1 KAPPA 2011

Production Logging

2. Conventional Tools and

their Response
2 KAPPA 2011

Common PL tools

Flowmeters - Fluid Velocity

Density - Fluid mixture

Capacitance - Water volume fraction

Pressure - Pressure profiles & Pseudo-density

Temperature - Variations from the gradient

Press &Temp - Needed to compute fluid properties - PVT

3 KAPPA 2011

Auxiliary tools

Flowing section
Caliper

Depth control
Gamma Ray
Casing Collar Locator
 KAPPA 2011

Calipers

Calipers
Mechanical devices
Sensitive readings
Prone to sticking
Calibration can shift
Usually calibrated with a two
point calibration using 2 rings
of known diameters.

PFC1, PFC2 - Schlumberger

XCAL, YCAL - Sondex
5 KAPPA 2011

Flowmeters
Courtesy - SONDEX

One of the simplest but

most important tools in the
PL string

Measures: RPS

But we need:
FLUID VELOCITY
RATE

Fullbore Inline/Continuous Diverter/Basket

6 KAPPA 2011

Flowmeter types

In line
small spinner
good for high flowrates
can log in restricted diameters tubing, scaled up well, etc

Fullbore
maximum spinner blade size
best for wide range of flowrates
possible problems in injectors: blade collapse with flow from above

Diverter
stationary measurement
good for low flowrates
typically < 2000bbl/d
7 KAPPA 2011

Flowmeters

Flowmeters measure flow..

hence are used to detect flow phenomena

Where is the flow coming from?

Are all perforations flowing?

Is there crossflow?

Are there any leaks?

8 KAPPA 2011

Flowmeters

The spinner action rotates the

magnets, which pass the powered Hall
effect switches

Magnet present switch is closed

No magnet switch is open

The switches are opened and closed

giving 10 pulses per revolution

By counting the switchrate, and the

order of closing, the direction of rotation
and the RPS are measured

Courtesy - SONDEX
9 KAPPA 2011

Sign conventions

Positive cable speed going down

Negative cable speed going up

Positive rps if fluid is coming from below

Negative rps: if fluid is coming from above
10 KAPPA 2011

Spinner response

Rps depends on relative fluid-tool velocity

+ =

Fluid Velocity Tool Velocity

We need to convert rps to fluid velocity

11 KAPPA 2011

Ideal response: zero flow

rps: frequency
rps a Vtool Vtool: tool speed i.e. cable speed
a: pitch coefficient, function of tool geometry
(tool shield for Vtool < 0)

rps
Vtool < 0 Vtool > 0

Vtool

Typical FBS
slope
0.05 rps/ft/min
0.15 rps/ft/min
12 KAPPA 2011

Real response: zero flow

rps
b Increasing
rps aVtool c decreasing
Vtool Vtool

a: pitch coefficient (geometrical)

Vtool
b: bearing friction coefficient
c: fluid friction coefficient
Threshold (+) + threshold (-)
: fluid density
: fluid viscosity

Disregard non-linearity but not changes

of slopes / intercepts
> In situ calibration required
13 KAPPA 2011

Real response: Vfluid

rps

Vfluid + -Vfluid

Vtool
+ Vtool

V fs V fluid Vtool

With opposite sign conventions Vfs is the sum of Vtool and Vfluid.
For a plot in terms of Vtool the response in Vfluid is the response in
Vfluid=0, shifted so that the 0 is when Vtool = -Vfluid
 KAPPA 2011

Effect of fluid type

RPS

NOTE:
Slope AND threshold
change with fluid type

Increase in threshold from liquids to gas.

15 KAPPA 2011

Spinner response in PL

Producing Well
Fluid velocity Up Pass 0 Down Pass
16 KAPPA 2011

In-situ Calibration

Several
passes are
made both Up
& Down at
differing
speeds
Points are
selected in
stable flow
zones, e.g.
between
perforations
 KAPPA 2011

Spinner Calibration Data

1. Steady spinner
2. Steady Cable speed
3. Constant fluid type
(In your phase or
phases of interest)

Calibration Intervals

4. Confirm no change in tool

condition during survey period

5. Well conditions must be

stable during the survey period
 KAPPA 2011

Importance of Threshold

-75 -8

75 +2 = 77 m/min (liquid threshold) 8 +2 = 10 m/min (liquid threshold)

75 +6 = 81 m/min (gas threshold) 8 +6 = 14 m/min (gas threshold)
Small error in threshold small VAPP error Small error in threshold large VAPP error
5% difference in the VAPP 30% difference in the VAPP
 KAPPA 2011

Importance of Slope

-75 -60 -8

VAPP = 75 + 2 = 77m/min VAPP = 60 + 2 = 62m/min

A small change in the slope, in a high velocity region,

will have a large resultant effect on the VAPP for that region.
20 KAPPA 2011

Thresholds

Mode 1 Unique value of (+) and (-) threshold

6 4 6 4

Mode 2 Unique ratio T (-)/(Int (-) - Int (+))

18 12 6 4

Manufacturer Default Ratio = 0.583

21 KAPPA 2011

Thresholds

Mode 3 Multiple and independent thresholds

14 10 10 6 6

Full flow Intermediate flow Zero flow

zone zone zone
22 KAPPA 2011

Anomalies

Abnormal negative slope Abnormal intercepts

23 KAPPA 2011

Reasons for anomalies

In high angle wells, the flow is stratified.

Oil Flow

The light phase flows faster at the top of the pipe.

The heavier fluid may flow back down the pipe.

The shape of the well has an effect on the flow.

Water Flow
 KAPPA 2011

Calculating VAPP

RPS CS
+RPS

(RPS,CS)

VAPP (RPS,CS)

-CS +CS
(up) (down)

- RPS

Spinner already calibrated

Response slope known
Tool thresholds known
(In your phase of interest)
 KAPPA 2011

Transitions

SHARP INTERPOLATION

Where do we calibrate?
Strange
Velocity
26 KAPPA 2011

Spinner Reversal

Spinner, rps

tool moving
slower than the
fluid (+rps)

Spinner
Reversed

tool moving
faster than the
fluid (+rps) Tool logged up

ZERO FLOW
27 KAPPA 2011

Spinner Reversal

Spinner reversal occurs when the tool is moving faster

than the fluid

Typically occurs on the UP passes below the first fluid

entries. (Be careful with injectors)

It can be difficult to see the reversal if the spinner

never actually goes to zero rps. Caused by averaging
of spinner data, and filtering during acquisition.
28 KAPPA 2011

Spinner Reversal

Ideal unsigned
Good signed spinner Noisy signed spinner
spinner
29 KAPPA 2011

Spinner Reversal

noisy unsigned spinner filtered unsigned spinner break in the data

30 KAPPA 2011

Example 1

Several passes have been

made at different speeds.

Producing well

Unsigned spinner
31 KAPPA 2011

Diverter Calibrations

Low Flowrate Tools or Diverter Flowmeters expand their

effective diameter below tubing to divert the flow through
an orifice containing a small diameter spinner, thereby
increasing the fluid velocity to a measurable level.

These devices have good fluid sampling characteristics

because the majority of the fluids must go through the
spinner section.

These devices usually have an umbrella configuration

that diverts the fluid into the orifice; this generally requires
a stationary type of data collection.
32 KAPPA 2011

Petal Basket

Mode 4
.

Tool calibration chart, or

equations, supplied by
manufacturer
e.g. RATE
= (RPS * 75.2 + 25) / 6.2898
33 KAPPA 2011

Simple Spinner Interpretation

0 750 2375 2500m3/d

Maximum spinner response is 0% 30 95 100%

normalized to surface flowrate

Zero flow area spinner

response is normalized to zero
flow
5%
125m3/d
Can work in simple single- 65% 1.4rps
phase flow e.g. water injector 1625m3/d
21.2rps
monophasic producer 30%
750m3/d
9.7rps
Does not work in multiphase
flow, or in changing fluid 100%
2500m3/d
properties (viscosity) 32.3rps
34 KAPPA 2011

Enough infos ?

Well
Sketch

What happens here?

Spinner RPS
35 KAPPA 2011

Caliper

Caliper

Casing/ hole size

change!

Spinner RPS
 KAPPA 2011

Spinner summary
Depth Z CS SPIN
ft -200 ft/ min 200 -10 rps 22
Continuous or inline vs. diverter
In-situ Calibration (reversal ?)
8200

Vapp at each selected zone

8300
Computer interpretation:continuous fluid
Vapp channel
8400
VAPP
VAPP P1,I1 [ft/ min]

8500

B01.ke2
37 KAPPA 2011

Flowmeters: what is measured?

The spinner is centered in the casing, hence measures the flow in

the center portion of the pipe, (usually the maximum).
A correction has to be applied to get the average velocity.

LAMINAR FLOW

Dye

TURBULENT FLOW
38 KAPPA 2011

Velocity profile

V Vmax
1.0

0.8
TURBULENT FLOW

0.6

LAMINAR FLOW
0.4

V D


39 KAPPA 2011

Velocity profile

V Vapp
1.0
Spinner Blade Diameter/Pipe Internal Diameter 0.8
0.2
Ratio
0.8
TURBULENT FLOW Blade Diam
Pipe ID

0.6

LAMINAR FLOW
0.4
40 KAPPA 2011

VPCF Experimental Basis

Courtesy: Schlumberger

VPCF chosen at 0.83

41 KAPPA 2011

Fluid identification tools

Fluid Density
- gradiomanometer
- nuclear fluid density tool

Holdup = Volume fraction

- capacitance meter
- resistivity water hold up
- optical probes gas holdup
- pulsed neutron
 KAPPA 2011

Gradiomanometer

The tool measures the

Tubes filled with difference in pressure between
Silicone Oil, rso either side of a sensing chip,
(It is a single sensor)

Differential The single differential pressure

Pressure sensor gives the density.
Transducer
-Diaphragm

Courtesy Schlumberger
43 KAPPA 2011

Gradiomanometer

Density channel function of pressure gradient and

deviation

Tool response = f( dP/dZ,

dP/dZ comprises several components

dP/dZ = [dP/dZ]h + [dP/dZ]fric + [dP/dZ]acc

[dP/dZ]h = gcos hydrostatic head

[dP/dZ]f = frictions

[dP/dZ]a = acceleration, seldom significant (mist, gas)

44 KAPPA 2011

Gradio - vertical
Silicon oil, so
P2 PB
P1 PA so gh
P2 P1 PB PA so gh
P2 P1 fluid gh p fric pacc so gh

P2 P1 p fric pacc
fluid so
gh

If/when friction/acceleration are not significant

fluid
P2 P1
so
gh
45 KAPPA 2011

Gradio - deviated

P2 P1 fluid gh cos p fric pacc so gh cos

P2 P1 p fric pacc
fluid so
gh cos

fluid
P2 P1
gh cos
so
46 KAPPA 2011

Gradio corrected ?

uncorr
P2 P1
uncorrecte d for deviation
so
gh
P P
corr 2 1 so corrected for deviation
gh cos

uncorr so uncorr so 1 cos
corr so
cos cos

Check what channel is output !!

47 KAPPA 2011

Friction charts

105
Downhole flow rate

7"

5"

104 7 casing
45,000bbl/d (7150m3/d)
Corrected gradio = 5%

103
1.01 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.50 2.0
gradio
/
48 KAPPA 2011

Frictions

dP fV S

dZ 8 A

where:

f : friction factor, function of the appropriate Re number and roughness

S: the surface in contact with the fluid
A: area opened to flow
: density
V: the speed of the fluid relative to the considered surface.

The density appearing in the above equations depends on the flow regime.
For instance in annular flow, a liquid film is in contact with the pipe and only
the liquid density is considered.
49 KAPPA 2011

Moody friction factor

50 KAPPA 2011

Relative roughness

Commercial Steel
ID Relative Roughness
3 0.0006
6.2 0.0003

Relative Roughness = Absolute Roughness

Pipe ID

Absolute Roughness is a function of the pipe

material and the manufacturing process.
e.g. Commercial Steel = 0.00015
51 KAPPA 2011

Roughness

Relative roughness coefficient in scaled pipe?

52 KAPPA 2011

Nuclear Density

Small cesium-137 source

Count rate measured at the detector is a
function of the density in the fluid around
the tool

Focused: measure the density in a cavity,

within the diameter of the density tool
g-ray itself, and consequently the density
measurement is measured according to
the tool position in the wellbore.

Unfocused: measure around the tool.

Investigation depends on distance
between source and detector
53 KAPPA 2011

Nuclear Density

The advantage of the nuclear fluid density tool is that its

measurement is not affected by wellbore deviation or by friction
effects: the only density measurement in horizontal wells.

However, since the tool relies on radioactive decay, the readings

are subject to statistical variations.

It is a nuclear tool with a source.

54 KAPPA 2011

Pseudo-density

dp/dZ calculated fro m p vs Z

Needs:
- correction for pipe friction
- correction for deviation
55 KAPPA 2011

Density

The density measurement give an instant picture of the

fluids in the well

The slowest pass is best, as there are less effects on the

curve.

Fix the water and oil lines.

Look for changes which will indicate entries of different

fluids.

The sump may give confusing readings.

56 KAPPA 2011

Density
Depth Z CS SPIN DRHO
ft -200 ft/ min 200 -10 rps 22 0 g/ cc 1.2

8200

g o w

8300

8400
57 KAPPA 2011

Specifications

NANGAL SONDEX LEE SCHLUMBERGER

Tuned Nuclear SPECIALITIES Gradio
Density Gradio

Accuracy +/- 0.001g/cc +/- 0.03 g/cc +/- 0.03g/cc +/- 0.04g/cc

Resolution 0.00001g/cc 0.01g/cc 0.001g/cc 0.002g/cc

58 KAPPA 2011

Capacitance

Measure the capacitance of the fluid

mixture between the inner rod and the tool
outer jacket

The fluid capacitance is a function of the

holdups and respective dielectric values.

Main contrast in dielectic values is between

water and hydrocarbons:

water ( 78 ) and that of oil or gas (4 ).

59 KAPPA 2011

Capacitance Calibration

Calibration: convert cps to water holdup

Yw = f(Normalized response)

100% HC Re sponse
Normalized response
100% HC 100% H O
2

Diel Diel (100% HC)

Diel = f(Resp) Yw
Diel (100% H 2O) Diel (100% HC)
60 KAPPA 2011

Capacitance: Limits

Satisfactory
This class of tools works
Yw well as long as oil is the
Yw = 0.4 continuous phase

0.5
In practice they become
unreliable if the water cut is
above 30% - 40%

The tool is focused

1
6000 cps 3000
61 KAPPA 2011

Specifications

SONDEX SPARTEK SCHLUMBERGER

Accuracy +/- 3% 2% N/A

Water Holdup (0-30%WC)
5%
(30-60%WC)

Resolution 1% 0.1% N/A

(0-45%)
Water Cut
62 KAPPA 2011

Pressure

Strain
Quartz

The pressure measurement is a continuous profile of the

pressure in the wellbore.

The curve reflects changes in the borehole

fluid composition (density)

The major reason to measure the pressure is to be able to accurately

predict the PVT properties of the fluids.

It is possible to use the pressure as a density measurement

63 KAPPA 2011

Strain Gauge
64 KAPPA 2011

Crystal Gauge

Uses 3 crystals
Courtesy Quartzdyne
Resolution 0.01 psi
The well Pressure distorts the crystal, changing the oscillator resonant frequency.
This is reduced by the reference crystal frequency.
Master Calibration coefficients required for absolute accuracy
NOTE: Internal Temperature Data required for thermal corrections.
65 KAPPA 2011

Specifications

READ SPARTEK SCHLUMBERGER SCHLUMBERGER

Quartz 15,000psi Strain Quartz

Accuracy +/- 2 psi 0.024% FS +/- 6psi +/- 1 psi

+/- 0.01% fs

Resolution 0.01psi 0.003% FS 0.1psi 0.01psi

66 KAPPA 2011

Temperature

INDONESIA

The temperature of a
formation/well
follows the regional
geothermal gradient
67 KAPPA 2011

Temperature

Temperature is one of the most useful auxiliary measurements made

in production logging.

Combined with pressure it helps compute the PVT parameters.

In addition it will detect very small fluid entries and their flow.

Gas entries, for example, are characterized by a sharp reduction in

temperature.

It is the only tool in the string that sees behind casing, hence it will
detect channeling.
68 KAPPA 2011

Interpreting Temperature

The interpretation of temperature logs relies on patterns.

The change in temperature with respect to the

geothermal gradient has to be noted.

Heating means a fluid is flowing from deeper to

shallower

Cooling means the opposite.

The temperature is much more sensitive to small flows

than the flowmeters.
 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Flowing Well

qC p f t Tw TG

2 gG
thermal conductivi ty
Temperature

In this standard well the

flowing
gradient is shown in green.
Fluid enters the well through
4 the perforations and
continues up the well.
3 The hotter fluid increases the
temperature away from the
2 Geothermal Gradient geothermal gradient.

1
perforated zone
70 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Interpretation

Spinner

Geothermal

Temperature
71 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Gas Flow

Flowing Gas expands as it enters

Geothermal Gradient the wellbore.
The expansion is adiabatic
Flowing
Gas entry with gas entry This creates a cooling and
hence a lower temperature
(not always)
Perforations
72 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Interpretation 2

Spinner

geothermal

Temperature
73 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Channeling

Spinner

geothermal

Water flow Temperature

behind casing
74 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Crossflow 1

Temperature

The temperature
flowing
initially reacts to the
fluid entry at the
perforations.
4
Crossflow Crossflow from zones 4
flow +
3
down
Crossflow - 3, means colder fluid
is flowing down.

2 Geothermal Gradient The temperature reacts

Geothermal
showing a drop from
1
the point where the
perforated zone crossflow stops.
75 KAPPA 2011

Temperature: Leak

A leak may show a

drop in temperature
as fluid is entering
into the formation
leaving less fluid in
the borehole.
76 KAPPA 2011

Temperature Tools

SONDEX SPARTEK SCHLUMBERGER

Accuracy +/- 1degF +/- 1degC +/- 1degC

(+/- 1.8dgeF)

Resolution 0.0055degF 0.01 degC 0.006degC

(0.01degF)
 KAPPA 2011

Typical log overlay for QAQC

D e p th Int. D ia m. (ID ) Z Ca b le S p e e d (CS ) Flo wme te r (S P IN ) Ga mma R a y (GR )T e mp e ra ture (T E MP ) D e ns ity (D R H O) P re s s ure (P P R E )
ft 6. in 6. -200 ft/min 200 -10 rps 22 0 GAPI 100 244 F 256 0 g/cc 1.2 2820 psia 2960

8200

8300

8400
78 KAPPA 2011

FloView

Resistivity probe (FloView, Schlumberger):

Water Holdup

sees hydrocarbon bubbles in continuous

water phase, or water bubbles in continuous
hydrocarbon phase

Optical probes: (GHOST, Schlumberger):

Gas Hold Up

sees gas bubbles in continuous liquid

phase, or liquid bubbles in continuous gas
phase
FloView - Courtesy SCHLUMBERGER
79 KAPPA 2011

Bubble Count: Principle

OIL
OIL

Probe

Probe
signal

Water holdup Yw = White

White + Black
Oil holdup Yo = 1 - Yw
80 KAPPA 2011

Other PL tools

Tracers

Phase velocities
oxygen activation (WFL, Hydralog)
cross-correlation (MCFM)
transport (PVS)

Other volume fraction measurement

Pulsed neutron (C/O, RIN)
Low energy gamma ray scattering (GST)

Noise logging