator and cooling coil are
in a casing. The various parts of the AC can be divided into refrigeration components, air
circulation & ventilation components and control system components.
Figure 4.1.4 (a) Window air-conditioner and components in window air-conditioner.
4.1.5 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System
Figure 4.1.5 (a) Indoor & Outdoor Unit with Control Component.
This type of air-conditioning system is the most common type of air-conditioning system
nowadays. The advantage of silent operation, elegant looks and easy installation (no holes in the
wall needed) make this kind of system popular. A split air conditioner consists of two main parts:
the outdoor unit and one or several indoor units connected by copper tubing.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the
relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and
heights of rooms maybe be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application of the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if
in addition to the permanent of air-conditioning system there is provided
alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioner enclosure, such
that within half an hour of the air-conditioning failing, not less than the stipulated
volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure
during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
There are three types of split unit air-conditioning system :

i) Split unit without outside air (ductless)
ii) Split unit with outside air (ducted)
iii) Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) / Variable refrigerant volume (VRV)
(i) Indoor and Outdoor Unit
Figure 4.1.5 (i)(a) Operation of Split Unit System and the Components.
The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or space that you wish
to cool. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary tubing.
The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air filter.
(ii) Copper Tubing
Copper tubing is used to connect the indoor and outdoor unit while covering in insulated
protection layer. There are basically two pipes, one pipe to supply the refrigerant to the cooling coil
and the return pipe from refrigerant to the compressor.
Figure 4.1.5 (ii)(a) Copper Tubing.
4.1.6 Centralized Air-conditioning System
Figure 4.1.6 (a) Component of Centralized AC System
Also called Central Hydronic air conditioning systems. It incorporates two different coils in
order to cool the space. This type of cooling system is used to cool a large-area building with many
zone, versus a window air-conditioner that is used to cool a specific area or room. The cooling
compressor is set outside the home, separate from the fan unit used to blow the cool air
throughout the area on the central air unit, unlike the window air-conditioner that utilizes everything
within one concealed unit.
A centralized air conditioning system of a building, is illustrated in Figure 4.1.6(b).
Figure 4.1.6 (b) Schematic diagram shows the centralized air-conditioning system in a building.
A centralized air-conditioning system consists of an air system, a water system, a central heating/
cooling system and a control system.
(i) Air system
An air system also called as air-handling system. The function of this air system is to
condition, to transport, to distribute the conditioned outdoor air at the same time control the indoor
environment according to requirements. An air system consists of air-handling units, supply/return
ductwork, fan-powered boxes, space diffusion devices, and exhaust systems.
Figure 4.1.6 (i)(a) Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Figure 4.1.6 (i)(b) Fan Power Terminal.
Figure 4.1.6 (i)(c) Ductwork.
(ii) Water system
A water system includes chilled and hot water systems, chilled and hot water pumps,
condenser water system, and condenser water pumps. The purpose of water system is to transport
chilled water and hot water from the central plant to the air handling units, fan-coil units, and fan
powered terminal. Water system also transports the condenser water from cooling tower, well
water, or other sources to the condenser inside the central plant. Figure 4.1.6 (ii)(a) showed the
chilled water is cooled in chillers and then distributed to the cooling coils of various air-handling
units.
Figure 4.1.6 (ii)(a) Water system.
4.1.7 Packaged Unit Air Conditioning System
A packaged unit (PU) is a unitary, self contained air conditioner which enclosed all the
important components in a single casing. This type of system has a similar size with the room air-
conditioner, however in a larger size with fixed capacities. Packaged units are listed according to
the place of installation as indoor packaged units, rooftop packaged units, and split packaged units.
Rooftop packaged units are the most used system can be seen in commercial building.
4.1.8 Indoor Packaged Units
Figure 4.1.8 Floor Plan Showing How Indoor Packaged Unit Works.
Indoor Packaged unit is usually installed inside a fan room or machinery room. A small or
medium-sized indoor packaged unit may sometimes be floor-mounted directly inside the air-
conditioned space with or without connected ductwork.
4.1.9 Rooftop Packaged Units
Figure 4.1.9 Components inside a Common Rooftop Packaged Units.
A rooftop packaged unit is installed on the roof of the conditioned space. It is usually
enclosed in a weatherproof outer casing. The mixture of outdoor air and recirculating air is often
conditioned in the rooftop packaged unit and supplied to the conditioned space on the floors
below.
4.1.10 Split Packaged Units
Figure 4.1.10 Split Indoor and Outdoor Unit Connected by Refrigerant Pipes
This unit also known as split system, which divide packaged unit into an indoor air handler
and an outdoor condensing unit. The outdoor unit is usually placed on the rooftop, on a podium, or
some other adjacent place. Indoor and outdoor condensing unit is connected by refrigerant pipes.
4.2 Research Findings for Air-Conditioning System
4.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Air Handling unit, or also called as AHU serves as a device to condition and circulate air as
a part of HVAC system. An air handling unit is most commonly a large metal box which containing
a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers.
Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air
through the building and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes the supply air is discharge and admit
return air directly to and from the space served without ductwork.
Figure 4.2.1(a) Air Handling Roof Packaged Unit.
Figure 4.2.1(b) Air Handling Roof Packaged Units.
(i) Components of AHU
- Air Filter
The presence of air filtration is to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants. Filtration is
placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream components clean. The life of a filter
may be assessed by monitoring the pressure drop through the filter medium at design air volume
flow rate. This is done by using a pressure switch linked to an alarm point on the building control
system.
- Blower
Air handlers utilises a large squirrel cage blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to move
the air. The centrifugal fan is used to circulate air to the various parts of the sections in the building.
Flow rate is also to be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on the fan.
- Heating/ Cooling Elements
Cooling coil is used to cool and dehumidify the air. These coils are arranged in rows with different
fin spacing. Aluminium fins and copper tubes are used.
- Humidifier
Humidification takes place when continuous cooling will make the air drier, resulting in
uncomfortable air quality and increased static electricity.
- Sound attenuator
The blowers in an air handler will create ample vibration and the large area of the duct system
would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibration
isolators which is in the flexible sections are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and
after the air handler. The rubberised canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler
components to vibrate without transmitting this motion to the attached ducts.
(ii) Operation of AHU
Figure 4.2.1(ii)(a) Operation of Air Handling Roof Packaged Unit
Air handling units are large heat exchangers, in which a flow of air is heated or cooled using
water-filled heating and cooling coils. The air handling units draw air from outside the building
using large centrifugal fans, and pass this flow through various smaller heat exchangers, filters,
and humidifiers to supply air at the temperature and relative humidity specified by the BMS.
Additionally, carbon-dioxide levels are monitored throughout the building in order to ensure that air-
handling units are providing a sufficient flow of fresh air to keep indoor spaces safely ventilated.
First, the flow passes through a damper, which can be opened or closed to allow air to be taken
into the unit. The air is subsequently filtered and passed through three radiator coils that heat, cool,
and dehumidify the flow. It should be noted that these coils are filled with primary hot or chilled
water from the boiler or chiller, respectively. The treated air, at the desired temperature and relative
humidity, is subsequently passed through a centrifugal fan before it is directed to indoor spaces at
the desired flow rate using supply dampers.
4.2.2 Air Conditioning Split Unit System (ACSU)
(i) Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), also known as variable refrigerant volume (VRV). VRF
systems have limited space requirements, particularly for the distribution system inside the
building. It uses refrigerant as the cooling and heating medium. The compressor unit is located on
the roof, cools and heats refrigerant which is connected through piping to condition the building. In
this case the system that we found in our case study is ceiling cassette indoor unit.
The variable refrigerant flow system consists of two parts, which are the outdoor unit and
the indoor unit. The outdoor unit is fitted outside the room such as the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve. Whereas the indoor unit consists of the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling
fan. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
Figure 4.2.2(i)(a) 4-way ceiling cassette indoor unit.
Figure 4.2.2(i)(b) Outdoor condensing unit.
Figure 4.2.2(i)(c) Outdoor condensing unit.
(ii) Components of VRF system
(a) Indoor Unit
The indoor unit of the split AC is installed inside the room to condition and cool the indoor
air, whereas the outdoor unit is installed outside the room in an open space where the unit can be
installed and maintained easily. Apart from these two major parts there is copper tubing connecting
the indoor and the outdoor units.
- Cooling coil
The cooling coil is a copper coil which made of number of turns of the copper tubing. The cooling
coil is covered with the aluminum fins so that the maximum amount of heat can be transferred from
the coil to the air inside the room.
- Air Filter
The air filter removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps supplying clean air to the
room. The air filter is placed just before the cooling coil. When the blower sucks the hot room air, it
is first passed through the air filter and then through the cooling coil. Thus the clean air at low
temperature is supplied into the room by the blower.
- Blower
Inside the indoor unit there is also a long blower that sucks the atmospheric air. It is an induced
type of blower. The room air passed over the cooling coil and the filter. The blower sucks the hot
and unclean air from the room and supplies cool and clean air back.
- Drain Pipe
When the room air is passed over the cooling due the suction force of the blower, the temperature
of the air becomes very low and reaches levels below its dew point temperature. Due to this, the
water vapour presents in the air gets condensed and dew or water drops are formed on the surface
of the cooling coil. These water drops fall off the cooling coil and are collected in a small space
inside the indoor unit. To remove the water from this space the drain pipe is connected from this
space extending to the some external place outside the room where water can be disposed off.
Thus the drain pipe helps removing dew water collected inside the indoor unit.
- Louvers
The cool air supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers help
changing the angle or direction in which the air needs to be supplied into the room. The direction is
easily changed with louvers for the maximum amount of cooled air to be passed.
(b) Outdoor Unit
In outdoor unit, there are lots of heat generated inside the compressor and the condenser,
hence there should be sufficient flow of the air around it. The outdoor unit is usually installed at the
height above the height of the indoor unit inside the room.
- Compressor
It compresses the refrigerant and increases its pressure before sending it to the condenser.
External power has to be supplied to the compressor, which is utilized for compressing the
refrigerant. During this process, lots of heat generated in the compressor, which has to be removed
by some means.
- Condenser Cooling Fan
The condenser cooling fan is an ordinary fan which is driven by a motor. The cooling fan is located
in front of the compressor and the condenser coil. As the blades of the fan rotate it absorbs the
surrounding air from the open space and blows it over the compressor and the condenser with the
aluminium fins to cool them. The hot air is thrown back to the open space and the circulation of air
continues.
- Expansion Valve
Valve operates electronically automatically. The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant
leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature and pressure drops
suddenly. It maintains the pressure differential and also distribute the precise amount of refrigerant
to each indoor unit. It allows for the fine control of the refrigerant to the evaporators and can reduce
or stop the flow of refrigerant to the individual evaporator unit while meeting the targeted
superheat.
- Condenser Coil
The condenser coil used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing. The
high temperature and high pressure refrigerant from the compressor comes in the condenser
where it has to give up the heat. The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction of heat
is high. The condenser is also covered with the aluminium fins so that the heat from the refrigerant
can be removed at more faster rate.
(iii) Operation of VRF system
Figure 4.2.2(iii)(a) Operation of VRF system
VRF systems are similar to the multi-split systems which connect one outdoor section to
several evaporators.VRF systems continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each indoor
evaporator. The control is achieved by continually varying the flow of refrigerant. The indoor units
are linked by a control wire to the outdoor unit which responds to the demand from the indoor units
by varying its compressor speed to match the total cooling and/or heating requirements.
VRF systems are engineered systems and use complex refrigerant and oil control circuitry.
The refrigerant pipe-work uses a number of separation tubes and/or headers. A separation tube
has 2 branches whereas a header has more than 2 branches.Compared to multi-split systems,
VRF systems minimize the refrigerant path and use less copper tubing.
4.2.3 Ducted Split Unit Air Conditioning System
(i) Fan Coil Unit
A fan coil unit is a simple device consists of a heating and cooling heat exchanger. It
circulates hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The type that we found in
our case study building is concealed fan coil unit. This unit is installed within an accessible ceiling
void or services zone. Fan coils are located in or near the space to be conditioned for free delivery
of air into the zone or with minimal duct work. Units generally operate with a blow-through
arrangement where the coil is downstream of the fan.
Figure 4.2.3(i)(a) A single fan coil unit.
(ii) Components of FCU
- Fan
Centrifugal fan is used because of their compact size and lower level. It is multi-bladed and the
driven motor is enclosed so that air from an inlet is compressed to a higher discharge pressure.
- Motor
An electrical component of an air movement device that provides work to turn the blade assembly
- Coils
Coils are usually made from copper tubes and aluminium fans. There is only one coil which also
called as heat exchanger in which liquid is circulated to provide heating or cooling to the air which
passes through the heat sink fins.
- Filter rack
A tray in which the filter can be pulled out for maintenance or replacement. Low-efficiency low-
pressure drop permanent filter is used due to easy cleaning.
- Drain Pan
The pan is located under the cooling coil to catch condensate formed during cooling.
(iii) Operation of FCU
Figure 4.2.3(iii)(a) Operation of FCU.
Fan coil units circulate hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The
coil receives hot or cold water from a central plant, and removes or adds heat to the air through
heat transfer. The equipment used can consist of machines used to remove heat such as a chiller
or a cooling tower and equipment for adding heat to the building's water such as a boiler or a
commercial water heater. Depending upon the selected chilled water temperatures and the relative
humidity of the space, it is likely that the cooling coil will dehumidify the entering air stream, and as
a byproduct of this process, it will at times produce a condensate which will need to be carried to
drain.
4.3 Conclusion
Through our observation and analysis in Mitsui Outlet Park, we found that this building are
equipped with a various type and amount of air-conditioning system. However, the service system
are not able to create a comfort environment throughout the whole building due to the excess use
of skylight which heat up the interior spaces. Base on our getting from the interview with the
Facility Management, this is because the split unit air-conditioning system are selectively switched
off zone-by-zone when there are less visitor in the building to reduce energy usage. To overcome
this problem. To overcome this problem, more Fan Coil Unit can be installed along the walkway so
the management can have better control of temperature which can provide thermal comfort to the
visitors.
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
5.0 Mechanical Transportation System
The research of mechanical transportation system is based on Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP).
The case study will contain 2 type of mechanical transportation system which is the elevator and
escalator. MOP is a 2 storey shopping mall, hence the elevator and escalator are there for
convenient usage for passengers and goods to travel between levels to levels. The referencing will
be conformance to UBBL- Mechanical Transportation system as requirements.
Literature Review will be explaining some typical mechanical transportation and help out in the
case study. The case study will concludes the analysis and recommend improvement for the
mechanical transportation system in MOP. The people and equipment around will affect the
efficiency of mechanical transportation system. Moreover, mechanical transportation system need
to be integrated with other services as well, such as fire protection.
Mechanical transportation can be divided into 2 types. It used to move people and goods
vertically or horizontally. Elevators and escalators were considered as vertical transportation and
travelators were considered as horizontal transportation.
5.1.1 Elevator
Elevator a type of vertical transport equipment that move between floors in a building. Most
of the elevator powered by electric motors with cables and counterweight. Theres another type
which is hydraulic lift by using piston to pump hydraulic fluid and raise like a jack. According to
UBBL 1984 Law 124, an elevator is needed to provide in a non residential building which exceeds
4 storeys. Elevator need to be provide as well if the building were less than 4 storeys and elderly or
disabled is required.
Figure 5.1.1(a) Show the 4 main type of hoist mechanism.
(i) Hydraulic Elevator
Hydraulic elevator commonly use for low level buildings with two to eight floors because it
have a low initial cost and lower maintenance cost comparing to the other elevator types. It usually
travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minutes. It supported by a piston at the bottom that
push it upwards by using hydraulic fluid in it or electric motor forces oil. The machine room were
place at the lowest level and is suitable for goods lifting.
Figure 5.1.1(i)(a) Basic components of hydraulic elevators.
(ii) Traction Elevator
Traction elevator are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor
above the elector shaft. Normally are use for mid and high rise application because it has a higher
travel speeds than hydraulic elevator. A counterweight makes the elevator more efficient by
offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesnt have to move as much
weight.
- Machine Room (MR) Traction Elevator
For this type of elevator theres a machine room sited at the top lift shaft to minimize the length of
rope and optimize the efficiency. It should be ventilated in the room. For geared traction elevators,
the gearbox is attached to the motor and drives the wheel to move the ropes. Geared traction
elevators travels up to 76m with the speed of 152m/min. While gearless traction elevators, the
wheel attached directly to the motor instead of attaching the gearbox. Gearless traction elevators
travels up to 610m with the speed of 610 m/min.
Figure 5.1.1(ii)(a) Section of geared traction elevator and schematic diagram.
- Machine Room-less (MRL) Traction Elevator
Machine room-less elevators are traction elevators that without a dedicated machine room above
the elevator shaft. The machine sit in the override space and control sit above the ceiling adjacent
to the elevator shaft. It is able to create more usable space, lower maintenance cost and low
energy consumption compared to machine room traction elevator. It can travel up to 76m with the
speed of 152m/min. So that it become the most popular choice for mid rise building.
Figure 5.1.1(ii)(b) Difference of MR and MRL elevator.
5.1.2 Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase and is a type of vertical transportation. It is a conveyor

transport device for carrying people between levels to levels in a building. Escalator are powered
by constant speed alternating current motors and move 0.30m/s-0.61m/s. The direction of
movement can be permanently the same or it can be controlled by personnel.
Escalator provide an immediate means of transportation, it do not required waiting and

continuously conveys to move large amount of people. Escalator can be reversible to suit the main
flow of traffic during peak times because no waiting time required, unlike the elevators.
Single Double (two-ways)

Person travel in one direction mainly. A flexible Person travel in two opposite directions.
directional operation is possible.
Parallel Crisscross
The escalator that connects subsequent levels Mainly used in big department store stores and
in one traffic. Usually used in small department public transport objects where travel efficiency
Figure 5.1.2(i)(a) Escalator Arrangement
5.2 Research Findings for Mechanical Transportation System
5.2.1 Elevator
All of the elevator in Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) are supplied by the same company, MS
Elevator (M) Sdn. Bhd. There are total 4 geared traction elevators installed in the MOP, and there
is 3 passenger lift and 1 freight lift. Although is just a 2 storey building, MOP use geared traction
elevators instead of using hydraulic elevators.
Figure 5.2.1(a) First floor plan with the position of elevator.
(i) Geared Traction Elevator
In the geared traction lift, the electric motor drives a gear-type reduction unit, which turns
the hoisting sheave. Geared traction elevators were slower than a typical gearless elevator, but the
gear reduction require a lower power motor to turn the sheave. These elevators normally operate
at speeds from 1.7 to 2.5 m/s. It able to carry loads of up to 13,600 kg. There is an electrically
controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit to stops the elevator or hold the car at
desired floor level.
Figure 5.2.1(i)(a) Components of geared traction.
(ii) Elevator Entrance
Figure 5.2.1(ii)(a) Passenger elevator entrance and freight elevator entrance
The type of doors using for passenger and freight lift in MOP were two speed centre
opening telescopic. This four door panels close and open just same as normal 2 center opening
doors. It normally found in large passenger and freight lift. In front of freight lift there is a speed
bumper, it try to reduce the speed of trolley coming out from the elevator. Other than that, there is
also some caution tape around the door for safety reason.
(iii) Emergency staircase
Figure 5.2.1(iii)(a) Cut out plan with the Indication of staircase and position of emergency staircase.
All the elevators are situated near to the stairs for emergency purposes. The location of
elevators has fulfilled a minimum standard of service which has maximum walking distance of 45m
to the elevator lobby.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 152(1) Opening in Lift Shaft

Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into protected
lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction
of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type
industrial and other special building as may be approved by D.G.F.S.
(iv) Lift supervisory panel
Figure 5.2.1(iv)(a) Supervisory panel found in control room.
This lift supervisory panel was installed in the control room which located at the ground
level of MOP. It indicate where the cars are in a shafts and can stop them if necessary. Moreover,
is perform safety function when there is a fire or an emergency. When emergency happens the
LED light bulb will light up and allow technician to take action immediately.
(v) Emergency Alarm & Intercom System
Figure 5.2.1(v)(a) Alarm and intercom button
An intercom button is provided inside the lift shaft, where is connected to the interphone on
the supervisory panel.The intercom system allow the passenger to communicate with the rescuer
about their situation. Besides, emergency alarm button is provided as well, which allow the
passenger to alert the alarm and transfer emergency signal to the control centre.
(vi) Smoke Detector
Figure 5.2.1(vi)(a) Alarm and intercom button
A smoke detector where place on the lobbys ceiling. If fire happened, fire indicator will
illuminate and start ringing.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 153 (1) Smoke Detector for Lift Lobbies
All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(vii) Call Button & Floor Selection Button
Figure 5.2.1(vii)(a) Call button. Figure 5.2.1(vii)(b) Floor selection button.
Figure 5.2.1(vii)(c) Passenger lift load capacity. Figure 5.2.1(vii)(d) Freight lift load capacity.
Every passenger lifts in MOP have a floor level indicator are located besides the opening of
every floor. Besides, the lift panel consist of basic floor selection buttons, operation and emergency
buttons. It also show the load capacity of lift which passenger lift is able to carry 2045 kg (30
person) of load at once, while freight lift is able to carry 1500 kg at once.
(viii) Function for OKU
Figure 5.2.1(viii)(a) Floor Selection Button for disabled and

Hand railing in lift.
This buttons are installed at a lower position for easy and more convenient for the disabled.
Hand railing in lift are for safety purpose especially elderly and child.
(ix) Material of Lift
Figure 5.2.1(ix)(a) Vinyl tiles were used as the flooring and Lacquer finish steel panel
were used as the ceiling and wall of the lift.
Figure 5.2.1(ix)(b) Plywood were

used to cover in the freight elevator
(x) Lift Motor Room
Figure 5.2.1(x)(a) Lift motor room.
In MOP every lift was having there own lift motor. All of the lift motor are located at the
rooftop according to the lift placement.
(xi) Geared Machine Components
Figure 5.2.1(xi)(b) Components geared machine.
Figure 5.2.1(xi)(a) Geared Machine in MOP.
Geared traction elevators are used in MOP. The design utilizes a mechanical speed
reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of
the drive sheave and elevator (output speed). Governor system is built around the sheave
positioned at the top of elevator shaft. It is the main safety tools to make sure elevators are safe
supported by braking system. In the lift motor room consist of one control system as well, which
control the operation of elevator. It indicate the movement, speed and position of the car.
5.2.2 Escalator
Figure 5.2.2(a) First floor plan with the location of escalator.
There is total 4 escalators can be found in MOP, which located at the ground level and
connected to the first floor. The escalator are allocated each side of the mall for a better circulation.
The capacity of each escalator are able to withstand of 4800 person per hour at the speed of 0.5
min/s.
(i) Escalator Arrangement
Figure 5.2.2.(i)(a) Parallel escalator and single way escalator.
Parallel escalator were placed at the tropical plaza, beach walk and pier walk, while the
single way escalator was placed at the main entrance and the sunshine square.
(ii) Escalator Components
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(a) Direction Indicator beside the escalator. .
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(b) Safety sign. .
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(c) Landing Plate & Comb .
The landing plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before taking a step onto
the moving stairs. While the comb is a section or steel plate with teeth that mesh with the step
cleats at the boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from getting
caught between the moving plate and floor plate.
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(d) Skirt guard.
These brushes are fixed at to escalators to avoid any debris or things like shoe laces or any
similar content to enter into sides of it. It helps to reduce damage to the equipment to keep proper
working of equipment. It also make person conscious that something is touching their shoes so
that they can move it away thus avoiding any accident due to getting stuck in the gap between
moving stairs and side walls.
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(e) Moving handrails.
The moving handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding
the escalator. The handrail moves along and synchronise with the steps by pulling along its track
by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.
5.3 Conclusion
In Mitsui Outlet Park, geared traction elevators and escalator are used at each side of the
building. The amount of mechanical transportation system is sufficient to provide services to the
crowd in mall. In overall, MOP complies the By-Law requirement for mechanical transportation
system. All elevators in MOP have safety component needed.
The management team have done a good job in maintaining the mechanical transportation
system. Besides, there have no any reports and history of maintenance for mechanical
transportation system in MOP, because of less usage.
6.0 Conclusion
From first tutorial to site visit and researching, the journey to the completion of this project
has been long and onerous. We have faced problem such as looking for a building which allow us
to carry out research on. But as a team, we have been striving and succeeding in achieving the
best possible result to ensure that the project is a success. We have learnt to work together with
one another to produce necessary outcome in spite of time commitments and other factors.
Together, we not only produced a memorable experience from this project but we also obtained
precious experiences which allowing us to improve our information and knowledge of the services
systems that sun through a building. This also allowed usu to gain a newfound appreciation of
building services systems and realise the building actually has many different service component
as well as sets of rules and regulations that would only allow a building to be operate in the first
place.
7.0 References
Fire Protection System
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system.html
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Mechanical Ventilation System
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system.html
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to-know/
E n g i n e e r i n g G u i d e A i r D i s t r i b u t i o n . ( 2 0 11 ) ( 1 s t e d . ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / /
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whole-house-ventilation
Air-Conditioning System
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Table of Contents

2.0 Fire Protection System 7-8

3.0 Mechanical Ventilation

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System 66-67

5.2.2 Escalator 76-78

2.1.1 Literature Review

2.2 Research Finding for Active Fire Protection System

2.2.1 Smoke Detector System

According to UBBL- Section 225. (1)

(i) Photoelectric Smoke Detector:

Figure 2.2.1 (i)(a) Photoelectric smoke detector

Figure 2.2.1 (i)(b) Diagram of photoelectric smoke detector

Figure 2.2.1 (ii)(b) Fireray beam detector in MOP.

(iii) Optical Smoke Detector

Figure 2.2.1 (iii)(a) Optical smoke detector.

According to UBBL- Section 225. (1)

Figure 2.2.2 Heat detector and diagram of heat detector work.

(i) Fire Alarm Control Panel

Figure 2.2.3 (i)(a) Fire alarm control panel in MOP.

Figure 2.2.2 (i)(c)

In accordance to the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to:

Activate a pre- Initiate agent Shut down ventilation

Notify emergency Activate visual and Shut down machinery

Figure 2.2.3 (ii) Fire alarm bell in MOP.

According to UBBL- Section 155. (1)

UBBL- Section 237

(iii) Manual Call Point

Figure 2.2.3 (iii) Manual call point in MOP.

According to UBBL- Section 237

(i) Sprinkler Pump Room

Figure 2.2.4 (i)(a) Diagram of sprinkler pump room.

Cut in pressure: 70psi

Cut in pressure: 50psi

Cut in pressure: 30psi

Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(a) Water sprinkler in MOP.

Bulb Liquid Rupturing

Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(c) Components of water sprinkler.

According to UBBL- Section 225.(2)

Hose Reel Tank

Figure 2.2.5 (a) Diagram of hose reel system work.

According to UBBL- Section231

According to UBBL- Section 248

Figure 2.2.5 (b) Schematic of hose reel system of MOP.

(i) Fire Hydrant

Figure 2.2.6 (a) Manual call point in MOP.

Operation of Fire Hydrant System

Direct water to base Hold nozzle firmly and

(i) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System

Figure 2.2.7 (i)(a) Diagram of CO2 suppression system work.

Figure 2.2.7 (i)(b) Typical arrangement of CO2 cylinder.

Figure 2.2.7 (ii)(a) FM200 fire suppression system in MOP.

Figure 2.2.7 (iii)(a) Figure 2.2.7 (iii)(b)

Operation of the Fire Extinguisher

Pull the pin.

Aim the nozzle at the

Squeeze the trigger.

Sweep from side to side.

According to UBBL- Section227

Figure 2.2.8 (a) Fireman intercom system in MOP.

Figure 2.2.9 (a) Fire smoke extraction in MOP

A mechanical smoke ventilation system (MSVS) is an alternative method to natural smoke

Figure 2.2.9 (b) Diagram of fire smoke extraction in work.