Tir Part

Continuum Damage Mechanics:

initial and induced anisotropy in composite materials

J.-L. Chaboche

Conference to the Memory of Professor Jean-Paul Boehler

Grenoble (France), June 21-22, 1999

TP 1999-105
 Continuum Damage Mechanics: initial and induced anisotropy in composite materials

Mcanique de l'endommagement continu :

anisotropie initiale et induite dans les matriaux composites

par

J.-L. Chaboche

Conference to the Memory of Professor Jean-Paul Boehler

Grenoble (France), June 21-22, 1999

Rsum : L'anisotropie induite par endommagement et des aspects connexes sont brivement
revus et discuts, dans le contexte de la Mcanique de l'endommagement continu et de son
application des matriaux CMC ou CMM. Quelques indications sont donnes sur les effets de
dsactivation des dommages, les stockages associs d'nergie lastique et l'tat actuel des
possibilits des modles existants.

Ce Tir part fait rfrence au Document dAccompagnement de Publication DMSE9917

 Continuum Damage Mechanics : initial and induced anisotropy in composite
materials

J.L. Chaboche

O.N.E.R.A.
France

Abstract
Damage induced anisotropy and related aspects are briefly reviewed and discussed in the
context of CDM and its application to composite materials like CMCs or MMCs. Some
indications are given about the damage deactivation effects, the associated elastic energy
storage, and the present state of existing modeling capabilities.

1. Introduction
Since the early work of Kachanov (1958) many progresses have been done in the
development of a consistent continuum framework for Damage Mechanics. This Continuum
Damage Mechanics (CDM), as a purely macroscopic tool, do not try to describe all the local,
micromechanical and physical features but summarizes and approximates them through
global constitutive and damage equations.
Concerning damage induced anisotropy the preliminary works by Kachanov or Leckie and
Hayhurst (1974) were limited to creep damage and proportional loading conditions. Complete
anisotropic constitutive and damage modeling, applied to creep damage situations, were
appearing at the end of the seventies, involving second rank damage tensors (Cordebois &
Sidoroff, 1979, Murakami, 1983), or fourth rank tensors (Chaboche, 1979). Let us recall that
the idea of a second rank tensor was also proposed by Kachanov and Vakulenko (1971),
based on a micro-macro analysis for a microcracked elastic materials.
During the 80s damage induced anisotropy has been the subject of many researches,
especially supported by civil engineering applications to elastic brittle materials, like
concrete, rocks, Let us mention the works by Krajcinovic and Fonseka (1981), Ju (1989).
For composite materials we should mention Ladeveze's approach (1983, 1994) and works
done by Talreja (1991). One of the difficulties associated to the damage modeling of brittle
materials is the damage deactivation effects under compressive like loading conditions (see
the discussions by Chaboche, 1993).

2. Continuum Damage Mechanics of composites

The composite material is treated at the macroscopic level, as a continuum. In case of
laminated structures, we consider each ply as a different material, with its own constitutive
and damage equations, the laminate model being then obtained through the structural analysis.
To describe delamination between plies, we assume damaging interface layers. The works
conducted over the past few years at ONERA, led to developing a hierarchical approach to the
constitutive equations for the various composite systems (Chaboche et al., 1995, Maire &
Chaboche, 1997, Pottier, 1998, Chaboche et al., 1999) :
- The basic configuration is woven ceramic matrix composites (CMC's), such as SiC/SiC,
whose behavior is essentially elastic, with nonlinearities caused by damage. Very clear
damage deactivation effects take place under compression loadings,
 - Irreversible strains due to damage and plasticity type effects were introduced for C/SiC and
C/C composites.
- For C/PMR15 woven composites used in some engine parts, damageable viscoplasticity
and/or viscoelasticity models were developed to account for the anisotropies, the hysteresis
effects during the loading and unloading cycles, creep, relaxation and recovery effects.
- These macroscopic models are now being applied to organic matrix composites (OMCs)
used as unidirectional laminates. Different but similar versions have been developed for
SiC/Ti metal matrix composites (MMCs) using approaches with micro/macro transitions.
The general approach is developed in the context of Continuum Thermodynamics with
Internal Variables, using both scalar damage variables, associated with microcracks oriented
by the highest strength components (fibers, yarns), and tensorial ones, to describe microcracks
which orientation is related to the directions of the applied stresses. The models are able to
describe possible damage caused by compression (splitting type cracks).

3. Damage deactivation
The difficulty associated to the damage deactivation modeling appears in writing the
elastic potential and Hookes Law. Most of the developed CDM theories in the eighties, with
anisotropy and deactivation, suffer of unconsistencies (symmetry loss or stress-strain response
discontinuities; see Chaboche, 1993, or Curnier et al. 1993).
Some recent theories have incorporated more correctly the damage deactivation. Based on
an anisotropy description via a second rank damage tensor, they are applicable either to an
initially isotropic material (Halm & Dragon, 1995; Ladevze et al. 1994) or to initially
anisotropic ones (Maire & Chaboche, 1997). This class of models, even if mathematically
sound, still presents some modeling deficiencies :
- either damage growth under a purely compressive loading is not allowed, or the damage
deactivation effect is not complete, provided the shear modulus (and Poisson's terms) are not
affected by the deactivation ;
- the true effects of microcrack closures and slidings are not incorporated in a framework
consistent with micromechanical based approaches (see Andrieux et al., 1986, for exemple).

4. Damage deactivation, energy storage and friction mechanisms

This is the reason why a significantly different approach of deactivation has been proposed
recently (Boursin et al., 1996 ; Pottier, 1998), based directly on consequencies of a
micromechanics analysis (Chaboche & Suquet, 1998). When damage deactivates, i.e. when a
system of microcracks closes, no restriction is imposed to the change of the stiffness tensor
(or compliance) : the damage parameters or damage components corresponding to the
"closure direction" are replaced by zero values everywhere in the elastic potential (recovering
the initial stiffness in the extreme case where all damage components are deactivated, under
triaxial compression for instance). The corresponding strain (or stress) discontinuities in the
stress-strain response are "stored" in the material, through a progressive elastic energy storage
that takes place as the stress or strain changes after deactivation.
This new condition has not the previously mentioned shortcomings. It was applied first to
the modeling of a metal matrix composite, SiC/Ti with unidirectional long fibers (Pottier,
1998), in the framework of a macroscopic CDM model that takes into account the matrix
behaviour through a micro-macro approach. It is under application and extension to CMC's,
like SiC/SiC, trying to conciliate several aspects related to micro-friction :
- when damage has deactivated (microcrack closed), there is a coupling effect between elastic
energy storage and dissipation by friction (Coulomb's like friction of the crack lips);
- after elastic energy storage any re-opening (damage reactivation) is necessarily preceded by
a sliding mechanism (see Andrieux et al., 1986, Chaboche and Suquet, 1998). Only in case of
an infinite friction coefficient we could speak of a stress-strain "discontinuity" at re-opening
(Boursin et al., 1996);
- the friction/storage mechanism can also take place at a lower scale, associated with the
interaction between a matrix microcrack and the bridging fibers, including debonding and
sliding along the fiber/matrix interface. The involved debonding is practically of no effect on
the macroscopic elastic response but has to be incorporated in order to describe better
inelasticity ans hysteretic effects for quasi-elastic unloadings, like in micromechanics based
composite models (Levasseur, 1999).

5. Concluding remarks
To some extent composite materials, as oriented ones, are easier to model in terms of a
CDM approach : microcracks being often guided by the constituent orientations, the damage
theory can consider only scalar variables. However, in many cases one can also observe
microcracks driven by the stress direction, like in CMCs. This is the reason why the present
capabilities of many models for composites are incorporating both :
- a scalar representation of damage for those parallel to the constituents (not changing the
initial material symmetries),
- tensorial damage variables (2d or 4th ranks) for representing microcracks that more or less
develop perpendicular to the maximum principal stress.
Moreover the correct modeling of damage deactivation and related effects is a difficult
task. Presently several models incorporate in a mathematical and thermodynamical sound way
the essential features, essentially in France the models developed at LMT-Cachan, at ENSMA
and at ONERA. More recent extensions for elastic energy storage and the corresponding
friction mechanisms, even if already present in previous works, are still under development in
the framework of a general macroscopic CDM model, with application to several classes of
composites (Levasseur, 1999).

6. References
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les btons et les roches, J. de Mcanique Thorique et Applique, 5 (3), 471-513.

Boursin A., Chaboche J.L. and Roudolff F. (1996) Mcanique de l'endommagement avec
conditions unilatrales et stockage d'nergie lastique, CRAS Paris, t.323, Srie IIb, 369-376.

Chaboche, J.L. (1979) Le concept de contrainte effective appliqu l'lasticit et la

viscoplasticit en prsence d'un endommagement anisotrope. Col. Euromech 115, Grenoble,
Eds du CNRS, 1982.

Chaboche J.L. (1993) Development of CDM for elastic solids sustaining anisotropic and
unilateral damage, Int. J. of Damage mechanics, 2, pp. 311-329.

Chaboche J.L., Lesne P.M. and Maire J.F. (1995) Continuum Damage Mechanics, anisotropy
and damage deactivation for brittle materials like concrete and ceramic composites. Int. J.
Damage Mechanics, 4, 5-22.

Chaboche J.L. and Suquet P. (1998) Endommagement, interfaces. Ecole d'Ete "Mthodes
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Cordebois J.P. and Sidoroff F. (1979) Anisotropie lastique induite par endommagement, Col.
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