Report On Construction Of A

Residential Building At Faridabad

SUBMITTED BY
ANKIT KUMAR JINDAL
(1301031015)

FACULTY GUIDE
Asst. Prof. NAVRATAN SINGH

Department of Civil engineering

JECRC University Jaipur

JULY 2017

i
 Report On Construction Of A
Residential Building At Faridabad

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

By:
ANKIT KUMAR JINDAL
(1301031015)

Faculty Guide:
Asst. Prof. NAVRATAN SINGH

Department of Civil Engineering

JECRC University Jaipur

JULY 2017

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled Construction Of A Residential Building
Faridabad submitted by ANKIT KUMAR JINDAL (1301031015) towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering of JECRC University, Jaipur is the record of work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance. In my opinion, the submitted work has reached a level required for
being accepted for FINAL PROJECT examination.

Date of Submission

-------------------------------
Mr. Navratan Singh
Guide and
Asssitant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering
JECRC University Jaipur
-----------------------------------
Mr. ANIRUH
Assistant Professor &
Head,
Department of Civil Engineering
JECRC University Jaipur

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr Anirudh ,Head of Department of Civil

Engineering for his valuable time and guidance that made the project work a success.

My heartfelt thanks to Mr. Ombir singh (Head project and planning) and Mr.
R.S.Bhaskar(AGM), at TRISHUL REAM HOMES LTD,FARIDABAD for their support in
providing me the data for the project.Thanks to all my friends and all those who have helped
me carrying out this work directly or indirectly without whom completion of this project work
was not possible.

I would also like to thank sincerely to Asst. Prof. Mr Anirudh, Head of Civil Department and
Asst. Prof. Mr NAVRATAN SINGH, JECRC University for giving me a platform to carry
out the project.

Sincerely Yours,
Ankit Kumar Jindal(1301031015)

iv
 ABSTRACT

The internship report in broad-spectrum contains four chapters in which I try to explain my
six month experience in TRISHUL DREAM HOMES LTD,FARIDABAD. The content of all
chapters is broadly explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work
ended all months.

In the opening chapter I give details to the company background including its mission, vision,
the project those runs through the company consultation. In this chapter I put all record or
history and futurity of my hosting company with its official address. So, it gives the details of
the company in terms of reader can easily know and access the company.

The second chapter is the most hunted chapter which explains my overall internship
familiarity in the last successive months. This chapter is the main chapter and I recorded on it
the overall work I have been executing. It gives a highlight what I have been doing and main
works of the construction industry.

After all those chapters explained above I go to the third chapter and explains the main
benefits of the internship class in terms of different aspects and areas. It is obvious that the
internship has a plus in terms of improving skills and different abilities as a whole. The
advantages and gains of the internship putted in short and prices way to grasp the attention of
readers and evaluators.

v
 List of Figures

Figure 1. Sample model of the project building 1

Figure 2. Elevation of the project building 4
Figure 3. Formwork 6
Figure 4. Aluminium Shuttering of floor 9
Figure 5. Scaffolding 10
Figure 6. Steel reinforcement work 14
Figure 7. Splicing of bars 14
Figure 8. Lapping of bars 15
Figure 9. Concrete pouring in Aluminium shuttering Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 10. Slab casting 20
Figure 11. Transit mixer 21
Figure 12. Needle vibrator 22
Figure 13. Curing of column Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 14. Ccuring of slab 26
Figure 15. Supervision of rcc work 28
Figure 16. Slump Flow test and T50 cm test 33
Figure 17 V funnel Apparatus 34
Figure 18 L Box Apparatus 37
Figure 19 U Box Apparatus 38
Figure 20 Slump test 40
Figure 21. Types of slump 41

vi
 List of Tables

Table 1. Some specifications of project 5

Table 2. Some specifications of plastering 12
Table 3. Lapping value Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4. Clear cover 16
Table 5. Reinforcement schedule 17
Table 6. Strenght of concrete at various stages 31
Table 7. Compressive strength of different grades of concrete 31

vii
Contents
CERTIFICATE III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV

ABSTRACT V V

LIST OF FIGURES VI

LIST OF TABLES VII

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1

1.1 ABOUT THE TRISHUL DREAM HOMES LTD. 1

1.2 TRISHUL VISION: 2
1.3 TYPE OF WORK; 3
1.4 SOME SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROJECT 4
CHAPTER 2 : FORMWORK
5

2.1 DEFINITION 5
2.2 ALUMINIUM FORMWORK- 8
2.3 Removal of formwork 8
CHAPTER 3 : SCAFFOLDING
9

CHAPTER 4 : PLASTERING
11

DEFINTION- 11
CHAPTER 5 : STEEL REINFORCEMENT
12

5.1 Splicing of Bar 13

Figure 7. Splicing of bars 145
5.2 Clear Cover 15
Table 4. Clear cover 15
5.3 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE; 15
CHAPTER 6 : CONCRETING
17

MATERIALS AND MACHINERY USED: 17

FIGURE 9. CONCRETE POURING IN COLUMN SHUTTERING 19
SCC :- 18
6.1. PUMP AND PIPE-LINE METHOD 20
6.2. TRANSIST MIXTURE
21

viii
CHAPTER 7 : CURING
223

7.1 IMPORTANCE OF CURING: 234

7.2 REASONS TO CURE CONCRETE: 245
7.3 RIGHT TIME TO CURE CONCRETE: 245
7.4 DURATION OF CURING: 256
IS-456:2000 provisions for duration of Curing (Indian Standard-Plain & Reinforced concrete-Code of
Practice, 4threvision, page 27) 256
Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept continuously damp or in a wet condition by ponding or by
covering with sacks, canvas, hessian or other similar material and kept continuously wet for atleast 7 days
from the date of placing, in case of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and at least 10 days when mineral
admixtures or blended cements are used. In case of concrete where mineral admixtures or blended
cements are used, it is recommended that the above minimum periods may be extended to 14 day. 256
7.5 CURING COMPOUND: 256
CHAPTER 8 : SUPERVISION OF RCC WORK
278

CHAPTER 9 : TESTING OF MATERIALS AT SITE

289

9.1 TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE : 289

TABLE 7. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF CONCRETE 31
9.2 TEST OF SCC: 382
9.3 SLUMP TEST 409
TYPES OF SLUMP 409
Collapse Slump 42
Shear Slump 42
True Slump 42
APPLICATIONS OF SLUMP TEST 42
REFERENCES 45

ix
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Sample Model of the project building

1.1 About the Trishul Dream Homes Ltd.

Trishul Dream Homes Limited is a Public incorporated on 15 March 2007. It is classified as
Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Delhi. Its authorized share
capital is Rs. 4,000,000 and its paid up capital is Rs. 2,499,220.It is inolved in Real estate
activities with own or leased property. [This class includes buying, selling, renting and
operating of self-owned or leased real estate such as apartment building and dwellings, non-
residential buildings, developing and subdividing real estate into lots etc. Also included are
development and sale of land and cemetery lots, operating of apartment hotels and residential
mobile home sites.(Development on own account involving construction]

Trishul Dream Homes Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 29
September 2016 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)

Directors of Trishul Dream Homes Limited are Dhan Prakash Gupta, Dindayal Agrawal,
Harish Chandra Agrawal, Suresh Chand Agrawal, Harpal Singh Saini, .

Trishul Dream Homes Limited's Corporate Identification Number is (CIN)

U70102HR2007PLC048290 and its registration number is 48290.Its Email address is

1
trishuldreamhomes@yahoo.com and its registered address is Post-Kheri Kalan,Sector-84 Near
Apeejay School Faridabad Faridabad HR 121002 IN , - , ..

1.2 Trishul Dream Homes Ltd Vision:

The vision of Trishul Dream Homes Ltd is to be the best appliance company in the world, as
measured by its customers, employees and shareholders.

Customers Customers perception of Trishul Dream Homes Ltd is based on the service it
provides. The pace of innovation and the number of projects launches have increased in
recent years, while the demands placed on projects have become more rigorous.

Employees One of the key tools for Trishul Dream Homes Ltd for measuring employees
satisfaction is the Employee Engagement Survey (EES), which Gauges such factors as
motivation and engagement among employees.

Shareholders Through the combination of continues growth, profitability and a small but
efficient capital base, Trishul Dream Homes Ltd shareholders are to receive a total return
well above the cost of capital

Mission Financial goals over a business cycle

The financial goals set by Trishul Dream Homes Ltd aim to strengthen the Groups leading,
global position in the industry and assist in generating a healthy total return for Trishul Dream
Homes Ltd shareholders.

Strategy
Trishul Dream Homes Ltd strategy is based on four pillars; Profitable growth, Innovation,
Operational excellence and People and leadership. The focus is on strengthening the position
in Trishul Dream Homes Ltd core markets and increasing the share of sales in growth
markets. This will be achieved
through an increased speed of innovative projects to the market and growth in new segments,
channels and project categories. Through a close cooperation between R&D, Design and
Marketing the pace of launching consumer relevant and innovative projects in the market will
increase.

Operational excellence is a pre-requisite for profitable growth. Trishul Dream Homes Ltd is
leveraging its global strength and scope to increase efficiency and lowering the cost base by
global operations, optimization of manufacturing and reducing complexity. Dedicated

2
employees with diverse backgrounds and a position as a sustainable leader are necessary for
Trishul Dream Homes Ltd to implement the strategy and achieve its vision.

Values

The Trishul foundation of guiding business principles in combination with a strong set of
values form the core of the Groups operations The Groups work in this area is also covered
in the Corporate Governance Report and the Sustainability Report.

1.3 Type of Work;

The work is for construction of Substructure and Superstructure of blocks A1, A2, A3, A4,
A5, A6, A7 including non-tower area and allied buildings. The work shall be carried out as
per the Architects specifications & guidelines generally in accordance with the latest
standard CPWD specifications for work and latest IS Codes.

Figure 2. Elevation of the project building

3
1.4 Some Specifications of the Project
Number of tower 7
Quarter type 2BHK
Floor Height 3.15 meter
Floor slab thickness 150 mm
Stair case slab thickness 220 mm
Column Height 3.00 meter
Concrete Grade M-30
w/c ratio of Concrete 0.40
Grade of PCC M-5
Ratio of PCC 1:5:10
w/c ratio of PCC 1.2
Type of bar used on site TMT(Thermo mechanically treated)
Yield strength of bar Fe-500
Bar used in beam 25 mm,20 mm,16 mm
Bar used in beam stirrups 8 mm
Bar used in column 25 mm (till 5th floor )
20 mm (6th,7th,8th floor )
16 mm (9th,10th,11th 12th 14th floor )
Bar Used in Column Stirrups 8 mm,
No of tower crane 2
No of Transit Mixer on site 4
No of concreting pump on site 3
Batching Plant on site 1

Table 1 Some specifications of the project

4
CHAPTER 2 : FORMWORK

2.1 Definition
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or
similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports
the shuttering moulds. Formwork is a mould including all supporting structures, used to shape
and support the concrete until it attains sufficient strength to carry its own weight. It should be
capable of carrying all imposed dead load & live loads apart from its own weight.
The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost
of the structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures is made to economic
expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped
formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called
stationary forms.
Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fiber glass used
separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-use
of the same forms are necessary. For small works, timber formwork proves useful. Fiber glass
made of pre-cast concrete and aluminum are used in cast-in-situ construction such as slabs or
members involving curved surfaces.

Figure 3. Formwork

5
A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally
and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable
for reuse.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the
elements.
9. It should rest on firm base.

Economy in Formwork:

The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:

The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the
size of rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical
way.
Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable
reuse of the material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish depends
on the quality of the formwork

6
Types of Formwork:
Formworks are of mainly three types
1. Timber Formwork (However, due to the depleting forest reserves and increasing cost
of timber the use of alternate materials such as plywood and steel has become
prominent.
2. Plywood Formwork
3. Steel Formwork
4. Aluminum Formwork

(Most recently materials such as plastics and fiberglass are also being used for pre-fabricating
formwork.
Note- In this project Aluminum Formwork is getting used.

2.2 Aluminum Formwork-

The panels of aluminium formwork are made from high strength aluminium alloy,
with the face or contact surface of the panel, made up of 4mm thick plate, which is
welded to a formwork of specially designed extruded sections, to form a robust
component. The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge arrangement
system that passes through holes in the outside rib of each panel. The panel fits
precisely, securely and requires no bracing. The walls are held together with high
strength wall ties, while the decks are supported by beams and props.

Since the equipment is made of aluminium, it has sections that are large enough to be
effective, yet light enough in the weight to be handled by a single worker. Individual
workers can handle all the elements necessary for forming the system with no
requirement for heavy lifting equipment or skilled labor. By ensuring repetition of
work tasks on daily basis it is possible for the system to bring assembly line
techniques to construction site and to ensure quality work, by unskilled or semi-skilled
workers.

Trial erection of the formwork is carried out in factory conditions which ensure that all
components are correctly manufactured and no components are missed out. Also, they

7
 are numbered and packed in such a manner so as to enable easy site erection and
dismantling.

Figure 4. Shuttering of floor

2.3 Removal of formwork After 7 day of floor casting.

8
CHAPTER 3 : SCAFFOLDING
3.1 Definition-
When the height above floor level exceeds about 1.5 m a temporary structure, usually of
timber, is erected close to the work to provide a safe working platform for workers and to
provide a limited space for the storage of plant and building materials. The temporary
framework is known as scaffolding or simply a scaffold and it is useful in construction,
demolition, maintenance or repair works.

Points to be remembered during scaffolding

1. Bedding of standards-If standards are not resting on the firm ground, the base-plates of
suitable size should be provided at their bottom ends. Further, if required, a timber sole plate
may be provided on which all the base- plates rest.

2. Loading- The scaffolding should never be loaded heavily mainly because it is a temporary
structure and in case of single scaffolding, one of the ends of putlogs rests on the green
surface of the masonry.

3. Tying-in scaffold-It is necessary to tie back the building at suitable levels.

4. Raising- As the work proceeds, the standards are suitably lengthened and fresh ledgers and
putlogs are inserted .

5. Finishing- After the scaffolding is removed, the holes of putlogs in the wall should be
immediately filled up.

9
 Figure 5. Scaffolding

Precautions in Scaffolding
1. Scaffolding must be erected on a solid surface, and must itself be solid, rigid, and have a
high weight capacity enough to support its own weight as well as 4x the maximum
anticipated load.
Never support scaffolds or planks on uneven surfaces or with unsteady or portable
objects (barrels, loose bricks, concrete boxes).
Stay at least 10 feet away from power lines.
A qualified supervisor must oversee the erecting and dismantling of the scaffold.
Never overload a scaffold.
2. Never use a damaged or in any way weakened scaffold. Ensure the safety and solidity of
the scaffold before its use with the following construction safety tips:
Tightly-planked platforms (typically with scaffold plank grade material).
Sturdy and protective guardrails, toeboards, and midrails.
Tight and undamaged rigging, inspected by a qualified supervisor before each shift or
alteration.
Avoid heating the synthetic and natural ropes of suspension scaffolding.
Immediate replacement of any unstable, damaged, or weakened supportive structures
(brackets, rails, ropes, braces, trusses, ladders, etc.).

10
3. Dont leave materials or debris abandoned on a scaffold at the end of the day, or
unattended at any time. Keep it as clean and clear as possible at all times.
4. Never use a scaffold in bad weather, especially if its covered in ice or snow.
5. Watch out for yourself, your fellow co-workers on the scaffold, and anyone below.
Everyone is in danger around a scaffold, particularly because of the risks of personally
falling or being crushed by something that is falling.

CHAPTER 4 : PLASTERING
Defintion-
The term plastering is used to describe the thin plastic covering that is applied on the surface
of walls and ceilings. The plastering removes the unevenness of the surfaces and sometimes
the plastering is used to develop decorative effects.

REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTER

1. It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all climatic
changes.
2. It should be cheap and economical.

3. It should be hard and durable.

4. It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions.

5. It should effectively check the entry or penetration of moisture from the surfaces.

6. It should have good workability.

11
Plastering Cement Sand

1 Interior walls 1 4
2 Exterior walls 1 5-6

Table 2 Some specifications of plastering

NOTE ALUMINUM SHUTTRING FLOOR CASTING HAVE NOT ANY

REQUIRMENT OF PLASTERING.

CHAPTER 5 : STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Its tensile strength is approximately
10% of its compressive strength. Therefore, concrete is generally used in conjunction with
steel reinforcement, which provides the tensile strength in a concrete member. The use of
plain concrete without steel reinforcement is limited to pavements and some slabs-on-ground.
Steel is the ideal material to complement concrete because the thermal expansion of both
materials is the same. In other words, when heated or cooled, both steel and concrete expand
or contract equally. Consequently, no stress is caused by differential expansion or contraction.
Composite materials that expand differentially are subjected to such stresses.

Bar bending workshop were situated in a place where it could be close to the site where the
bar is going to be placed in position. The bending of all types of reinforcement bars was take
place within the workshop. Except the column reinforcement bars all was tied and placed in
position exactly in a position where they are intended to be situated. On the sub-structure
work hauling was performed by labor. But on the super structure it is through the help of the
mobile crane, that the required amount and type of reinforcement bar will be conveyed. After

12
placing in position of the reinforcement bar and before the concrete pouring any dust particle
was removed or cleaned. On horizontal structures like the reinforced concrete in order to
maintain the allowable concrete cover depth or thickness concrete spacers was produced and
cured and placed in position.

Steel Reinforcement shall be as per BBS (Bar Bending Schedule) prepared according to
approved drawing.

Figure 6. Steel reinforcement work

5.1 Splicing of Bar

When the length of reinforcement bar has to be extended in reinforced concrete structural
member splicing is used to join two reinforcement bars to transfer the force from one bar to
the joining bar. The forces are transferred from one bar to the other through bonds in concrete.
Force is first transferred to the concrete through bond from one bar and then it is transferred to

13
the other bar forming the splice through bond between it and concrete. Thus concrete at the
point of splicing is subjected to high shear and splitting stresses which may cause cracks in
concrete.

Figure 7. Splicing of bars

Splicing of reinforcement bars are carried out by following methods :

1. Lapping of bars
2. Mechanical joint
3. Welded joints

In this project Lapping of bars is getting used for splicing of bar

14
 Figure 8. Lapping of Bars

A lap joint is when two pieces of reinforcing bar are overlapped to create a continuous line of
reinforcement. The length of the lap varies depending on concrete strength and the bar grade.

On site lapping value is provided in the Architectural drawing.

Column 36D
Beam 46D
Slab 46D
Footing 46D

Table 3 Lapping Value

5.2 Clear Cover

Clear cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide
resistance against fire. The thickness of cover depends on environmental conditions and type
of structural member. The minimum clear distance between reinforcing bars shall by in
accordance with IS: 456 2000 or as shown in drawing. Below are the specifications for
reinforcement cover for different structural members in different conditions

Slab 20 mm
Beam 30 mm
Column 40 mm
Footing 50 mm
Table 4. Clear cover

5.3 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE;

15
Bar bending schedule (or schedule of bars) is a list of reinforcement bars, vis--vis, a given
RCC work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference. This table
summarizes all the needed particulars of bars diameter, shape of bending, length of each
bent and straight portions, angles of bending, total length of each bar, and number of each
type of bar. This information is a great help in preparing an estimate of quantities.

Standard form of Reinforcement Schedule (as per IS: 2502-1963)

Location Mark Size and Number Number Total No Length Shapes (

designation Type of Sets per Sets all
dimensions
are in
accordance
with
standard
unless
otherwise
stated)
Column EC21 Ms round 5 4 20 3000 mm Straight
25 mm

Table 5. Reinforcement Schedule

16
 CHAPTER 6 : CONCRETING

Materials and Machinery Used:

SCC(Self Compacting Concrete)

Batching plant
Transit mixer
Concrete Pump
Needle vibrator
Chute and CI Pipes

SCC(Self Compacting Concrete)

The prototype of SCC was first completed in 1988 using materials already on the market. The
prototype performed satisfactorily with regard to drying and hardening shrinkage, heat of
hydration, denseness after hardening, and other properties and was named "High Performance
Concrete." Since then, the term high performance concrete has been used around the world to
refer to high durability concrete. Therefore, Okamura [1] has changed the term for the
proposed concrete to "Self-compacting High Performance Concrete" (SCHPC) and this was
defined as follows at the three stages of concrete:

1. Fresh : Selfcompactable.
2. Early age : avoidance of initial defects.
3. After hardening : Protection against external factors.

SCHPC can be described as a high performance material which flows under its own weight
without requiring vibrators to achieve consolidation by complete filling of formworks even
when access is hindered by narrow gaps between reinforcement bars [2]. With the

17
 advancement of concrete technology, high performance concrete is getting popular in
prestressed applications. The attributes of high performance concrete are as follows:

High strength
Minimum shrinkage and creep
High durability
Easy to cast
Cost effective

Production and Placement of concrete.

Stock of material shall be sufficient to start the concrete. It shall be ensured by

stores/purchase department that concreting is not stopped on account of materials.
All plant and machinery are checked and made in working conditions.
Proper walkways/platforms shall be arranged so that the supports of the pipeline and
manpower are not directly stand on reinforcement.
Sufficient carpenters along with supervisor shall inspect the behavior of supports
below the slab during the casting. Extra Props shall be stocked below slab to provide
additional supports in case of any failure of supports.
When this is impractical due to the distance required or the size of the job, the fresh
concrete can be pumped through a system of pipes or hoses to the site by special
concrete pumps.
Concreting once started should be continuous until the pour is completed.
Concrete should not be dropped from a height more than one meter or handle in a
manner which will cause segregation.

18
 Figure 9. Concrete pouring in aluminum shuttering

1. Pump and Pipe-line method

It is the most sophisticated method particularly suitable for limited space or when a large
quantity of concrete is to be poured without cold joints. Pumping of concrete can be done @ 8
to 70 cubic meters per hour up to a horizontal distance of 300 meter and vertical distance of
90 meter. Pipe dia is generally 8 to 20 cm and it is made of steel., plastic or aluminum. The
workability for pumped concrete should have a minimum of 40 to 100 mm of slump or 0.90
to 0.95 compacting factor. At delivery point the workability may be reduced by 25% due to
compaction and this factor should be kept in mind while designing the mix.

Figure 10. Slab casting

19
2. Transit Mixer
Transit mixer is one of the most popular equipment for transporting concrete over a long
distance particularly in ready mix concrete plant. They are truck mounted having a capacity of
4 to 7 cubic meter. There are two variations. In one, mixed concrete is transported to the site
by keeping it agitated all along at a speed varying between 2 to 6 revolutions per minute. In
other category, the concrete is batched at the central batching plant and mixing is done in the
truck mixer either in transit or immediately prior to discharging concrete at site.

Figure 11. Transit mixer

Compacting Concrete:

After concrete has been mixed, transported and placed, it contains entrapped air in the form or
voids. The object of compaction is to get rid of as much as possible for this unwanted
entrapped air; down to less than 1% is usually the aim.

Reasons for Removing Air

20
Voids reduce the strength of the concrete. For every 1 % of entrapped air, the strength falls by
about 5 to 6 %. So a concrete with, say, 3 % voids will be about 15-20 % weaker than it
should be.Voids increase the permeability, which in turn reduces the durability. If the
concrete is not dense and impermeable, it will not be watertight, it will be less able to
withstand mildly aggressive liquids, and any exposed surfaces will weather badly; in addition,
moisture and air are more likely to get to reinforcement and cause it to rust.

Voids reduce the contact between the concrete and the reinforcement and other embedded
metals; the required bond will then not be achieved and the reinforced member will not be as
strong as it should be. Voids produce visual blemishes such as blowholes and honeycombing
on stuck surfaces.

If the concrete mixing truck can be located close to (and higher than) the site, then the
concrete can be poured directly into the forms. In cases where this is not possible, the
concrete can be transferred in buckets by a crane or by wheelbarrow.

Figure 12. Needle vibrator

21
CHAPTER 7 : CURING

Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within
a reasonable temperature range. This process results in concrete with increased strength and
decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks, which can severely
affect durability.

The hydration reaction begins as soon as water and cement come into contact, but the rate at
which this reaction proceeds is extremely slow. It takes up to 6 months or longer for concrete
to gain its full strength. However, approximately 80% of concrete strength develops in 28
days. Approximately two thirds of the 28-day strength is obtained in the first 7 days and
approximately half in the first 3 days. This is true only if sufficient water and favorable
temperature are available for the hydration reaction to continue. That is why concrete test
cylinders are kept in a moist chamber until tested. Providing moisture to concrete
continuously for hydration is called curing of concrete. A well-cured concrete is denser and,
hence, stronger and more durable. On construction sites, curing is begun as soon as the
concrete has fully set (solidified), which is generally 12 to 24 h after placing the concrete.
Curing in the initial stages of hardening is extremely important and should continue as long as
possible, not less than 7 days. It is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the
concrete while maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime. Curing is essential for
producing good concrete that has the desired strength, impermeability and durability, and is of
particular importance in situations where the water-cement ratio is low, or the cement has a
high rate of strength development. So, curing must be conducted using potable water and
covering of the structural element using covering material for at least 7 successive days to
retain the moisture lost

22
 Figure 13. Curing of column

7.1 Importance of Curing:

Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete to
ensure an uninterrupted hydration of Portland cement after concrete has been placed and
finished in its final position. Curing also ensures to maintain an adequate temperature of
concrete in its early ages, as this directly affects the rate of hydration of cement and
eventually the strength gain of concrete or mortars.
Curing of concrete must begin as soon as possible after placement & finishing and must
continue for a reasonable period of time as per the relevant standards, for the concrete to
achieve its desired strength and durability. Uniform temperature should also be maintained
throughout the concrete depth to avoid thermal shrinkage cracks. Also protective measures to
control moisture loss from the concrete surface are essential to prevent plastic shrinkage
cracks.

In a nut shell, curing process is designed primarily to keep the concrete moist by controlling
the loss of moisture from the body of concrete, during the given period in which it gains
strength.

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7.2 Reasons to Cure Concrete:

Concrete strength gain - Concrete strength increase with age as moisture and a favorable
temperature is present for hydration of cement. An experimental investigation was
conducted by "Cement, Concrete & Aggregates Australia" (CCAA) and the same was
published in their data sheet on "Curing of Concrete," which has been included in this
article for reference. Figure-1 illustrates a comparison of the strength of concrete at 180
days of moist curing with various periods of moist curing (0, 3, 7, 14 & 28 days) and then
allowing it to dry out. From the graph below, it can be observed that concrete allowed to
dry out immediately, achieves only 40% of the strength of the same concrete water cured
for the full period of 180 days.
Improved durability of concrete The durability of concrete is affected by a number of
factors including its permeability, porosity and absorptivity. Well cured concrete can
minimize thermal, plastic & drying shrinkage cracks, making concrete more water tight,
thus preventing moisture and water borne chemicals from entering into the concrete and
thereby increasing its durability.
Enhanced serviceability - Concrete that is allowed to dry out quickly undergoes
considerable early age shrinkage. Inadequate curing contributes to weak and dusty
surfaces having a poor abrasion resistance.

7.3 Right Time to Cure Concrete:

After concrete has been placed in its final position and during the initial set, bleed water
rises to the concrete surface as plastic settlement occurs. During this period, if the rate of
evaporation of bleed water is greater than the rising water, plastic shrinkage of the
concrete occurs. Initial mist curing is necessary to keep the surface moist to prevent the
surface from drying out.
Between initial set and final set, intermediate curing would be needed if the finishing is
complete prior to final set. This may be in the form of a barrier which prevents the loss of
moisture from the concrete surface. e.g. covering the concrete surfaces with plastic sheets,
waterproof paper, etc.
After final set, meticulous curing will have to be done as per the procedures selected. e.g.
water curing methods-Ponding, Misting, wet coverings with hessian cloth, Impermeable
membrane curing, Curing compounds, etc.

24
7.4 Duration of Curing:

The duration of curing of concrete depends on the grade & type of cement, mix proportion,
desired concrete strength, shape and size of the concrete member and environmental &
exposure conditions. The duration may vary from few days to a month.

IS-456:2000 provisions for duration of Curing (Indian Standard-Plain & Reinforced concrete-
Code of Practice, 4threvision, page 27)
Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept continuously damp or in a wet condition by
ponding or by covering with sacks, canvas, hessian or other similar material and kept
continuously wet for atleast 7 days from the date of placing, in case of Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) and at least 10 days when mineral admixtures or blended cements are used. In
case of concrete where mineral admixtures or blended cements are used, it is recommended
that the above minimum periods may be extended to 14 day.

7.5 Curing Compound:

Curing compounds are designed to minimize the loss of water during concrete cure,
producing concrete which is free of cracks, has a dense stain-resistant surface, and has
minimal porosity to prevent the ingress of water, chlorides, and other corrosive elements
which will attack reinforcing steel.

7.6 Ponding :

This is the best method of curing for roof slab.It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such
as floors, roof slabs, road and air field pavements. The horizontal top surfaces of beams can
also be ponded. After placing the concrete, its exposed surface is first covered with moist
hessian or canvas. After 24 hours, these covers are removed and small ponds of clay or sand
are built across and along the pavements. The area is thus divided into a number of rectangles.
The water is filled between the ponds. The filling of water in these ponds is done twice or
thrice a day, depending upon the atmospheric conditions. Though this method is very
efficient, the water requirement is very heavy. Ponds easily break and water flows out. After
curing it is difficult to clean the clay.This method of thermal curing is readily affected by
weather condition (cold wind). Moreover, a large amount of water used has to be disposed off
the construction sites after curing.

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Figure 14. Curing of slab

26
CHAPTER 8 : SUPERVISION OF RCC WORK

Following points are to be carefully attended to while supervising the RCC work:

1. Cement- This should comply with the standard requirements and cement, which has
become hard due to moisture or any other reason, should be discarded and not used for the
work.
2. Fine aggregate- the sand to be used as fine aggregate should be clean and coarse. It should
be free from organic or vegetable matter. The sand should be washed, if there is any trace
of earth in it.
3. Coarse aggregate- The coarse aggregate should be properly graded as required. It should
be clean and free from impurities such as earth, coal dust and other organic materials.
4. Water- The mixing water for concrete should be clean and fresh. Usually the water, which
is fit for drinking, should be used for preparing concrete.
5. Proportion-The proportion of cement concrete should be as per specification of the work.
The necessary allowance should be made for the bulking of sand.
6. Reinforcement- The centering or formwork for concrete work should be sufficiently
strong and rigid and in good condition so as to turn out a good smooth surface. It should
be removed after getting written permission of the engineer in charge of the work.
7. Transporting and placing- The cement concrete should be carefully transported and placed
in position with careful precaution.
8. Finishing- The finishing of all exposed surfaces of concrete should be carried out as per
requirements of the specification of the work.

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 Figure 15. Supervision of rcc work

CHAPTER 9 : TESTING OF MATERIALS AT SITE

9.1 Test for Compressive Strength Of Concrete :

This is the utmost important which gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By
this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test
two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After
24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top
surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement
paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

Following are the procedure for Compressive strength test of Concrete

Cubes:

APPARATUS

Compression testing machine

PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used
in the field.

SPECIMEN

6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M-30 or above

MIXING

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Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer

HAND MIXING

(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color

(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch

(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency

SAMPLING

(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil

(ii) Fill the concrete in the moulds in layers approximately 5cm thick

(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)

(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

CURING

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out
prior to test.

PRECAUTIONS

The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-2oC.

PROCEDURE

(I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.

29
(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the
opposite sides of the cube cast.

(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.

(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails

(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

Percentage strength of concrete at various ages:The strength of concrete increases

with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at different ages in comparison with the
strength at 28 days after casting.

Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%

Table 6. Strenght of concrete at various stages

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Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days

Grade of Minimum Specified characteristic

Concrete compressive strength compressive strength (N/mm2)
N/mm2 at 7 days at 28 days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35
M40 27 40
M45 30 45

Table 7. Compressive strength of different grades of concrete

9.2 Test of SCC(Self Comacting Concrete):-

A. Slump flow test:-

The slump flow test is used assess the horizontal free flow of in the absence of obstructions. It
was first developed in Japan for use in assessment of underwater concrete. The test method is
based on the test method for determining the slump .T diameter of the concrete circle is a
measure for the filling ability of the concrete.

Assessment of test:
This is a simple, rapid test procedure, though two people are needed if the T50 time is to be
measured. It can be used on site, though the size of the base plate is somewhat unwieldy and
level ground is essential. It is the most commonly used test, and gives a good assessment of
filling ability. It gives no indication of the ability of the concrete to pass between
reinforcement without booking, but may give some indication of resistance to segregation. It
can be argued that the completely free flow, unrestrained by any foundries, is not
representative of what happens in concrete construction, but the test can be profitably be used
to assess the consistency of supply of supply of ready-mixed concrete to a site from load to
load

31
 Equipment:-

Mould in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200 mm
diameter at the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300 mm.

Base plate of a stiff none absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked
with a circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further
concentric circle of 500mm diameter

Trowel

Scoop

Ruler

Stopwatch(optional)

Procedure:
About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Moisten the base
plate and inside of slump cone, place base plate on level stable ground and the slump cone
centrally on the base plate and hold down firmly. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp,
simply strike off the concrete level with the top of the cone with the trowel. Remove any
surplus concrete from around the base of the cone. Raise the cone vertically and allow the
concrete to flow out freely. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for
the concrete to reach the 00mm spread circle (This is the T50 time).floatable test, might be
appropriate. The T50 time is secondary indication of flow. A lower time indicates greater
flow ability. The Brite EuRam research suggested that a time of 3-7 seconds is acceptable for
civil engineering applications, and 2-5 seconds for housing applications. In case of severe
segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in the centre of the pool of concrete and mortar
and cement paste at the concrete periphery. In case of minor segregation a border of mortar
without coarse aggregate can occur at the edge of the pool of concrete. If none of these
phenomena appear it is no assurance that segregation will not occur since this is a time related
aspect that can occur after a longer period.

32
 Fig. 16- Slump flow test and T50cm test

B. V Funnel Test :-
The equipment consists of a v shaped funnel as, show in Fig. An alternative type of V-funnel,
the O funnel, with circular. The test was developed in Japan and used by Ozawa et al. The
equipment consists of V-shaped funnel section is also used in Japan. The described V-funnel
test is used to determine the filling ability (flow ability) of the concrete with a maximum
aggregate size of 20mm. The funnel is filled with about 12 liter of concrete and the time taken
for it to flow through the apparatus measured. After this the funnel can be refilled concrete
and left for 5 minutes to settle. If the concrete shows segregation then the flow time will
increases significantly.

Assessment of test:
Though the test is designed to measure flow ability, the result is affected by concrete
properties other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any liability of the concrete to
block to be reflected in the result-if, for example there is too much coarse aggregate. High
flow time can also be associated with low deformability due to a high paste viscosity, and
with high inter-particle friction. While the apparatus is simple, the effect of the angle of the
funnel and the wall effect on the flow of concrete is not clear

Equipment:-

V-funnel

33
 Bucket (12 liter)

Trowel

Scoop

Stopwatch

Fig -17 Funnel test Apparatus

Procedure flow time:

About 12 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the V-
funnel on firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the funnel. Keep the trap door to
allow any surplus water to drain. Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.
Fill the apparatus completely with the concrete without compacting or tamping;
simply strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to flow out under
gravity. Start the stop watch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the
complete discharge (the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen from above
through the funnel. The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.

34
Interpretation of result:
This test measures the ease of flow of concrete, shorter flow time indicates greater flow
ability. For SCC a flow time of 10 seconds is considered appropriate. The inverted cone shape
restricts the flow, and prolonged flow times may give some indication of the susceptibility of
the mix to blocking. After 5 minutes of settling, segregation of concrete will show a less
continuous flow with an increase in flow time.

C. L Box Test on Self Compacting Concrete

This test is based on a Japanese design for under water concrete, has been described by
Peterson. The test assesses the flow of the concrete and also the extent to which it is subjected
to blocking by reinforcement. The apparatus is shown in the figure. The apparatus consist of
rectangular section box in the shape of an L, with a vertical and horizontal section, separated
by a movable gate, in front of which vertical length of reinforcement bar are fitted. The
vertical section is filled with concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the concrete flow into the
horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the height of the concrete at the end of the
horizontal section is expressed as a proportion of that remaining in the vertical section. It
indicates the slope of the concrete when at rest. This is an indication passing ability, or the
degree to which the passage of concrete through the bars is restricted. The horizontal section
of the box can be marked at 200mm and 400mm from the gate and the times taken to reach
these points measured. These are known as the T20 and T40 times and are an indication for
the filling ability. The section of bar con be of different diameters and are spaced at different
intervals, in accordance with normal reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum
aggregate size might be appropriate. The bar can principally be set at any spacing to impose a
more or less severe test of the passing ability of the concrete.

Assessment of test:
This is a widely used test, suitable for laboratory and perhaps site use. It asses filling and
passing ability of SCC, and serious lack of stability (segregation) can be detected visually.
Segregation may also be detected by subsequently sawing and inspecting sections of the
concrete in the horizontal section. Unfortunately there is no arrangement t on materials or
dimensions or reinforcing bar arrangement, so it is difficult to compare test results. There is
no evidence of what effect the wall of the apparatus and the consequent wall effect might

35
 have on the concrete flow, but this arrangement does, to some extent, replicate what happens
to concrete on site when it is confined within formwork. Two operators are required if times
are measured, and a degree of operator error is inevitable.

Equipment:
L box of a stiff non absorbing material

Trowel

Scoop

Stopwatch

Fig.18 :L Box test Apparatus

Procedure of L Box Test:

About 14 liter of concrete needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the apparatus
level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and then close it. Moisten
the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the vertical section of the
apparatus with the concrete sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and

36
 allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch
and record the time for the concrete to reach the concrete 200 and 400 marks. When the
concrete stops flowing, the distances H1 and H2 are measured. Calculate H2/H1, the
blocking ratio. The whole has tom performed within 5 minutes

D. U box test method on SCC

The test was developed by the Technology Research Centre of the Taisei Corporation in
Japan. Some time the apparatus is called a box shaped test. The test is used to measure the
filing ability of self compacting concrete. The apparatus consists of a vessel that is divided by
a middle wall into two compartments; an opening with a sliding gate is fitted between the two
sections. Reinforcing bar with nominal diameter of 134 mm are installed at the gate with
centre to centre spacing of 50 mm. this create a clear spacing of 35 mm between bars. The left
hand section is filled with about 20 liter of concrete then the gate is lifted and the concrete
flows upwards into the other section. The height of the concrete in both sections is measured.

Assessment of test:
This is a simple test to conduct, but the equipment may be difficult to construct. It provides a
good direct assessment of filling ability-this is literally what the concrete has to do- modified
by an unmeasured requirement for passing ability. The 35 mm gap between the sections of
reinforcement may be considered too close. The question remains open of what filling height
less than 30cm is still acceptable.

Equipment:
U box of a stiff non absorbing material

Scoop

Trowel

Stopwatch

37
 Fig19:- U box test Apparatus

Procedure for U Box Test on Self Compacting Concrete:

About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the apparatus
level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and then close it. Moisten
the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the vertical section of the
apparatus with the concrete sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and
allow the concrete to flow out into the other compartment. After the concrete has come to rest,
measure the height of the concrete in the compartment that has been filled, in two places and
calculate the mean (H1). Measure also the height in the other equipment (H2). Calculate H1-
H2, the filling height. The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.

9.3 Concrete Slump Test:

(Note:- This method is not used in self compacting concrete)

The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test
is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it

38
measures consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus
used and simple procedure. The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted
inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the
wetness of concrete

.
Apparatus

Slump cone,
Scale for measurement,
Temping rod (steel)

Procedure of Concrete Slump test:

The mold for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The base is 200
mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm (4 in).

1. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability is to be tested .
2. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod,
rounded at the end.
3. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off (leveled
with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the temping rod.
4. The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it
could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of
handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
5. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
6. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
7. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.

39
 8. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).

Figure 16. Slump test

Precautions

In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface friction, the inside of
the mould and its base should be moistened at the beginning of every test, and prior to lifting
of the mould the area immediately around the base of the cone should be cleaned from
concrete which may have dropped accidentally.

Types Of Slump

The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete,
the slump is termed as;

1. Collapse Slump
2. Shear Slump
3. True Slump

40
 Figure 17. Types of slump

Collapse Slump

In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally mean
that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not
appropriate.

Shear Slump

In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways. OR If one-half
of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.

1. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is
repeated.
2. If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication of
lack of cohesion of the mix.

True Slump

In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape

1. This is the only slump which is used in various tests.

2. Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no
variation can be detected between mixes of different workiability.

41
However , in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the
shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained in
different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mixes.

Applications of Slump Test

1. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete
under field conditions and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction.
2. This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or hour- to-hour variation
in the materials being fed into the mixer. An increase in slump may mean, for
instance, that the moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increases.
3. Other cause would be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency of
sand.
4. Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer operator
to remedy the situation.

This application of slump test as well as its simplicity, is responsible for its widespread use.

42
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful learning experience at Trishul Dream Homes Ltd. I gained a lot of
insight regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the
departments at the site i.e. Billing, Quality Control Lab. I experience the challenges which a
civil engineer has to face during construction i.e. labour handling, Time Management etc. I
also cleared my many doubts regarding building construction.

During the period of six months, all the company staff helps us a lot to provide all the
information about the query.

I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in shaping my future.

43
 REFERENCES

1. About the Company - http://trishuldreamhomes.com/

2. Formwork- http://theconstructor.org/building/formwork-shuttering/types-of-
formwork-shuttering/3767/

3. Safety Measures- http://www.atlantictraining.com/safety-tips/construction-safety-

tips.php

4. IS: 2502-1963

5. www.constructionplace.com

6. www.understandconstruction.com

7. www.brighthubengineering.com

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