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Fill in the Blanks: Check for Logical Consistency, Verb forms, and vocabulary usage.

1. About three million young people in the United States are .. in cheerleading. People often
think of cheerleaders when they think of school spirit. Cheerleaders are a .. at football
games and other sports events. They help get the crowds excited for their team. In the past,
cheerleading at American schools mostly involved shouting cheers and jumping up and down. But
cheerleading has . into a sport of its own. The moves are more physical. Cheerleaders, for
example, are often thrown into the air. The . of modern cheerleading has led to more
injuries. A new study shows that the number nationwide increased one hundred ten percent during the
years examined. It says hospital emergency rooms more than two hundred thousand
cheerleaders between 1990 and 2002.
tradition | involved | | grown | part | difficulty | treated |complexity | admitted |
A. Involved 2 Tradition 3 grown 4. Difficulty 5. treated.
2. The American Civil War began in 1861 as a over the right of states to leave the Union.
President Abraham Lincoln firmly .. that a state did not have that right. And he declared war
on the southern states that tried to leave.Lincoln had only one reason to fight: to save the Union. In
time, however, there was another reason to fight: to free the black people held as slaves in the
South.Lincoln had tried to keep the .. of slavery out of the war. He feared it would
the northern war effort. Many men throughout the North would fight to save the Union.
They would not fight to free the slaves.
1. thought | struggle | believed | hamper | issue | weaken | demand |
A. Struggle b. believed c. issue d. weaken
3. The use of valuable stones like diamonds goes back thousands of years. Rulers of many ancient
.. used gemstones to show wealth and importance. Diamonds still power and
fame. Rich and famous people around the world wear diamonds. And, most women in the United
States receive a diamond ring when they agree to a marriage proposal.Diamonds are .. from
the Earth. They are cut, made to shine and then sold at high prices. The nation of South Africa is
for its supply of diamonds. For generations, men have gone deep down into the Earth to
bring out the rough stones. It is very and dangerous work.
Demanding | signify | cultures | exploited | represent | mined | famous | difficult | supplier |
A. Cultures b. represent C. mined d. famous. Difficult
4. The Danaan and Danites are a mystery people for many historians. Speculated to have been Greek
seafarers in the late Bronze Age, they are also closely . with the Sea Peoples who
ravaged the Eastern Mediterranean during the same period. Other evidence suggests they originated
somewhere along the coast of the Levant, or they were an Israelite tribe that fled with Moses during
the biblical .. from Egypt. Whoever the Danaan or Danites were, they left a
legacy.The warriors who sacked Egypt for its spoils or Homers Troy may explain the mysterious
identity and origins of these people, along with the use of Greek . and the Bible itself.
Exodus | associated | mythologies | departure | conflicting | related | legendary |
A. Associated , Exodus, 3. Confilicting, 4. Mythologies.
5. On February 2, 1887a few months after an had reduced a third of the commercial
buildings in Punxsutawney to ashesa small group of men ascended a wooded area a mile outside
the small western Pennsylvania coal town in search of a local rodent said to possess meteorological
.. powers. Up to the time of going to press the beast has not seen his shadow, the
Punxsutawney Spirit .. reported to its readers. Later that day, however, the men of what
would become known as the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club . one of the local woodchucks
and reported back to the town that it had seen its shadow, meaning six more weeks of winter.
spotted | forecasting | dejectedly | noted | predicting | sadly | inferno | storm |
a. Inferno forecasting dejectedly spotted
6. If you had a globe at home when you were a child, you may have played the game of .. the
globe, placing your finger on it lightly, and wherever the globe stops under your finger is where you will
visit. Round and round she goes, and where she stops nobody knows.If you spun a globe and
it.. on North London, and spun it again and it landed on the Isle of Wight, you would be in
the of two companies that make custom, globes by hand and to order.
One is Bellerby & Co. Globemakers in London. The other is Lander & May, in the city of Cowes on the
Isle of Wight in Britain.
terrestrial | landed | vicinity | revolving | stops | spinning | area | celestial |
spinning landed vicinity terrestrial
7. Using the largest set of radiocarbon dates ever . from a single Maya site, archaeologists
have developed a timeline that clarifies patterns leading up to two major collapses of the
ancient civilization.
Scientists have long .. over what caused what is known as the Classic Maya collapse in the
ninth century CE when many of the ancient civilizations cities were abandoned. More recent
investigations have revealed that the Maya also experienced an earlier in the second
century CEnow called the Preclassic collapsethat is even more poorly understood.
precise | obtained| puzzled |collapse | detailed | gathered | decline | assumed |
A. Obtained B. precise c. Puzzled d. Collapse.
8. Apollo 17 was the sixth Apollo mission to on the moon, and the last to see humans walk on
the surface. Though there are no firm plans from any space agency to humans to the
moon in the near future, robotic exploration of the moon has continued, .. as scientists
discovered evidence of water ice on its surface. NASAs Lunar . Orbiter has also
taken high-resolution imagery of all the Apollo landing sites, including Apollo 17.
reconnaissance |escpecially | land | return | particularly | surveying | send | landed |
A. Land, b return c. particularly reconnaissance.
9. Kazakhstan was once a nomadic, quiet country, much of it, in the words of Nikita Khrushchev, virgin
land. When the country independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, it began an often
awkward to the modern centralized power of a settled people. The most ..
example of this transition may be the capital city, Astana, which grew from its earlier emptiness (and its
earlier name: Tselinograd) into a cultural, tech, and . capital, the kind of built-overnight
21st-century oil jungle that brings to mind cities like Doha or Dubai.
took | changes | illustrative | gained | economic| transition | significant | business |
a. Gained, transition illustrative economic.
10. Many old spells have been lost or .. over the years, but careful readers of medieval
books can still recognize some of them tucked within old tomes. There is a spell from a 10th-century
book which was one of the most wanted recipes for medical emergencies it was created to
poisoning and infections. Magic spells are mentioned in some of the worlds oldest
resources. It also seems that people had . magic even before they learned how to write.
Seeking spiritual or aid is still popular today and many people turn to the old beliefs
when they face hardship.
heal | divine | extinct | forgotten | cure | practiced | devotional | performed |
A. Forgotten, cure, practices, divine
11. According to tales and legends, the .. of Chinese New Year started with the fight against a
. beast called Nian, who had the body of a bull and the head of a lion. It was said to be a
ferocious animal that lived in the mountains and hunted for a living. Towards the end of Winter when
there was nothing to eat, Nian would come on the first day of New Year to the villages to eat livestock,
crops, and even villagers, especially children. To .. themselves, the villagers would put food in
front of their doors at the beginning of every year. It was . that after the Nian ate the food they
prepared, it wouldnt attack any more people.
safeguard |origin | mythical | believed | fabled | beginning | protect | accepted |
A. Beginning, mythical, protect,believed
12. In Scotland it was believed the fairies sit on the mushrooms and use them as tables for their fetes,
while in Wales the story goes that the mushrooms were by the fairy folk and used as
parasols or umbrellas. Even now in Wales its said the rings an underground fairy village.
Welsh folklore also the rings as locations of fertility and fortune, and claim that crops
grown around them and livestock . nearby will flourish.
signify | picked | feeding | considers | plucked | marked | living |
Plucked, Signify, considers,feeding
13. Worldwide, around 60 per cent of the 500 known primate species are . with extinction.
primates live in tropical and subtropical areas and are mainly found in regions of Africa, South
America, Madagascar and Asia. However, the extinction of a species must be .. a global
problem. An international research team that includes two scientists from the German Primate Center
Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, the economic, social, cultural, ecological and
scientific importance of primates and the global of species extinctions. They call for a
strengthening of awareness and a rethinking of the impending extinction events.
consequences | threatened | evaluated |awaiting | considered | effects | recognized |
Threatened, considered, evaluated, consequences
14. For decades, scientists have that the movement of Earths tectonic plates is driven largely
by negative buoyancy created as they cool. New research, however, shows plate dynamics are
.. significantly by the additional force of heat drawn from the Earths core. The new
findings also challenge the theory that underwater mountain ranges known as mid-ocean ridges are
boundaries between moving plates. The findings show the East Pacific Rise, the Earths
. mid-ocean ridge, is dynamic as heat is transferred.
driven | dominant | theorized | passive | powered | assumed | parallel |
Theorized, powered, passive, dominant
15. At the time Jane Austens novels were published between 1811 and 1818 English literature was
not part of any academic curriculum. In addition, fiction was under .. attack. Certain
religious and political groups felt novels had the power to make so called characters so
interesting young readers would identify with them; these groups also considered novels to be of little
practical use. Even Cole-ridge, certainly no literary .., spoke for many when he asserted
that novel-reading occasions the destruction of the minds power. These attitudes towards novels help
explain why Austen received little from early nineteenth century literary critics.
immoral | reactionary | attention | fame | fierce | strenuous | liberal | critics
Strenuous, immoral, recreational, attention
16. Most of us are aware of the Great Wall of China, but ., many also ignore a massive wall
that stands tall in India. The fort of Kumbhalgarh is the second most .. fort of Rajasthan
after Chittorgarh and extends to the amazing length of 36 kilometers.
The wall that surrounds it, which history buffs love calling the Great Wall of India, is .. to
be 80 kilometers long, a fact that would make it Indias longest . and the second longest
wall worldwide, only behind Chinas.
significant | speculated | fortification | apparently | famous | estimated | seemingly |
apparently, significant, speculated, fortification
17. The head of a Buddha statue estimated to be 600 years old recently . from a Chinese
reservoir in Nancheng County, when water levels receded during of a hydro power gate.
A temple at the base of the 12.5-foot-tall Buddha statue points to the of the site to
villagers during the Ming Dynasty , or even the earlier Yuan Dynasty.
Xinhua reports that the water level in the reservoir in Jiangxi province fell about 10 meters to reveal the
head of the statue carved into a cliff. Divers went in the water to investigate and found the
of a temple, which measures about 165 square meters.
significance | foundation | structure | importance | restoration | emerged | renovation |
appeared |
emerged, renovation, importance, foundation
18. The group of explorers that discovered the of an ancient city in the jungle of Honduras
while hunting for the legendary lost city of La Ciudad Blanca , otherwise known as City of the Monkey
God, almost lost their faces to a flesh-eating parasite. Inhabitants of the ancient city had .
it in the 16th century after believing gods had cursed their city with disease.La Ciudad Blanca is a
. city that was said to be located in the virgin rain forest of Mosquitia in eastern Honduras.
Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts reported . trustworthy information about the
ancient ruins, but never located them.
collecting | abandoned | remains | legendary | hearing | ancient | deserted | ruins
remains, abandoned legendary, hearing
19. The first .. of olive trees is dated to the 7th millennia BC. The first known olive trees grew in
the Levant, in the lands of Persia and Mesopotamia. The olive tree also . on tablets and
pieces of wood hidden in ancient tombs. People who lived millennia ago saw the olive tree as a life-
giving tree. It also one of the first goods used for trade. Early evidence of the
.. and usage of olive oil is known from archaeological sites in Crete, Israel, and
Syria too.
appeared | appreciation | provided | reference | admiration | graced | evidence | granted
evidence, appeared, provided, appreciation
20. The Nekton Mission is an of 30 organizations conducting the longest seafloor survey in
history. Think of it as a physical exam for the ocean. Future groups will be able to use the missions
. findings to chart how oceans will respond to human-made threats like global warming.
The project is . by XL Catlin, a global insurance company from Ireland that has
sponsored similar environmental surveys since 2009. None of the work is .. , and the
data are open access so other researchers can use them.
baseline | trademark | sponsored | proprietary | alliance | association | funded | guideline
alliance, baseline, sponsored, proprietary.
21. Many researchers have previously argued that the megafauna became soon after the
arrival of the First Australians.For example, it has been that perhaps firing of the
landscape dramatically .. ancient Australias ecology. One species in particular, the giant
flightless bird Genyornis newtoni was investigated and shown to have .. to significant
habitat change and direct predation.
argued | extinct | reasoned | altered | wiped | succumbed | reshaped | capitulated |
extinct, argued, altered, succumbed
22. According to the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), on average it takes more
than 12 years and 1 billion to research and develop a new medicine . for public
use.Perhaps the most critical phase of a drugs .. is human clinical trials, which are
used by pharmaceutical companies to .. the benefits and the safety of newly developed
drugs. For every medicine that is successfully developed for use by the public, the ABPI says that
25,000 chemical are tested, of which only 25 make it to the clinical trial stage and only
five are ultimately approved for human use.
mixture | assess | development | evaluate | suitable | evolution | compounds | worthy |
suitable, development, assess, compounds
23. More than 100 billion is spent on healthcare in England every year almost 15% of government
. In the current era of reduced public spending there is .. pressure on the
regional bodies that commission health services to make better use of their resources.At
the same time they have a duty to deliver in the quality of care and achieve the best
value for money, as set out in the Governments mandate.
improvements | ongoing | spending | continual | limited | budget | development |
spending, continual, limited, improvements
24. The UK Department for Transport has announced major plans to transform the A303 highway. This
highway is the one which runs .. the world-famous site of Stonehenge. Their plans are to
improve traffic in the area as well as change the appearance and feel of the site by a
tunnel under the megaliths and doing away with the current road. However, many historians,
archaeologists, and ancient history are shocked and outraged by this proposal. They
.. that the tunnel could wreak havoc on unknown archaeological sites which may be located
nearby.
assert | alongside | admirers | building | enthusiasts | cite | constructing | beside
alongside, building, enthusiasts, assert
25. Eight hundred years ago, in a .. farming community on the outskirts of what was once one
of the fabled cities of the ancient world, Troy, a 30-year-old woman was laid to rest in a stone-lined
grave.Like others in the Byzantine era graveyard, the womans bones bore the .
signs of a hard agrarian existence. But something else caught the attention of Henrike Kiesewetter, an
archaeologist .. with Project Troia at Tebingen University, as she .. the
skeleton: two calcified nodules, each the size of a strawberry, nestled at the base of the chest, just
below the ribs.
affiliated | curated | studied | working | obvious | hardscrabble | unmistakable
hardscrabble, unmistakable, affiliated, curated
26. In 1861, farmers and ranchers were praying for rain after two . dry decades. In December
their prayers were answered with a ., as a series of monstrous Pacific storms
one after another into the West coast of North America, from Mexico to Canada. The storms produced
the most flooding residents had ever seen, before or since
violent | devastating | vengeance | slammed | unusually | exceptionally | strike |
exceptionally, vengeance, slammed, violent
27. A new study proposes that baboon grunts and barks might have more in common with human
.. than most people believe. Researchers have noted that these monkeys routinely
produce five of the distinct vowel sounds found in human languages. Their findings may help in the
struggle to just how human speech developed.According to a study published January
11, 2017 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE, an .. analysis of the grunts, barks,
wahoos, copulation calls, and yaks from baboons showed that just like human beings who use
several vowels during speech these animals seem to make five .. vowel-like sounds.
acoustical | distinct | languages | reveal | audible | different | speech | discover |
speech, discover, acoustical, distinct
28. Roughly 90% of humans are right-handed and this is one of the .. that separates us from
most other primates who dont really show any overall for left or right handedness.Its
believed that handedness played an important role in human evolution, with a recent study on the
. evidence of right-handedness in the fossil record shedding light on when and why this trait
arose. Interestingly, the were found not in our ancient hands, but in our ancient teeth.
earliest | signs | traits | clues | preference | inclination | feature |
traits, preference, earliest, clues
29. Quantum computing has long seemed like one of those .. that are 20 years away, and
always will be. But 2017 could be the year that the field sheds its research-only image.Computing
giants Google and Microsoft recently . a host of leading lights, and have set challenging
goals for this year. Their ambition reflects a broader . taking place at start-ups and
.. research labs alike: to move from pure science towards engineering.
academic | engaged | changeover | science | hired | transition | technologies
technologies, hired, transition, academic

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