IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-18, NO.
6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1982
Motor Contribution During Three-Phase Short Circuit
Fault
LUKE Y. YU, IVAN MINCEFF, MEMBER, IEEE, DUANE W. HAMILTON, MEMBER, IEEE, AND
GERALD W. BOTTRELL, MEMBER, IEEE
Abstract-One of the major factors to be considered in selecting the
ratings of electrical equipment (circuit breakers, bus bar bracing,
etc.) is the level of three-phase short circuit current available at the
equipment location in the system. The total three-phase short circuit
current at a faulted point includes both the currents from the power
source (such as electric utility company or in-plant generators) and
contribution from electrical motors in the system. Presently, the
calculation of three-phase fault current in a system is based on the
method outlined in IEEE Standard 141-1976 in which the calculation
of motor contribution within the system is defined. It will be pointed
out that during a three-phase fault, only motors directly connected to
the faulted bus or downstream buses will contribute fully to the fault.
Other induction motors (with transformers connected between the
motors and the fault) may or may not contribute current to the fault
point. These motors will continue to receive power from the supply
and act as motors. Therefore lower fault current values will be the
result. This finding will have a significant bearing on borderline
equipment selection with consequent savings in equipment cost. The
conclusion is drawn that the calculated short circuit current based on
IEEE Standard 141-1976, is higher than the actual value. This leads to
unnecessarily high fuse and breaker interrupting ratings, bus brac-
ing, etc. Computer studies and an analysis of this phenomenon are
presented. Hopefully this new finding will prove useful to IEEE
Committees and the electrical industry in establishing more accurate
methods of calculating three-phase fault currents.
INTRODUCTION
Background
A MERICAN NATIONAL Standards Institute (ANSI)
tStandard C 37.5-1953 provided a method for calculating
total current (asymmetrical) fault duties for application of
breakers rated on a total current basis. This standard includes
for interrupting duty all generating equipment, utility connec-
tions, and synchronous motors. Induction motors are excluded
as a fault source for interrupting duty. However for momen-
tary duty induction motors were included along with the
above mentioned sources [1 ], [2]
At the 1954 meeting of the AIEE a new symmetrical cur-
rent basis for rating breakers was presented. As a result of this
meeting, a committee was formed to generate a new applica-
tion guide for rating circuit breakers on a symmetrical current
basis. Application guide C37.010-1964 resulted from the ef-
forts of this committee. In addition to the change from total
Paper PID-82-37, approved by the Petroleum and Chemical Industry
Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation
at the 1981 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference,
Chicago, IL, August 30-September 1. Manuscript released for publi-
cation July 21, 1982.
The authors are with The Ralph M. Parsons Company, 100 Walnut
Street, Pasadena, CA 91124.
0093-9994/82/1100-0593 $00.75 1982 IEEE
593
current basis to symmetrical current basis, the following
changes were also incorporated [3].
1) Induction motors were included in the interruption
calculations.
2) A family of E/X multiplying factor curves was included.
3) The X/R ratio of the system was required for use with a
family of multiplying factor curves.
The committee also developed a method of applying Stand-
ard C37.010 to the old total current rated breakers [4]. This
new Standard C37.5-1969 is identical to Standard C37.010
with the exception of the E/X multiplying factor curves [5].
ANSI C37.10-1972 was revised in October 1980, and the
new standard is ANSI/IEEE C37.10-1979. The following is an
explanation of short circuit calculations using the method
prescribed by Standard C37.010-1979.
E/X Simplified Method
In most cases a simple E/X computation will provide ade-
quate accuracy for circuit breaker application. The E/X
simplified method may be used for calculations up to 100 per-
cent of breaker symmetrical rating where the system X/R
ratio is 15 or less. (X1/R1 for three-phase faults or (2X1 +
XO)/(2R 1 + RO) for single line-to-ground faults.)
E Line to neutral voltage.
x Q2 per phase, line to neutral.
Positive sequence reactance.
XI
XO Zero sequence reactance.
Rl Positive sequence resistance.
Zero sequence resistance.
Ro
For impedance grounded systems that limit the ground
fault current to the three-phase fault value or lower, only the
three-phase fault calculations are necessary. Where a system
X/R ratio is determined to be greater than 15, multiplying fac-
tors taken from the family of multiplying factor curves, must
be applied to the calculated E/X A. Reactances for E/X
calculations are tabulated in Table I.
Multiplying factors for system X/R ratios taken from the
family of curves in Standard C35.010 are tabulated in Table II.
This table lists values for a five-cycle breaker (for eight-cycle,
three-cycle, and two-cycle breaker, refer to Standard C3 7.0 10).
A local source refers to the application of breakers for
faults fed predominantly from generators through not more
than one transformer. A remote source refers to the applica-
tion of breakers for faults fed predominantly from generators
through two or more transformers. Where there is motor con-
594 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA- 18, NO. 6, NOVEM BER/IJECEMBER 1982

tribution to the total short circuit an additional calculation

should be made for the momentary fault current using the
TABLE I reactance quantities for momentary duty from Table 1.
REACTANCE X FOR E/X CALCULATIONS
Comments
Reactance X Used The significance of short circuit calculations is to select
Interrupting Momentary proper ratings for electrical equipment such as momentary
System Component Duty Duty
and interrupting rating of circuit breakers, interrupting capac-
Two-pole turbo ity of fuses, bracing of bus bars, cable thermal capacity. etc.
generator x Quite often a higher rating of electrical equipment has to be
Four-pole turbo used because the calculated fault current is higher than the
generator x
Hydro generator with damper x standard rating of the equipment. This results in higher equip-
windings and synchronous ment cost and investment. In fact this may not be necessary if
condensers the calculation of fault current can be made in a more precise
Hydro generator without
damper windings 0.75X way.
All synchronous motors 1.5X The fault condition of a power system is a transient phe-
Induction motors above nomenon. The IEEE recommended E/X method with applying
1000 hp, 1800 rpm 1.5X
and above 250 hp, multiplying factors and using subtransient reactance of elec-
3600 rpm trical elements, is in fact an alternative to solving a transient
All other induction problem by use of steady-state solutions. Based on the IEEE
motors 50 hp 3.OX
and above recommended method, all induction motors are represented
Induction motors below by a reactance with a back electromotive force (EMF) of 1.0
50 hp and pu at an angle of 00. Those motors are supposed to act as gen-
single phase motors neglect
Distribution system erators feeding current into the fault point. In fact, a typical
from remote motor back (EMF) is in the neighborhood of 0.9 pu with a
transformers x lagging angle in the neighborhood of 10o-l 5.
Current limiting
reactors x In this paper attention is given to the behavior of three-
Transformers x phase induction motors during an occurrence of a three-phase
Use transient reactance X'd for X for hydro generator without fault in a system to determine whether those motors will act
damper windings. as a generator contributing fault current or not and the impact
For other machines use substransient reactance X"d for X. of motor contribution to the total fault level. In addition the
For other system components use positive sequence for reactance results obtained from the studies are to be analyzed and ex-
X1 forX.
plained. Finally a conclusion and some suggestions are pre-
sented.
TABLE 11 SAMPLE STUDIES
MULTIPLYING FACTOR
The Ralph M. Parsons Company in-house digital computer
Air Circuit Breaker program for the transient analysis of industrial power systems
SYSTEM Rated Interrupting Time, 5 Cycle
X/R Type of Fault
has the capacity to study both induction motor and synchro-
Ratio 30 LG 30 & LG nous machine behavior and performance under abnormal
Source of Short Circuit
Local Remote conditions. The induction motor model neglecting source
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 side electrical transient was based on the methods developed
15
20
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.00
1.05 by Shankle, Murphy, Long, and Harder [71. This transient
25
30
1.00
1.04
1.06
1.10
1.10
1.13
program has been used in studying many large industrial plants
35 1.06 1.14 1.17
since the program was developed in 1972 [8].
40 1.08 1.16 1.21 The transient program is used as a tool to study the be-
45 1.12 1.19 1.25
50 1.13 1.22 1.27 havior of induction motors during a three-phase fault on a
55 1.14 1.25 1.30 sample system as shown in Fig. 1. This sample system is used
60 1.16 1.26 1.32
to study the general phenomena of induction motor behavior
65 1.17 1.28 1.33
70
75
1.19
1.20
1.29
1.30
1.35
1.36
during three-phase faults. This program has the capability to
80 1.21 1.31 1.37 study the momentary motor fault currents under abnormal
85 1.21 1.32 1.38
fault conditions. The results of the studies are available for
90 1.22 1.32 1.39
95 1.22 1.33
1.33
1.40
1.41
comparison to the recommended IEEE method.
100 1.23
100 1.24 1.34 1.42 It is important to point out that an accurate result can be
120 1.24 1.35 1.43
achieved by digital simulation if a detailed simulation is
130 1.24 1.35 1.43
implemented with all resistances and other minor parameters
included. Furthermore the steady-state electrical performance
of a system, can be investigated by use of this program. Of
YU et al.: MOTOR CONTRIBUTION DURING FAULT 595

SUWPLY. 500 MVA TABLE III

34.5KV BUSI PREFAULT BUS VOLTAGES AND MOTOR BACK EMF'S PU
Bus # 2 3 4
VVV\vv'
i
~~~~~~7.5
MVA
Z =5% Voltage .98 0 .98 L-2. .955 L4,o
( TYP.)
Bus # 5 6 7
4.16 KV BUS 2 BUS3 Voltage .955 L4. .955 L--!2' .955 1-4'
Motor # 2 3
vvwvv
---T-1
vvvvvv
5 MVA
Z:= 5 75%
T & Back EMF. .922 12.-340 .922 l-12.34
AAAAA AAAAA AAAW
TP, Motor # 4 5
| 480tV BUS;
4 BUS 5 | Back EMFIF. .874 1-12.67 .874 1-12.67
Motor # 6 7
Back EMF. .874 l-12 . 67 .874 |-12.670
BUS 6 BUS 7 Motor f 8 9
Back EMF. .874 1-12.6 .874 12.67
Motor # 10 11
Fig. 1. Sample system with feeders excluded and transformer taps set Back EMF. .874 1-12.670 .874 I12.67L
at zero. Motor no. 2, 3, hp 2000; motor no. 4, 6, 8, 10, hp 60; motor
no. 5, 7, 9, 11, hp 20 units of 60. Note: Bus voltage is the so-called motor terminal voltage disregard-
ing the motor feeder voltage drop. Motor back EMF is the motor
terminal voltage minus the voltage drop due to motor stator and rotor
param eters.
course it is a rather time-consuming process to reach system
equilibrium in power flow and distribution. The data thus TABLE IV
obtained for steady-state can be used as the initial point for BUS VOLTAGE (AFTER THE FAULT) PU
transient study. Fault at Fault at
The assumed sample system consists of typical motors 4.16 KV Bus 480 Volt Bus
2000 hp at 4 kV rating and 60 hp at 460 V rating. At the 4.16 KV Bus, #2 (Faulted) .82 12.40
480 V bus, one 60 hp and a lumped motor of 20 units of 60 4.16 KV Bus, #3 .786 1 95 10 -2.1
480V Bus #4 .186 t?20 (Faulted)
hp are shown. The motor constants, together with other 480V Bus #6 .186 Li2 0 .83 f-4.l
480V Bus #7 .803 145 .93 I-4.2
system parameters, are listed in the Appendix. The fault points 480V Bus #5 .803 LZ 4S.5 .93 i-4.22
are assumed at 4.16 kV bus no. 2 and 480 V bus no. 4, respec-
tively. Based on the computer output, the prefault bus volt-
ages and motor back, EMF's are listed in Table III. The main TABLE V
bus voltage profile after occurrence of the fault is listed in COMPARISON OF FAULT CURRENTS PU FROM THE SOURCE
AND FROM THE MOTORS
Table IV for comparison.
From the computer studies, the following findings are a. 480V Bus #4 Fault
0
Fault Current: 2.7
summarized. 1) Only those induction motors connected at the
faulted bus or at downstream bus are shown to supply current
Source Contribution: 2.12
Motor Contribution: 14: .029
L98'. I6
,_83.70
,-92.60
#5: .581
to the fault point when the voltages of those buses collapse.
b. 4.16 KV Bus #2 Fault
The fault currents from the motors are not in phase with the Fault Current: 13.26 I1-87 .9O
fault current from the supply. A typical example is listed in Source Contribution:
Motor Contribution: #2:
11.5 .869. 70
.8 | 99.500
Table V. Fig. 2 shows the motor generated flowing to the #4: .023 , -92.80
fault point after the occurrence of a three-phase fault. Current #5: .46 -~92 .8
#8: .023
contribution from the motors is determined by the respective #9: .46 -92.8
voltage differences between motor back EMF's and bus
voltages, and the impedance in between.
2) The other induction motors will still act as motors and follows:
draw power from the supply. However, due to the change of
Element IEEE Method Transient Program
system performance at the occurrence of a three-phase fault,
the motors tend to slow down and draw different amount of Motor subtransient typical values with actual motor parameters
currents in order to reach a new equilibrium state. This will be reactance multiplying factors
for different studies
dictated by the new bus voltages and the motor load conditions.
Fig. 3 shows the current and speed variations of some motors Motor back EMF 1.0 prefault condition
which continue to act as motors after the occurrence of a (see Table III)
three-phase fault. Fault current source contribution source contribution
3) The same sample system was studied by use of the from upstream plus motor contribution mainly
Ralph M. Parsons Company in-house short circuit calcu- from other circuit
lation program based on the IEEE method. The results of branches
momentary fault currents from the short circuit calcula- Fault current Different values resulted due to different motor
tion program and that from the transient program appear from motors back EMF and different motor subtransient
reactance used.
to be agreeable. However a brief comparison may be made as
59?6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-18, NO. 6. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1982

ae
z
.-
i
600-
1 vi
OTOR N2 10.

400 -
ot

so
AOTORI4
,
I
I a I fRE
"Mr..0
200 0.1 .2 Oa OA SEON
(a)
I

I %
~

11
0.01 0.02 TIME, SECOND
at
(a) D
I&
O-: r'
z
LU
=2I s0
Il01
ca
o-
I EE
600-
I
,-go
I
T.
l
4to LI ,1
.-
tWE.
400 -
03 0A WCOND
(b)
Fig. 3. Motor current and speed variations after fault occurrence at
0.025 second (current in percent of motor-rated current and speed
in percent of motor synchronous speed). (a) Motor no. 2 (bus no. 4
200 fault). (b) Motor no. 3 (bus no. 2 fault).

V
BUS

*I
.l ZI
0.01 0.02 TIME, SECOND
(b) I

Fig. 4. Typical circuit where V is 1.0 pu. Z1 is (r1 +ix1). Z2 is (rz +

Fig. 2. Motor generated current in percent of motor rated current after 1X2).I is (Ip jIq).
fault occurrence. (a) 416 kV bus no. 2 fault. (b) 380 V bus no. 4
fault.
are the dominating value as compared to resistance values in
It is important to point out that the source condition (such a power systems. Thus the magnitude of the bus voltage is
as short circuit MVA and X/R ratio), the upstream trans- approximately proportional to the reactance ratio. A high bus
former, and the feeders (except those very long feeders with voltage is expected if X2 > X1 -
high impedance value) have relatively insignificant effect on A typical example is the high voltage magnitude (0.82 pu)
the study results as compared to the downstream transformer of 4.16 kV bus no. 2 at the occurrence of a fault at the 480 V
which represents the dominating portion of the circuit react- bus no. 4 shown in Table IV. Further, since system parameters
ance. Therefore, the phenomena obtained from the computer are of high X/R ratio, the short circuit current is inductive
studies should be assumed to be typical. lagging approximately 900 with reference to the source volt-
age.
ANALYSIS OF PHENOMENA The phase angle of bus voltage shown in Fig. 4 can be
Bus Voltage and Angle determined as follows.
For a typical circuit as shown in Fig. 4, the bus voltage can Since I - Ip -jIq jIq (high inductive current) -

be determined as follows: voltage at bus

I= V/(Z I+Z2) IZ2 = (Ip -jIq)(r2 +1X2)
I-lq(r2 +X2)
Vb us= IZ2 = VZ2/(Z + Z2)
= l.0(r2 +jX2)/[(rI + r2) + i(X1 + X2) IqX2 -jIqr2

Generally speaking in transient studies the reactance values _ ~2X22 1q2r22LO

YU etal.: MOTOR CONTRIBUTION DURING FAULT 597
Z= r+jx
(x >> r) -Lz
I = V12

OI9AAN&4O
V1/I1 I -
M
V2/
Fig. 5. Two-machine system. V12

and
0 = tan- 1 (Iqr2/IqX2) = tan- I (r2/X2). V2
Fig. 6. Power flow vector diagram.
If the current is not highly inductive, then Ip should be
taken into account to determine both the magnitude and
phase angle of the bus voltage. Since the X/R ratio is very high bus which tends to reduce the fault contribution from the
for most power systems, especially at high voltage side, a small source to the fault point. Computed results show only slight
phase angle, 0, is anticipated. This results in the bus voltages differences in fault currents for the cases with these motors
lagging the reference slightly at the occurrence of the fault as and without these motors included.
indicated in Table IV. No Load or Lightly Loaded Motors
Power Flow In case of no-load or lightly loaded motors, the relative
For any two-machine system shown in Fig. 5, the power phase angle 0 will be small. This small angle of no-load motor
flow can be determined by may still lag with respect to the phase angle of that bus voltage
during the occurrence of a fault in the system. A hand calcula-
P= [VlV2sin(0I -02)]I/Z. tion was made to verify this phenomenon. The results show
that generally there is almost no difference in power flow for a
The power flow direction will be mainly from the machine loaded or nonloaded motor during fault occurrence, though
with leading angle to the machine with lagging angle, regard- some difference in var flow is to be expected.
less of the magnitudes of the voltages [9]. This is illustrated
in Fig. 6 in which VI is assumed to be 0.3 pu in magnitude CONCLUSION
with 5 lagging and V2 is 1 pu in magnitude with 120 lagging. Based on the findings, the following conclusion is made.
The power flow from 1-2 is VII cos 0, where the current I is When calculating three-phase fault currents, only the source
determined from voltage difference VI 2 and impedance Z [9]. and the motors at the faulted bus and at the downstream buses
This phenomenon is identical to the case under study that the of the faulted bus will contribute fault current. Other motors
motors still act as motors during bus faults except those may or may not contribute to the fault point.
motors connected at faulted bus or downstream buses. The The IEEE recommended method for calculating system
power flow between bus and the motor depends on the rela- fault current is too conservative. It is therefore suggested that
tive phase angle between them. For the sample system, the the IEEE committee and manufacturers should investigate
phase angle of bus voltage (not the faulted bus or downstream this problem and carry out field experiments and measure-
buses) during bus faults is lagging a few degrees as shown in ments, to establish a new rule for three-phase short circuit
Table IV while the motor back EMF is approximately 10- calculations. The significance will lie in the proper selection of
15 lagging with respect to the source. Therefore the power electrical equipment without need of extra investment due to
flow always is from the buses to the motors although bus overestimated short circuit duty.
voltage magnitude is lower than that of motor.
It is important to point out that the above mentioned APPENDIX
phenomenon is generally true except for some extreme cases. I. BASIC DATA
For instance if the VI magnitude of Fig. 6 is zero or of very
low value, then 0 may exceed 900. In that case, power flow A. Transformers
will be from V2-VI instead. This explains that during bus
fault some motors whose voltages lag that of the faulted bus Transformer Description X, Percent Remark
act as generators feeding current to the faulted bus. A typical
example is that the voltage magnitudes of bus no. 4 and 7.5 MVA 13.8 kV -4.16 kV 5 X/R = 15
1.5 MVA 4.16 kV -0.48 kV 5.75 X/R = 6.5
no. 6 are only 0.186 pu during 4.16 kV bus no. 2 fault shown
in Table IV.
B. Induction Motors
Var Flow hp 60 2000
Based on the sample studies, some of the motors (which act KV .46 4.0
as motor during a fault occurrence) draw leading currents from Slip, Percent 1.4 0.74
the buses (i.e., supply vars toward the buses). However, the Syn. Speed,
existence of these motors cause a voltage drop at the main RPM 1800 3600
598 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. VOL. IA-18, NO.6. NOVEMBER/DECEMBE R 1982

kVA 53.5 1675 where (HG) is the motor inertia. Load in pu at 1.0 pu speed is
WK2 32.5 437
Rr, Q2 0.043 0.042 53.5 X 0.85
Xr, 2 0.50 1 1.06 X = 0.00455.
Rs, 2 0.12 0.093 1000 10
Xs, 2 0.2 0.96
Xm, Q 13 48.5 2) 2000 hp 4 kV motor
where 4.16 X 4.16
Z base= 1.731
Rr motor rotor resistance 10
Xr motor rotor reactance
Rs motor stator resistance
Rr Xr Rs Xs Xmn
Xs motor stator reactance
Xm motor magnetizing reactance
Q 0.042 1.06 0.093 0.96 48.5
xf motor short circuit reactance pu 0.02427 0.6124 0.0537 0.555 28.03
X motor open circuit reactance.

II. MOTOR PARAMETERS X=Xs+Xm =0.555 + 28.03 = 28.6pu

Since 460 V 60 hp motor and 4 kV 2000 hp motors are XmXr

=Xs+ 0.555 + 0.5994=1.154 pu
chosen as typical motors, all motors are represented in terms Xm + Xr
-
=

of N units for a typical one at the same voltage level. Thus, all
motor parameters such as Rr, Xr, Rs, Xs, Xmn, and X' of a 2.31 X 437 X (3600)2 1
particular motor should be 1/1N times those of the typical one. (HG) pu= 10
- X--0.131
10
The (HG) and load at 1.0 pu speed should be N times those of
a typical one.
Load in pu at 1.0 pu speed is
III. PU VALUES AT 10 MVA BASE
1675 X .85 1
A. Transformer Reactance X - =0.1424.
1000 10
1) For a 7.5 MVA, 13.8 kV -4.16 kV transformer
Notes: 1) Motors are assumed to be 85 percent loaded, and
10 2) load torque characteristics are assumed to be proportional
pu X= 0.05 X -=0.067 to the square of speed.
7.5
2) For a 1.5 MVA, 4.16 kV -0.48 kV transformer REFERENCES
10 [1] Methods of Detertnining the rms Value of ai Sitnusoidal Current
pu X = 0.0575 X -= 0.383. Wave, a Normal Frequencv Recovery Voltage and for Simplified
1.5 Calculations of Fault Cuirren7ts, ANSI Standard C37.5-1953
(R 1966).
B. Induction Motors [21 G. L. Nuss, Jr.. and T. W. Haynes, Jr.. "Application of new
methods for calculating short-circuit duties and power circuit
1) 60 HP, 0.46 kV motor breaker capabilities,"' IEEE Trans. Id. Genz. Appl., vol. IGA-7.
no. 2, Mar./Apr. 1971.
0.48 X 0.48 [31 Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breaker, ANSI
Z base = = 0.02304 Q2 Standard C37.010-1964(R 1969).
10 141 Applicationr Guiide for AC High-Voltaige Circuit Breakers Rated ovn
ai Syvimmetrical Cuirrent Basis, ANSI Standard C37.010-1972, IEEE
Standard 320-1972.
Rr Xr Rs Xs Xm [5] Methods for Determining Vailues of Sinutisoidail Current Wave. a

Normnal-Frequency Rec overs Voltaige, and ai Guide for Calculation

12 0.043 0.501 0.12 0.2 13 ot Ftult Currents foir Application of AC High-Voltage Circuit
pu 1.866 21.74 5.21 8.681 564 Breakers Rated On Total Current Basis, ANSI Standard C37.5-
a

1969.
[61 Application Data 32-262, Westinghouse Electric Corp., June 1977.
X= Xs + Xm = 8.681 + 564 572.7 pu [71 D. F. Shankle. C. M. Murphy. R. W. Long. and E. L. Harder.
"Transient stability studies-1, synchronous and induction ma-
XmXr chines.' AIEE Tranlis., pt. III B. vol. 73, pp. 1563-1580, Feb.
X# = Xs + 8.681 + 20.93=29.6 pu 1955.
Xm + Xr [81 G. W. Bottrell and L. Y. Yu. "Motor behavior through power
system disturbances." IEEE Tran2s. Itid. App.. vol. IA-16, no. 5.
2.31 X WK2 X (RPM)2 I pp. 600-605, Sept./Oct. 1980.
(HG)pu= X--- -X-=0.00243 [91 W. D. Stevenson. Jr. Elemnen2ts of Powzer Svstem Anahlsis. New
York: McGraws-Hill. 1962.
YU et al.: MOTOR CONTRIBUTION DURING FAULT
Luke Y. Yu was born in Ningpo, China, in 1930.
He received the B.S. degree from Utopia Uni-
versity, China, in 1951, the M.S. degree from the
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, in
1966, and the Ph.D. degree from McGill Uni-
versity, Montreal, PQ, Canada in 1970, all in
electrical engineering.
He practiced in China, Hong Kong, and
Canada before he immigrated to the United States
in 1973. He joined The Ralph M. Parsons
Company, Pasadena, CA, in 1976 as a Senior
Engineering Supervisor, Analytical Group, specializing in motor control,
computer application, and reliability and availability analysis. He de-
veloped a multiconductor method of solving various problems in the
electrical power engineering field.
Dr. Yu is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of California
and Canada.
Ivan Minceff (M'76) was born in Sofia,
Bulgaria, in 1919. He received the M.S.E.E.
degree from State Polytec, Vienna, Austria, in
1947.
His work included electrical distribution de-
sign in Europe and electrical motor and trans-
former design in Brazil where he was Chief of the
Research and Development Laboratory. Since
1965, in California, he worked as motor design
engineer and designer of electrical industrial
distribution systems. In 1973 he joined The
Ralph M. Parsons Company with the Analytical Group where he works on
coordination of protective devices, review of electrical systems, and
special studies.
599
Duane W. Hamilton (M*'51) was born in Texas,
on April 6, 1915. He received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering from Texas A & M College
in 1937, and did some graduate work at the
University of Texas in 1939.
He was involved in electrical design since his
graduation in 1937. He was with The Ralph M.
Parsons Company, Pasadena, CA, for 23 years
until his retirement in May 1982.
Mr. Hamilton is a Registered Professional
Engineer in the States of California and Texas.
Gerald W. Bottrell (M'60-M'73) was born in
Glendale, CA, in 1925. He received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from the Univer-
sity of Southern California in 1953.
In 1950 he joined C. F. Braun & Company,
where he functioned as Project Electrical Engi-
neer on many refinery and chemical plant pro-
jects. He joined The Ralph M. Parsons Company
in 1968 as Electrical Department Head in Frank-
furt, Germany, and later as Electrical Section
Manager in the company's World Headquarters
in Pasadena, CA. He is presently Chief Electrical Engineer in the
Analytical Group, responsible for the technical evaluation of all projects.
Mr. Bottrell is a Registered Professional Engineer in several states.