Tourism - As - An - Opportunity - Best - Practices in Sustainable Tourism - Daniela Moreno Alarcón - 2011 PDF

Tourism as an
Opportunity
Good Practices
in Sustainable Tourism
from a Gender Perspective
Case Studies from Bolivia, Nicaragua,

The Gambia, Morocco and Senegal
Daniela Moreno Alarcn

Lucy J. Ferguson
International and Ibero American Foundation for Administration and Public Policies (FIIAPP), Spain, 2011.
FIIAPP team: Daniela Moreno Alarcn and Lucy J. Ferguson
The images included in this publication have been provided by the partners of the VTST project.
Bolivia: Mancomunidad de Municipios Chiquitanos
The Gambia: Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET)
Nicaragua: Nicaraguan Institute for Tourism (INTUR), Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Nicaragua-Len
Morocco: Rif Association for the Development of Rural Tourism
Senegal: National Organisation for the integration in Senegalese Tourism (ONITS).
Coordinators:Vernica Souto Martnez and Carolina Daz (FIIAPP)

Publishing Services provided by Cyan, Proyectos Editoriales, S.A.
Translators:The Language Corner Ltd and Ruya Leghari
Printed in Spain
http://www.vtsustainabletourism.org
International and Ibero American Foundation for Administration and Public Policies (FIIAPP), as a member of
the Consortium and granted the Vocational Training and Sustainable Tourism project (Ref. European
Commission: DCIEDUC/2009/211-877), participates in the rights for the non-profit use, circulation and repro-
duction, partial or total, of the materials produced by its team in the framework of the mentioned project.
The Vocational Training and Sustainable Tourism (VTST) project is co-financed with funds from the European
Commission, via the Investing in People programme. Education, Knowledge and Skills:Towards Demand Driven
Learning Systems,Technical and Professional Training.
This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. Its contents are the exclusive
responsibility of the project and under no circumstances must it be considered to reflect the point of view
of the European Union.
ndex
Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Key concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. Key concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1. Gender, Sex and Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1. Is gender the same as sex? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.2. Is gender the same as women? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.3. Gender Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.4. Practical and Strategic Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.Vocational Training and Decent Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3. Sustainable Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Good Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Presentation of Good Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Recommendations for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5. Recommendations for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6. Recommended thematic bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Prologue
Sustainable tourism is often seen as endowed with the necessary potential to achieve
gender equality and the empowerment of women. However, much work remains to be
done to guarantee this. This assertion could be a by-product of the lack of consensus
that currently exists on what it means to plan and manage tourism in a sustainable man-
ner, the insufficient documentation on the importance of incorporating a gender per-
spective into the planning and management of sustainable tourism, and the myths and
prejudices surrounding gender-related work.
Consequently, numerous institutions are currently concerned with inequality and sus-
tainable and responsible tourism development. They are now beginning to join forces
to construct an agenda which draws together the topics of tourism, sustainability and
gender, and which features concrete intervention policies related to this issue. In order
for this agenda to become a reality, among other things, it is necessary to undertake
action that support the notion that sustainable tourism is an opportune area for achiev-
ing gender equality and womens empowerment.
The first step in this endeavour would be to change the way in which a tourism initia-
tive is organised1, particularly when its objective is to reduce poverty of the economi-
cally disadvantaged countries1. This would entail outlining project models with the fol-
lowing characteristics:
those selected, designed and built by locals, contextualised within the geographical
and historical context in which they are conceived, and which allow sufficient time for
processes of information sharing, debate, evaluation and decision-making by directly
affected groups of the population;
those in which tourism is a complementary activity, and not one that substitutes exis-
ting sources of income.These should seek to foster diversification of local economies
and increase employment;
those designed under integral development paradigms which include approaches, in
additional to an economic strategy, concerned with environmental preservation,
improving local infrastructure, training the population, and strengthening social organ-
isations and their impact on political decision making spaces;
those managed and controlled by locals and which increase internal spaces of partici-
pation and joint collective decision-making (by women, men, young persons). These
should be coordinated with other groups of interest, aspire to control the value chain
1.Tourism intervention is materialised in tourism projects or programmes.

2. Responsible Tourism Forum: http://www.foroturismoresponsable.org/(in Spanish)
5
Prologue Tourism as an Opportunity
of the tourism activity, and prompt, as far as possible, the creation and consumption of
tourism services.
To begin a process of incorporating a gender perspective as an analytical framework for

the sustainable development of tourism, it is highly important to take into consideration
the following issues. It is not possible to speak of the sustainability of tourism, nor of any
productive activity, if the category of gender is not incorporated in an effective manner3.
Why is a gender perspective important for the sustainable

development of tourism?
It combines the three fundamental components necessary for achieving intergen-

erational sustainability: environmental protection, social and gender equality and
non-discrimination against women.
It is capable of transforming the power relations which contribute to inequality
in terms of the use and control of, and access to,natural and cultural resources.
It promotes the participation of women in decisions related to natural resources,
the environment and the tourism model to be followed.
It contributes to the generation of decent work, free from exploitation.
It promotes more inclusive and critical training with regard to the dominant
development model.
It recognises the importance of domestic and reproductive work caregiving.
Many activities in the tourism sector, the majority of which are performed by
women and girls, are viewed as an extension of domestic labour and, as such, are
not highly valued.
It enhances the relationship between tourism, sustainability and equitable human
development.
It enables working from a more realistic and less biased perspective when iden-
tifying causes of gender inequality and discrimination against women and girls.
It promotes a process rather than a project approach, moving away from dead-
line based activities to a more long-term strategy .
It allows for the institutional frameworks of tourism to gradually integrate indica-
tors which identify bad practices in the dominant development model.
It facilitates the participation of women in tourism programmes where achieving
landownership plays a key role.
It promotes co-responsibility, the right to care and the full exercise of citizenship
for all.
3. Cooperative Development Initiatives, CDI (2010): Work notes on development. Sustainable tourism in
Santo Anto, an alternative to the conventional model of tourism investment in Cape Verde, Madrid.
6
Prologue Tourism as an Opportunity
The gender perspective offers a wide range of conceptual and methodological tools for
the development and implementation of policies geared towards the sustainable devel-
opment of tourism. It particularly invites us to analyse how women and men contribute
to, engage with, and are affected by, tourism development, both individually and collec-
tively.
Gender sensitive methods of analysis should not only involve describing inequalities, but
should also involve working with, and on behalf of, all peoples, understanding the prob-
lems which affect women and men, and both challenging and transforming unequal
power relations.
As such, it is essential to integrate a gender perspective into sustainable tourism devel-

opment in order to ensure equal levels of socio-economic benefits that generate meas-
urable, concrete change in terms of gender equality and womens empowerment.
7
Introduction and methodology
1. Introduction
The Vocational Training and Sustainable Tourism project, financed by the European
Commission, is carried out within the framework of the thematic programme Investing
in People, which adopts the broad approach towards development and poverty reduc-
tion. It fundamentally aims to improve the levels of human and social development in
selected countries, in line with the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The overall objective of the Vocational Training and Sustainable Tourism project is to con-
tribute to capacity building and increasing the access of all persons to decent and sta-
ble work in African and Latin American states through the Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (TVET) programmes, adapted to demand, inclusive, employing a
gender perspective, and applicable to different countries.
The project has been implemented by a consortium of eleven institutions and non-gov-
ernmental organizations from Africa, Latin America, and Spain:
International and Ibero American Foundation for Administration and Public Policies
(FIIAPP)
The Banesto Cultural Foundation
Carlos III University of Madrid (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid)
Organisation of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI)
The National Training Authority - NTA (Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Techno-
logy) of The Gambia
The Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET) of The Gambia.
Rif Association for the Development of Rural Tourism (Riftourisme, Morocco)
National Organisation for the integration in Senegalese Tourism (ONITS)
The Association of Chiquitanos Municipalities (Mancomunidad de Municipios Chiquitanos,
Bolivia)
The Nicaraguan Institute for Tourism (INTUR)
The National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (Universidad Nacional Autnoma
de Nicaragua, UNAN-Len)
Three working groups were established in the course of the project, composed of
members of the consortium, according to the competencies and expertise of each:
Group 1: Working in Networks - led by the Banesto Cultural Foundation

Group 2: Vocational Training - led by the Carlos III University of Madrid
Group 3: Women,Training and Tourism - led by FIIAPP
11
Introduction and methodology Tourism as an Opportunity
Raising awareness and promoting gender equality through womens empowerment, as

well as promoting the principles and practices of sustainable tourism, constitutes the
principal pillar of action of Group 3 Women, education and tourism.
The present document has the following objectives:
Overall objective: showcase a selection of good practices related to sustainable

tourism development as an appropriate field for the advancement of equal opportu-
nities, gender equality and womens empowerment.
Specific objectives
1. Explain key concepts related to vocational training, decent work, sustainable
tourism and gender, so as to enable greater understanding of the selected good
practices.
2. Identify and disseminate good practices in sustainable tourism development which
incorporate gender-sensitive elements.
3. Propose recommendations for action to facilitate the integration of a gender per-
spective into sustainable tourism.
Group aims: social entities involved in the project, the non-profit sector (the social
economy), teachers and students of tourism and sustainable tourism, and both public
and private entities linked to tourism and/or gender.
In general, a good practice is an initiative which has produced results, either in planned
or spontaneous fashion, and which is considered a satisfactory mark of reference for
the generation of positive results in the field in question.
Bearing in mind the context, objectives and results of the project, a good practice (GP)
is considered one which:
Has tackled and reduced the inequalities which affect women in training and employment,
Has promoted access to decent work, and fostered equal opportunities, gender
equality and womens empowerment in the field of sustainable tourism.
Has increased the participation of women while instigating positive change in terms
of their access to vocational training and/or decent work, valuing those which pro-
mote womens access to, and occupation of, technical, managerial or administrative
positions.
12
2. Methodology
Firstly, a methodology tailored to the project was designed to identify two good prac-
tices for each participating country: Bolivia, Nicaragua, The Gambia, Morocco and
Senegal. Thereafter, the following stakeholders were responsible for implementing this
methodology for the identification of the featured good practices:
The Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET)

The National Training Authority - NTA (Gambia)
Rif Association for the Development of Rural Tourism (Riftourisme, Morocco)
National Organisation for the integration in Senegalese Tourism (ONITS)
The Association of Chiquitanos Municipalities (Mancomunidad de Municipios Chiqui-
tanos, Bolivia)
The Nicaraguan Institute for Tourism (INTUR)
The National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (Universidad Nacional Autnoma
de Nicaragua, UNAN-Len)
Thereafter, the coordination and monitoring involved in this process of identification

was conducted with the support of the Professional Training and Sustainable Tourism
projects Intranet, and other virtual tools such as Skype, chat, etc.
The methods of identifying the two GPs involved three phases:
Phase I: assessing the knowledge of gender themes of the entities participating in the
project.
Phase II: phase of the identification of the GP.
Phase III: second phase of the identification of the GP.
Phase I: Measuringthe degree of knowledge of gender issues of the

projects member entities
This exercise, a continuation of the work carried out by Group 3, was focused on
analysing the level of knowledge of gender issues of the projects member entities.This
analysis was based on the reports and activities undertaken during the implementation
of the coordinated actions of Groups 1 and 2.
The exercise considered open questions and two practical cases related to womens
access to decision-making spaces. Both cases considered three questions with regards
to how to address each situation.
13
Phase II: First phase of the identification of the good practices (GPs)
Following analysis of the information obtained in Phase 1, Phase 2 aimed to identify four
GPs from each of the member countries, or from their surrounding regions.The tool used
in this phase consisted of a single questionnaire with twelve open-ended questions, which
were developed using three criteria of reference. The member entities were responsible
for identifying the GPs, as well as for completing the questionnaire for each of them.
In order for the members to employ the questionnaire in a satisfactory manner, the follow-
ing information was provided:
a model of a GP in sustainable tourism and gender4,

guidelines by which to follow the methodology of identifying the GPs,
the type of initiative to be evaluated with the given methodology and
three key criteria for identifying GPs:
1. Equal opportunities for women and men, and the participation of women.
2. Promotion of decent work and training for both women and men
3.Womens empowerment and the promotion of gender equality.
It was also emphasised that, in order for an initiative to be considered a GP in the frame-
work of the project, it was not necessary to entirely fulfil all the aforementioned criteria.
The following table indicates the key criteria for identifying GPs:
1. Equal opportunities between women and men and the active participation of women in
the initiative
Identify, consult with and include relevant groups of women and men who are par-
ticipating in the initiative.
Implement tools that promote and ensure the collection of information on the
needs, interests and priorities of women and men.
Strike a balance between the number of women and men participating in the ini-
4. Until today, there has not been a consensus on what it means and implies to work on a global level within
the framework of tourism and gender, nor what a good practice in this issue involves. As such, the model
introduced is what the authors of this guide understand, from a subjective viewpoint, to be a GP in tourism
and gender.
14
tiative, as well as in terms of the hours dedicated to decision-making.

2. Promoting decent work and training for both women and men in the initiative
Include training for women and allow for the consolidation of the skills and know-
ledge.
Identify training needs and methods for both women and men.
Undertake training which will ensure access to decent work for women.
Promote work that breaks with the roles and stereotypes traditionally attributed
to women and men.
3. Womens empowerment and the promotion of gender equality in the initiative
Promote interest in, and sensitivity to, gender issues in the initiative.
Encourage the presence and influence of women in public spaces related to both
the initiative and the community.
Promote the sharing of tasks and responsibilities between men and women in the
public and domestic spheres.
Promote greater equality between women and men.
15
Phase III:Second phase of the identification of good practices (GPs)
Based on the information obtained in Phase II, and once the two GPs that best fulfil the
three established criteria had been selected from each country, each member entity
was given a series of specific questions for each initiative in this phase, evaluating if the
information provided in the previous phases left relevant questions unanswered or only
partially completed.The members were further asked to explain the overall context of
the situation in which each of the GPs is based, respecting different points of view
and the importance allotted to each epigraph. This phase of the methodology consid-
ered open-ended questions, tools and gender analysis methods that are more inclusive,
such as the identification and analysis of control over, and access to, resources, as well
as time management of women and men.
During the entire process of identification, the projects members initiated dialogue on
gender-related questions. During the various meetings held via an online platform, as
well as in a workshop held during one of the regional meetings in Nicaragua as part of
the project, the members were introduced to, and made aware of, gender issues.
The process of identifying the GPs implied great responsibility on the behalf of the
member entities, as well as immense coordination and teamwork to identify them.
Limitations and weaknesses in the methodology
To ensure a better understanding of the document and the methodology used, it is also
necessary to acknowledge limitations and weaknesses. In so doing, the assertions, propos-
als, and suggestions, etc., contained throughout the document may be interpreted in suit-
able manner by its readers, while illuminating the conditions within which the present doc-
ument wasformulated.
These following limitations and weaknesses affected the methodology employed to iden-
tify the GPs:
In each member country (with the exception of Spain), the analysis conducted at the
start of the project on vocational training and sustainable tourism did not consider
the gender component in the strictest sense; rather, the situation of women in each
country was presented from a general and institutional perspective, without going
in-depth in terms of any concrete aspect. Nor was data that would have helped build a
better understanding of this topics context provided.
In spite of the member entities experience in sustainable tourism and development
cooperation, they were not familiar with gender-related work; they were not trained in
this issue and thus most, except in Bolivia and in The Gambia5, did not have personnel
5.The Gambia hired a gender expert to carry out Phase III of the methodology. Bolivia employed an expert
in gender to carry out the entire process of identification of the GPs.
16
trained in this issue.

The previous phases of the project did not anticipate specific and persistent action rela-
ted to gender. These actions were, rather, particular and small-scale proposals of a short
duration.
There was neither enough time, or resources, to carry out an identification process
conscious of gender that involved a level of participatory local involvement with the
potential to discern more specific information related to gender, sustainable tourism
and vocational training of each initiatives particular context.
The methodology is marked by a lack of participation prompted by the former point.
This originated in the difficulty of articulating key concepts intrinsic to participation: to
form part of the process and to be able to exercise influence. As such, it was setting up
a participatory methodology was a complex task, given the lack of adequate resources
or time needed to acquaint each member entity with the importance of integrating a
gender perspective for the sustainable development of tourism.
17
Key concepts
3. Key concepts
The objective of this chapter is to explain key concepts so as to improve the under-
standing of the topics explored in this document: the gender perspective, professional
training and decent work, and sustainable tourism.
3.1. Gender, Sex and Women
We consider that cer tain confusion over the true significance and scope of the
term gender still exists today.This often provokes situations in which the prior
conditions required to approach this issue with sustainable results are not taken
into account.
The advancement of women and the achievement of equality between women and
men are a matter of human rights and a condition for social justice and should not
be seen in isolation as a womens issue.They are the only way to build a sustainable,
just and developed society. Empowerment of women and equality between women
and men are prerequisites for achieving political, social, economic, cultural and
environmental security among all peoples.

Beijing Platform for Action,
The United NationsFourth World Conference on Women
Beijing 1995, Statement 41
The personal and political commitment to the gender issue is a good point at which to
initiate a process which goes further than that which has been socially established. As
such, it is typically necessary to undo that which has been learnt and start again from
the beginning.
It is important to understand that one of the positive impacts of gender is that it makes
visible, and raises awareness of, androcentrism6 i.e. the dominant patriarchal model. Due to
this awareness-raising it is possible to instigate a process that allows, among other things,
one to:
6. Androcentrism uses only the vision, needs, priorities and status of men as a point of reference.This vision
triggers off negative impacts in women and men.
21
Key concepts Tourism as an Opportunity
understand the causes of gender inequality and discrimination towards women,

understand the reasons why many women have remained on the margins and/or invisi-
ble in the historical and fundamental processes of social development,
gain more knowledge of, and improve, the situation of women, and
accept, see and understand the world from the perspective of women.
Perhaps the most common kind of confusion regarding the components of the term gen-
der involves the meaning of equality and equity, and the differences between them. Gender
equality is a fundamental concept in human rights, as it champions the elimination of gen-
der inequalities and discrimination against women and girls, and as such, transforms unequal
power relationships. By contrast, gender equity is not a concept promoted by human rights
because it does not necessarily imply the elimination of gender inequalities and discrimi-
nation against women and girls; rather, it refers to what each person, based on his/her
own subjective point of view, considers to be more or less to be fair for women and girls.
Equality or equity?
Currently, the majority of the people agree that it is not right that only women take
care of, and are involved in, domestic and reproductive work. If we devise a solu-
tion for this issue from an equity perspective, then proposing that women be paid
a fair salary would suffice7. However, if we want to provide a solution from the point
of view of equality, we would have to carry out an analysis of the lives of these
female workers with regard to their environment: the time management of these
female workers and of others (partners, children etc.), the discrimination these
women face due to the sparse social value of domestic and reproductive work, the
social capital that surrounds the lives of these women, the subordinate relationship
that some of them have with their partners, etc. By analysing all these components,
it is clear that the solution from the perspective of equality would be the necessi-
ty of sharing domestic and reproductive work between women and men, and that
this sharing is not undertaken based on biological sex8.
There are two other situations which also commonly provoke confusion over gender:
that gender is equivalent to sex and that gender is the same women.
3.1.1 Is gender the same as sex?

Throughout the world, biological characteristics, generally the genitals, have been the
point of reference for determining what it signifies and implies to be a woman or a man.
7. An example of this is Convention 189 and Recommendation 201 (ILO) on female workers and domestic
workers. Both the convention and the recommendation have been carried out within the action framework
for decent work.
8. AldaFacio, Notaspara la Igualdad (Notes for Equality) no. 1, see: http://www.americalatinagenera.org/
es/documentos/centro_gobierno/FACT-SHEET-1-DQEH2707.pdf (in Spanish)
22
However, such characteristics actually merely determine the condition of being female or
male. While there are evident biological differences between women and men, these dif-
ferences should not generate gender inequalities and/or discrimination against women.
The concept of gender as defined by INSTRAW is as follows9:
Gender
Gender refers to the array of socially constructed roles and relationships, personal-
ity traits, attitudes, behaviours, values, relative power and influence that society
ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis. Whereas biological sex is deter-
mined by genetic and anatomical characteristics, gender is an acquired identity that
is learned, changes over time, and varies widely within and across cultures. Gender
is relational and refers not simply to women or men but to the relationship between
them.
The definition of women and men based on biological sex has determined, among
other things, the different spheres attributed to each: the public, private and domestic.
These spheres are defined as follows:
1. Public space: traditionally, this space has been occupied by men and it is related to
the participation outside of the home, the productive area, money, culture, social
recognition and positioning. As such, the public space is a means that allows one to
be recognised and to make decisions.
2. Public sphere: Traditionally, men have had control over this sphere, which is related
to participation outside the home, to production, money, and culture, as well as
recognition and social standing. As such, the public sphere is an area in which individ-
uals are afforded recognition and the ability to take decisions.
3. Domestic sphere: The domestic sphere is associated with care, nature and morality.
It has traditionally been associated with women, and constitutes the space in which
reproductive activity and domestic work is carried out. Although this sphere is linked
to the creation of life, nurturing, and the transmission of values, i.e. it is the space
where the human resources of the dominant system are cared for and formed,
these attributes are neither valued nor visible.The private sphere refers to the use,
management and enjoyment of private space. It is occasionally equated with the
domestic sphere, which obscures the recognition of the importance of domestic
work for human development, as well as for the sustainability of the dominant finan-
cial and economic system.
Why is it important to understand that gender is not the same as sex?
It enriches the studies and understanding of human beings.
9. INSTRAW, Glossary, Institute for Research and Training for the Advancement of Women.
23
It makes visible the link between the high value historically allotted to the biological
attributes of men, and the poverty and discrimination which has been the lot of
women.
It de-naturalizes much of the gender inequality and violence against women, which
are justified on the basis of sex and culture.
It works in favour of not associating certain spheres with biological sex, as is the case
in androcentric perceptions.
3.1.2. Is gender the same as women?

The incorporation of gender as a category for analysis, i.e. a gender perspective, is cer-
tainly a consequence of the enduring fight that many women have taken part in all over
the world.This is logical, given that women have been most affected by gender inequal-
ities and discrimination. In spite of this, the concept of gender is not equivalent to that
of women.
The aim of a gender perspective is to study the interrelation between women and men
since it is only in this way that power relationships could possibly be transformed, and
the gender gap reduced. Similarly, a gender perspective allows one to identify the caus-
es, mostly internal, of discrimination and inequality, and make womens contributions
sustainable so as to improve their living conditions, as well asthose of allthe people in
their lives.
When spearheading a development initiative that seeksto integrate a gender perspec-

tive, one would generally allot preferential attention to women.This is because women
are in an unfavourable position with regards to men, a product of the dominant andro-
centric vision.
Due to this initial inequality, it is sometimes considered necessary to carry out positive
actions:
[] directed towards the disadvantaged group, generally women, in areas where

the gender gap is particularly severe, such as in education and training, access to
credit, or those where they naturally concern women in particular10.

It is sufficient to emphasize that the undertaking of positive actions does not justify the
non-existence of specific actions related to gender. Both actions should be undertaken
simultaneously.
10. Definition given by the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on integration in the
cooperation of the development of aspects relative to the socio-cultural differences between the sexes.
24
3.1.3. Gender Roles

Gender roles refer to behaviours which are considered feminine and masculine, and
which are related to the spheres previously mentioned: the public, the domestic and the
private.This relationship is assuredly due to the fact that gender roles (i.e. the behaviour
that women and men learnt in order to be identified in their environments as such)
determine the privileges and responsibilities linked to the characteristics that are attrib-
uted to each sphere: public, private and domestic.
Gender roles are manifested daily and determine degrees of participation, deprivation,
and responsibility, as well as the attitudes, that women and men have in distinct situa-
tions, such asin the professional world, at work or when dealing with maternity and
paternity. As such, gender roles prompt the sexual division of labour which, among
other things, determines the role and tasks of women and men.
Sexual division of labour
A concept used to define the roles and tasks attributed to women and men, and
which are based on gender rolesrather than on the skills and aptitude of each indi-
vidual11.
Below, the different gender roles are explained in greater detail: reproductive, produc-
tive and communal roles, as defined by Clara Murguialday12:
1. Re-productive roles of women: this refers not only to the activities linked to biological
reproduction (giving birth and raising children) or to the daily maintenance of the work
force (preparing of meals, collecting water and gathering firewood, cleaning living spaces
and maintaining them in a habitable conditions, water supply, providing care and emo-
tional attention to the members of the family), but also to activities involved in the
reproduction of the social order (socialisation with children, maintenance of family net-
works and mutual support groups, transmission of cultural assets).
2. Productive roles of women: this concerns their character as generators of secondary
income. Although many women are occupied in the formal sector of the economy,
many more work within the family in unpaid agricultural labour considered to be a sub-
sidiary, while others work for companies in the informal sector, eitherfrom home or in
urban neighbourhoods. Others still are part of the service industry, especially by per-
forming paid domestic work.
3. Communal management roles of women: this takes the form of organising social
events, ceremonies and celebrations, actions aimed at obtaining basic services for the
well-being of their families and communities, the maintenance of communal social net-
works, and participation in local political activities. All this determines the level of social
11. Cuestiones Esenciales sobre el gnero. Conceptos bsicos. (Essential Questionson Gender. Basic Concepts.)
N1.Ed. Acsur-Las Segovias. Barcelona.
12. Diccionario de Accin Humanitaria y Cooperacin al Desarrollo (Humanitarian Action and Development
Cooperation Dictionary) http://www.dicc.hegoa.ehu.es/listar/mostrar/115 (in Spanish)
25
value that families have. Furthermore, given that state provisions are increasingly inade-
quate in terms of living spaces and basic services, women with low incomes take on the
responsibility of forming local organisations to fight for basic services and the rural envi-
ronment.The time dedicated to these activities is neither quantified nor paid, and rarely
are these women recognized, nor does their prestige and level of influence increase in
the community because of these contributions or achievements.
The sexual division of labour is a fundamental category of analysis in a gender perspec-

tive because it not only allows one to identify and analyse gender roles, but also
enables one to identify and analyse the access to (use of resources), and control over
(decision-making with regard to the resource) of resources, as well as the time man-
agement of women and men.
3.1.4 Gender needs: practical and strategic needs

If oIf one were to identify and analyse the needs/interests of gender in a particular con-
text, the information obtained would be heterogeneous with regards to:
the types of needs/interests,

the priorities for action, and
how one acts to cover the same or different needs/interests.
This is due to the fact that the obligations, benefits, privileges and responsibilities attrib-
uted by gender roles do not affect the lives of women and men in the same way.
To describe and study gender needs implies working with information about women
versus men, as well as with information that uses groups of women and men as points
of reference in a differentiated manner. One must also take into account that this in-
formation will be influenced by diverse factors such as age, ethnicity, race and social
class.The explanation provided by Ana Alcalde Gonzlez and Irene Lpez Mndez13 on
the two types of gender needs, practical and strategic, is presented below.
Practical needs: these seek to improve the quality of life and respond to the basic
needs of people. Practical needs tend to be those that women and men experience
in their socially-assigned roles, and which are consequences of their daily responsibi-
lities.
Strategic needs or strategic interests: these refer to questions of gender equality in
a particular society and which attempts to bring about the equitable distribution of
resources between women and men. Strategic needs imply a demand in favour of the
equitable redistribution of roles, responsibilities and power between women and
men.
13. Alcalde Gonzlez Ana and Lpez Mndez Irene (2004): Gua prctica para la integracin de la igualdad entre
mujeres y hombres en los proyectos de la Cooperacin Espaola, (Practical Guide for the Integration of Equality
between Women and Men in the Projects of the Spanish Cooperation), Ministry of External Affairs. Secretary
of State for International and Ibero-American Cooperation, Madrid.
26
It is important to clarify that both needs are complementary.If one were to focus on
practical needs with a gender perspective, one would necessarily manage spaces and
policies that deal with the strategic needs of women and men. For example, launching
different kinds of training responsive to gender, and which aim to improve the quality
of womens participation.
Quality of participation
This refers,firstly, to the level of participation of women and men in an action and,
secondly, to thedegree to which such participation offers opportunities that can
lead to womens empowerment and more equitable relationships between women
and men14.
Although the results of strategic needs are long-term ones, this does not suggest that
these should be considered as separate, and/or only be taken into account at the end
of a particular intervention. On the contrary, actions that imply a revision of gender
roles should be considered from the beginning in the planning and management of any
sustainable development initiative.
Working with an awareness of gender issues to for the purposes of impacting strategic
needs, brings us closer to the concept of empowerment.This is defined as follows:
Empowerment
An awareness of the rights and power that one possesses individually and collec-
tively, an increase in skills, recognition of ones own value, the recuperation of ones
own dignity as a person, the improvement of ones own image, the beliefs about
ones rights and skills, and challenging feelings of inferiority15.
Empowerment allows people to fight against the causes of poverty. This implies being
aware of ones own skills so as to impact diverse factors of influence (political, econo-
mic, environmental, social and cultural) which determine the wealth and poverty of peo-
ple. Recognizing that the factors of influence are conditioned by power relationships, it
is unlikely that people can be empowered if one does not understand the structure of
these relationships, and therefore poverty cannot be reduced in a sustainable manner.
Based on the idea that in order to empower people and thereby reduce poverty, a gen-
der perspective must be integrated, the three fundamental areas of empowerment may
be defined as follows:
14. See National Womens Service, Chile: http://www.goremaule.cl/publicar/genero/EVALUACION%20

DEL%20IMPACTO%20EN%20FUNCION%20DEL%20GENERO.pdf (in Spanish)
15. Fernndez - Layos Ana Lydia (2008): Identificacin de acciones de cooperacin al desarrollo desde el enfoque
de gnero, Paz y Desarrollo. (Identification of Cooperation Development Actions with a Gender Focus, Peace
and Development).
27
Social empowerment: centres on the following questions:What do women and men

want, individually and collectively? What do women and men not want, individually
and collectively? What do women and menpossess, individually and collectively? What
do women and men not possess, individually and collectively? To realize this kind of
empowerment, it is necessary to enrich the social fabric and self-recognition, create
organisations, strengthen social and institutional management in a participative man-
ner, and diffuse cultural values based on a feminine and masculine vision.
Political empowerment: centres on the following questions: How can democracy be
advanced? How, where and when can one promote dialogue and have an influence
on decisions related to the community? How can leaders be trained? For this, it is nec-
essary, in general, to gather information that reveals the causes of the problems and
advantages that affect society, as, and thereafter to foster debate about power, de-
mocracy and participation, while supporting, legitimising and institutionalising spaces
that promote the quality of participation.
Economic empowerment: is based on the premise that economic growth is not
equivalent to economic development.In general, economic growth may be seen as
conceived in market and quantitative terms, and more concentrated on the exchan-
ge of goods and services, as well as on the information provided by the Gross Do-
mestic Product (GDP).By contrast, economic empowerment uses measuring tools
that are more qualitative, human and realistic in terms of social, environmental and
economic contexts (including that of the domestic economy), such as the Human
Development Index and the Gender-related Development Index,both developed by
UNDP.Essentially, economic empowerment shows that women and men should
develop skills and organise themselves to: impact the decisions that affect their qual-
ity of life, embark on participative processes that are more efficient and effective,
achieve a state of greater well-being, extend the use of gender-responsive budgets
with a positive impact on the quality of life of women and men, and increase decent
work and quality education.
3.2 Vocational Training and Decent Work
Decent work is directly related to human dignity. In fact, some experts assert that it
would be better to use the concept of dignified work, since this is how work conditions
are exhibited16.
In order to address the link between decent work and human dignity, it is important to
highlight that the concept of decent work evolved over time, and that it is still one still
in the process of developing.The elements, drawn from diverse discussions, which have
formed part of the evolution of the concept of decent work are as follows17:
16. See Decent Work (Dignified) and Vocational Training: http://www.oei.es/etp/trabajo_decente_formacion_

profesional_ferrer.pdf (in Spanish)
17. See Ermida Uriarte scar: Trabajo decente formacin profesional (Decent Work Vocational Training):
http://www.oei.es/etp/trabajo_decente_formacion_profesional_ermida.pdf (in Spanish)
28
Evolution of the concept of decent work

International Work Productive work.
Conference, Protection of rights.
1999 (preliminary Adequate income.
notion Equity.
Social protection.
Tripartism.
Social dialogue.
Preliminary notion Quality employment.
and strategic objectives Respect of workers rights
determined by the (fundamental human rights)
International Labour Social protection.
Organisations (ILO) No mention of adequate income,
programme for social dialogue and tripartism.
2000-2001
Reference document Adequate conditions and social protection.
presented by CINTER Respect of fundamental rights.
FOR/ILO at the Possibility of developing social dialogue which becomes a
35th Meeting of the permanent instrument of strength and a place to develop
Technical Committee workers skills.
(2001)
It was in 2001 that the importance of vocational training for promoting and driving
processes that advance decent work as a place for developing skills was explicitly
recognised.
Vocational training is an educational activity that possesses theoretical and practical

components and generally emphasises technical and methodological aspects18. It con-
centrates on coherently linking the contents with the methods, with the aim of adapt-
ing them to the labour and social contexts of each country. According the International
Labour Organisations (ILO) definition of 1975:
the qualification of the terms guidance and training by the term vocational
means that guidance and training are directed to identifying and developing human
capabilities for a productive and satisfying working life and, in conjunction with the
different forms of education, to improve the ability of the individual to understand
and, individually or collectively, to influence working conditions and the social
environment.
Recommendation 150, ILO, 1975
18. In some countries, vocational training is known as training or professional training.
29
More recently, the ILOs International Labour Conference was concerned with review-
ing the international rules related to vocational training. In its Resolution on the Training
and Development of Human Resources of June 2000, among other points, the follow-
ing points were made19:
not only do people and companies benefit from training, but so do the economy and
society at large,
training highlights the fundamental values of equity, justice, equal treatment between
men and women, non-discrimination, social responsibility and social participation,
training (coupled with education) is a part of an economic and social response to
globalisation,
training (like education) does not on its own resolve the problem of employment, but
it does contribute to improving the employability of persons in certain rapidly evolv-
ing internal and external markets,
vocational training has to be integrated into, and linked with, policies related to the
economy, employment and others, and
education and training constitutes a right for all.
As such, vocational training is currently considered a fundamental right and an econom-

ic instrument20:
Fundamental right: because it encompasses in itself, other rights which should be

respected in all decent work. At the same time, it is also an instrument that facilitates,
and at times conditions, the realisation of other rights that constitute decent work.
Economic instrument: because the link between vocational training and economic
growth is associated with the level of training individuals possess.Those with more
training improvethe comparative and competitive characteristics of a countrys labour
and human resources.
Gender equality has been an important and welcome topic to help build the concept
of decent work, widening the scope of the action framework, and increasing the bene-
fits that decent work and vocational training bring to people. Given this importance, the
three principal reasons that the Inter-American Centre for Knowledge Development
in Vocational Training (ILO/CINTERFOR) promotes work on vocational training and
decent work from a gender perspective are as follows:
It enables double and simultaneous opportunities with the working world and with
the individuals being trained, which is among the basic conditions necessary for
improving quality and equity in the training supply.
It places focus on the learning subject (the individual receiving training), and helps one
to understand them as an integrated being who not only draws together knowledge
19. For more information on this resolution see: http://temp.oitcinterfor.org/public/spanish/region/ampro/cinterfor

/publ/sind_for/casanov/pdf/quees.pdf (in Spanish)
20. See Ermida Uriarte scar: Trabajo decente formacin profesional (Decent Work Vocational Training):
http://www.oei.es/etp/trabajo_decente_formacion_profesional_ermida.pdf (in Spanish)
30
and skills but also attitudes, emotions, gender conditioning, family and communal histo-
ry. It is in this context that the subject should construct his/her training project and
employment. This focus on the subject provides the training operation with a wide
scope for intervention.
As is the case in other social institutions and policies, training reproduces the clas-
sification criteria and hierarchy that are already in place in society.The context con-
ditions and determines these, so long they respond to the paradigm of dominant
economic and social development and thus to reproduces values, norms and bias-
es that exist in the society in question, including ideas and concepts concerned with
the feminine and masculine. However, the possibility also exists to intervene and
modify them. Vocational training with a gender perspective, since it recognises and
reveals that these characteristics (which are supposedly fixed and set in stone) are
culturally assigned, contributes substantially to their transformation.
Vocational training policies are not far removed from the domestic, productive and
private spheres, since both their formulation and implementation reproduce the
very values, norms and differences of the society in which they are created. Vo-
cational training and patterns of occupational segmentation are strongly linked.
Professional segmentation begins before incorporation into the labour market, so it
is conditioned by the gender roles transmitted in the domestic and public spheres,
reaffirmed in schools and crystallised in the professional options traditionally
assigned to women and men. Therefore, the gender component in vocational train-
ing, when it comes to analysing the types of work which women and men prefer
and choose, shows that they largely follow a process of socialisation initiated from
infancy.
Thus, to integrate a gender perspective in vocational training allows another way of

seeing, speaking and thinking about disciplines of knowledge such as sustainable tourism.
It is an educational process that considers and analyses the power relationships that
exist in a determined place and in a concrete discipline.This perspective highlights the
fact that the early definition and distribution of gender roles strengthens and increases
inequalities, impact or condition gender identities, and increase the gender gap between
women and men.
3.3. Sustainable Tourism
Firstly, it is important to mention that sustainable tourism, in the framework of the proj-
ect Vocational Training and Sustainable Tourism, is understood as an opportune area
to fulfil the three component dimensions of sustainable development: the social, envi-
ronmental and economic. Secondly, and also within the framework of the project, gen-
der is understood as an additional component which sustainable tourism should include
in order to fulfil these criteria.
Given that it is not common to integrate a gender perspective in the three dimensions of
sustainable development, as is the case in terms of other economic activities, gender
31
inequalities tend to be present globally in the tourism sector, including in sustainable

tourism.
To understanding the importance of integrating a gender perspective in the sustainable

development of tourism, a brief reference must be made to the relationship between
gender and sustainability: whether environmental, economic or social.
1. Gender and environmental sustainability21: the combination of both concepts

prompts examination of the relationship between environmental degradation, gen-
der inequalities and discrimination against women. The way in which gender roles
condition the relationship that women and men (both individually and collectively)
have with natural resources is studied.In general, when dealing with environmental
problems, the impacts at the end of the tube (wastes, contamination, land degra-
dation) are more often identified and addressed than the matter of womens access
to, and control over, natural resources. Central elements such as, for example,
womens access to, and control over, land, or the control and management of water
or forests, are still not considered relevant.
2. Gender and economic sustainability: studying and working towards economic sus-
tainability from a gender perspective allows one totackle the following matters22:
Methodological criticisms: in the formulation of statistics and national accounts that

are blind to gender
Discussions on binomial work/employment
Sexual division of labour
Labour participation and discrimination against women
Economic policies and their effects, differentiated by sex
Problems and alternatives related to gender and development
Invisibility of women in macroeconomic models
Gender bias in public policies and budgets
Impact of gender on public policies
Economy and gender equality
Budgets with a gender focus
The fusion of the concepts economy and gender is increasingly being recognised.
Organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development23
(OECD) also justify therelevance thereof for sustainable development and the econom-
ic growth of countries:
3. Gender and social sustainability: In general terms, the motto of social sustainability
is to maintain social cohesion. It is closely linked to human rights and is seen as being
21. For more information see: Red de Gnero y MedioAmbiente (RGMA) (Gender and Environment Network):
http://redgeneroymedioambiente.org.mx/ (in Spanish)
22. Sin gnero de dudas (Gender Without Doubt): http://singenerodedudas.com/economiafeminista/1179/
economia-sostenible-equidad-condicion-de-eficiencia (in Spanish)
23. See Gender and Sustainable Development: Maximising The Economic, Social And Environmental Role of
Women: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/1/40881538.pdf
32
conditioned by economic and environmental sustainability.Nevertheless, a gender

perspective should not be considered only in terms social sustainability as is often
the case, for it is a category of analysis which has to be part of, and influence, each
dimension of sustainable development. In this way, it will be possible to conceive of
new ways of accomplishing activities for economic, environmental and social sustain-
ability.
By and large, the tendency to link sustainable tourism to women and/or with gender
has concentrated on issues of exploitation, especially of women and children, for the
purposes of sexual exploitation in the tourism industry24. As such, a limited vision of this
relationship exists, despite the many questions related to women and gender in sustain-
able tourism.
The recent UNWTO/UN WOMEN Global Report on Women in Tourism 201025 has
helped to internationalize the breadth of the research, and management planning in sus-
tainable tourism in womens favour. It finds that women make up the majority of the
tourism sectors work force in almost all regions of the world, but tend to be concen-
trated in lower level positions and thus performing precarious and low-paid work.
There are few women at the highest levels of management in either the public or pri-
vate tourism sectors.
The Report also notes that women contribute a great deal of unpaid work to tourism
enterprises. Without going into detail on the Reports findings, this point is particularly
important to note, as unpaid work hinders the opportunities for womens empower-
ment and limits their access to the benefits of formal employment. The principal con-
clusions of the publication are as follows26:
Women make up a large proportion of the formal tourism workforce

Women are well represented in service and clerical level jobs but poorly represent-
ed at professional levels
Women in tourism are typically earning 10% to 15% less than their male counterparts
The tourism sector has almost twice as many women employers as other sectors
One in five tourism ministers worldwide are women
Women make up a much higher proportion of own-account workers in tourism than
in other sectors
A large amount of unpaid work is being carried out by women in family tourism busi-
nesses
24. See The Code, End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual
Purposes (ECPAT): http://www.thecode.org/
25. See Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010, UNWTO/UN Women: http://www.e-unwto.org/
content/j133q0/fulltext.pdf
26. See the abstract of the Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010: http://www2.unwto.org/en/event/
launch-unwtounwomen-global-report-women-tourism-2010
33
Good Practices
4. Presentation of Good Practices
The selected good practices are drawn from diverse cultural contexts with different
economic, touristic and gender dynamics: Bolivia, Nicaragua,The Gambia, Morocco and
Senegal.
Each good practice is presented in a table that illustrates:
the general, national or local context from which the GP is taken,

the fundamental data of the GP,
relevant information related to gender equality and/or womens empowerment, and
relevant information in terms of vocational training and decent work.
The GPs are presented in the following order:
Bolivia: Velasco Handicraft Centre and the Sutuniquina Community Clay Ceramics
Nicaragua: Finca Esperanza Verde and Entre brisas y encantos (BetweenBreezes and
Charms) Tourism Eco-Lodge.
Morocco: Sobarif Cooperative and Ajaabou Womens Agricultural Cooperative
Gambia: Gambia is Good and Tumani Tenda
Senegal: Kr Cupaam and the Popenguine Association of Women
37
Presentation of Good Practices Tourism as an Opportunity
VELASCO HANDICRAFTSCENTRE (Bolivia)

Member institution of the project: The Association of Chiquitanos Municipalities
OVERALL CONTEXT OF THE GOOD PRACTICE

Geographical Zone San Ignacio de Velasco
Population (zone)27 Women: 20,161
Men: 21,251
Rural/Urban area Urban area.
(zone)
Ethnic groups (zone) Chiquitanos.The origin of the Chiquitano term los chicos comes from
mid-16th century.They were so named because the entrances to their
huts were small and low to protect them from wild animals.
(Translators note: chico in Spanish means small.)
Main religion/ Predominantly Catholic.
Other religions (zone)
Official language/ Castilian Spanish, Besiro dialect - Mother tongue: Chiquitano.
Other dialects (zone)
Principal economic Livestock breeding, forestry and tourism.
activities (zone)
Environmental It is important to mention that the most common environmental
context (zone) disasters in the region are floods. However, the San Ignacio de Velasco
municipality has not suffered such misfortune. In environmental terms,
the Chiquitanos have been most affected by chaqueo (logging and
burning of forests for pastureland).The lumber associations situated in
the area are therefore obliged to devise a plan by which to manage
grants and stop indiscriminate logging.Therein each association is
required to plant seedbeds to prevent the depletion of forests,as well
as to establish a certified logging plan.This has affected the artisans asit
has increased the price of the raw material needed to produce their
handicrafts.
27. HDI - Human Development Index 2009 and 2011
38
Social context Life expectancy from birth: 66.6 years28.

(country) Life Expectancy Index: 0.675
Minimum national salary: 815 Bs. (84 )
Causes of death: Infectious and parasitic diseases (23.9%), problems of
the circulatory system (19.5%), respiratory system (14%), accidents and
violence (9.8%), digestive system illnesses (8.6%), conditions originating
in the perinatal period (7.4%), and tumours (4%).
Average maternal age: 19 years
Average marriage age: From 1990 the average age at which women
marry is 27 years, whereas men marry at the age of 29.
Relevant information A study exists of the Chiquitanos and Ayoreas communities entitled
related to gender Conocimientos y Riesgos de ITS,VIH y SIDA con enfoque de gnero
(zone) (Information and Risks of STDs, HIV and AIDS with a Gender Focus). It
has been supported by DFID, CARE EPUA KUATA and other
institutions.
Other studies are focus more on work with women and not on
gender issues in themselves.This work is shaped by external funding
from NGOs.
Overall tourism The revenue from International in-bound tourism to Bolivia has notably
situation (zone)29 risen, surpassing US$169 million in 2000, US$292 million in 2007
and US$314.4 million in 2008. Itscontribution to the countrys GDP
was 2.02% in 2000 and 2.34% in 2005. Currently, the foreign
currency earnings from in-bound tourism represent the third
most important sector within Bolivian exports, after natural gas
(US$381.1 million), torta (a type of cake) and soybean oil
(US$ 336.5 million).
According to the data of the INE (National Statistics Institute) of
Bolivia, the ViruViru Airport in the city of Santa Cruz registered the
greatest influx of foreign visitors, with international travellers
representing 65.03% of total arrivals to this airport, and a further
32.04% and 2.03%, to El Alto (La Paz) and Jorge Wilsterman
(Cochabamba), respectively30.
Percentage of illiterate 19,35%31
women (country)
Percentage of illiterate 6,94%32
men (country)

29.The availability of tourism statistics in the Gran Chiquitania is limited.This is reduced to some non-syste-
matic efforts on the part of the tourism offices, municipalities, some private establishments, museums etc.
Accommodation services are wary of handing in their customer registration data due to the fear that this
information may be used for competition. However, some useful information can be accessed from which
some important conclusions can be derived to create the strategy.
30.Tourism Statistics. INE Bolivia,Third Trimester 2008 - 2009
31. UNICEF, Demographic Indicators, of education in 2003
39
Principal The restoration of their temples brought Chiquitanos culture

events (zone) back to life . Historically, the Chiquitos villages of specialized in painting,
carving and the combination of colours using roots. as they formed
part of the villages of the Indians under the tutelage of the Jesuits,
who, with their reductional system33, maintained a certain level of
autonomy. At present six Chiquitanos villages have maintained both
buildings from the Missionary period, as well as part of the customs of
the original indigenous population.The conservation of urban elements
of the Missionary erahas enabled the combination of two elements
characteristic of the urban area to survive: a population deeply-rooted
in their traditions and architecture from the epoch of Spanish
missionary activity. In the villages, one may still observe aspects of the
colonial eras socio-cultural legacy which the Jesuits, in their reductional
experiment, implanted and which have been kept alive in both folklore
and the urban landscape34.
Following the restorations of San Miguel, Concepcin, and San Rafael,
as well as construction in San Xavier, six Chiquitanos villages, their six
temples and all their rich, indigenous, missionary culture, were declared
a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990.This marked an important
milestone as it prompted an increase in tourism, which currently
supplies additional income for Chiquitanos families.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative: Velasco Handicrafts Centre
Date of initiation 2007
Type of initiative Public sector tourism company
Funding Municipality of San Ignacio, Casa Municipal de la Mujer, ownresources.
Number of women 50
Number of men 10
Presentation of The women artisans of the Municipality of San Ignacio began producing
the initiative handicrafts independently, displaying their products to other people
of the village. With the support of the Casa Municipal de la Cultura
(Town Cultural Centre) and the Cooperacin Espaola (Spanish
Cooperation), the fact that the women needed a place to meet and
display their handicrafts was identified. A space belonging to the
municipality was made available to the women for the sale and
exhibition of their handicrafts, which exemplify the living culture of the
region.This was achieved through meetings with the artisans interested
in forming an association
33.The term reductional refers to the reduction of the Missionaires when the Jesuits were expulsed.
34. Roth, OpCit.
40
RESULTS IN TERMS OF GENDER EQUALITY

AND/OR WOMENS EMPOWERMENT
The initiative has spread awareness of the womens artistic work and prompted the
recognition of its social value.The women now have greater confidence, and feel proud
when tourists buy and appreciate their creations.The women have received training in
organisation skills, allowing them to meetto deal with common issues that may, or may
not, be linked to the handicrafts centre. These public and private spaces of exchange
enable womens practical and strategic needs to be made visible, thereby raising aware-
ness of them. As such, it is important for women to organise themselves and support
one another, so as to work in a concrete manner and meet these needs.
Institutions specialising inwomens rights have becomeinvolved, such as La Casa de la
Mujer.
Women now have the opportunity to negotiate with the authorities on issues which
have a bearing on the entire community, hence encouraging the process of empower-
ment and womens leadership in the community has increased.
Progress has been made in changing gender roles. Men have begun to recognise and
value womens work in the public sphere. The initiative has also challenged the belief
that only men can leave the house and act as the head of a family.
Chiquitanos culture has been strengthened by incorporating the perspectives of women.
The institutions involved instigated a three month process of identification of key needs/
interests.Meetings/workshops with both women and men were held every fortnight in
this context, supportedby the Casa Municipal de la Cultura (Town Cultural Centre) and
the Cooperacin Espaola (Spanish Corporation).
RESULTS IN TERMS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING A

ND DECENT WORK
The members of this initiative recognised the importance of vocational training in

terms of organising, associating, defining rules and regulations, and administering the
handicrafts centre in a more structured, efficient and transparent manner.
The members have been trained in various issues linked to the improvement of the
management of the project and of their products: cloth painting, product diversifica-
tion, quality control, costs, administration, IT courses etc. Involvement in the initiative
has increased the members self-esteem and independence, strengthened Chiquitano
culture and afforded women the opportunity to feel recognised.This gives members
moremedium to long term tools with which to access local assistance and improve
work conditions.
In socio-economic terms, working in the initiative has allowed members to live more
comfortably, to better educate their children, and to increase their contribution to
their homes in monetary terms.
Politically, involvement in the project has helped the Municipality recognise the value
of the handicraft production performed by both women and men.
41
SUTUNIQUINA COMMUNITY CLAY CERAMICS (Bolivia)

Member institution of the project: The Association of Chiquitanos Municipalities

Geographical Zone San Ignacio de Velasco
Population (zone) 35 Women: 20,161
Men: 21,251
Rural/urban Urban area.
area (zone)
Ethnic groups (zone) Chiquitanos.The origin of the Chiquitanos term los chicos comes
from mid-16th century.They were so named because the entrances to
their huts were small and low to protect them from wild animals.
(Translators note: chico in Spanish means small.)
Main religion/ Predominantly Catholic.
Official language/ Castilian Spanish, Besiro dialect - Mother tongue: Chiquitano.
activities (zone)
Environmental It is important to mention that the most common environmental
context (zone) disasters in the region are floods. However, the San Ignacio de Velasco
municipality has not suffered such misfortune. In environmental terms,
the Chiquitanos have been most affected by chaqueo (logging and
burning of forests for pastureland).The lumber associations situated in
the area are therefore obliged to devise a plan by which to manage
grants and stop indiscriminate logging.Therein each association is
required to plant seedbeds to prevent the depletion of forests,as well
as to establish a certified logging plan.This has affected the artisans asit
has increased the price of the raw material needed to produce their
handicrafts.
42
Social context Life Expectancy Index: 0.675

(country) Minimum national salary: 815 Bs. (84 )
Causes of death: Infectious and parasitic diseases (23.9%), problems
of the circulatory system (19.5%), respiratory system (14%),
accidents and violence (9.8%), digestive system illnesses (8.6%),
conditions originating in the perinatal period (7.4%), and
tumours (4%).
Average maternal age: 19 years.
Relevant information Average marriage age: From 1990 the average age at which women
related to gender marry is 27 years, whereas men marry at the age of 29.
(zone) A study exists of the Chiquitanos and Ayoreas communities entitled
Conocimientos y Riesgos de ITS,VIH y SIDA con enfoque de gnero
(Information and Risks of STDs, HIV and AIDS with a Gender Focus). It
has been supported by DFID, CARE EPUA KUATA and other
institutions. Other studies are focus more on work with women and
not on gender issues in themselves.This work is shaped by external
funding from NGOs.
Overall tourism The revenue from International in-bound tourism to Bolivia has notably
situation (zone)36 risen, surpassing US$169 million in 2000, US$292 million in 2007
and US$314.4 million in 2008. Itscontribution to the countrys GDP
was 2.02% in 2000 and 2.34% in 2005. Currently, the foreign
currency earnings from in-bound tourism represent the third most
important sector within Bolivian exports, after natural gas (
US$381.1 million), torta (a type of cake) and soybean oil
(US$ 336.5 million).
According to the data of the INE (National Statistics Institute) of
Bolivia, the ViruViru Airport in the city of Santa Cruz registered the
greatest influx of foreign visitors, with international travellers
representing 65.03% of total arrivals to this airport, and a further
32.04% and 2.03%, to El Alto (La Paz) and Jorge Wilsterman
(Cochabamba), respectively37.38.
Percentage of illiterate 19.35%39
women (country)
Percentage of illiterate 6.94%40
men (country)
36.The availability of tourism statistics in the Gran Chiquitania is limited.This is reduced to some non-syste-
matic efforts on the part of the tourism offices, municipalities, some private establishments, museums etc.
Accommodation services are wary of handing in their customer registration data due to the fear that this
information may be used for competition. However, some useful information can be accessed from which
some important conclusions can be derived to create the strategy.
43
Principal events (zone) The restoration of their temples brought Chiquitanos culture back to
life. Historically, the Chiquitos villages of specialized in painting, carving
and the combination of colours using roots. as they formed part of
the villages of the Indians under the tutelage of the Jesuits, who, with
their reductional system41, maintained a certain level of autonomy. At
present six Chiquitanos villages have maintained both buildings from
the Missionary period, as well as part of the customs of the original
indigenous population.The conservation of urban elements of the
Missionary erahas enabled the combination of two elements
characteristic of the urban area to survive: a population deeply-rooted
in their traditions and architecture from the epoch of Spanish
missionary activity. In the villages, one may still observe aspects of the
colonial eras socio-cultural legacy which the Jesuits, in their reductional
experiment, implanted and which have been kept alive in both folklore
and the urban landscape42.
Following the restorations of San Miguel, Concepcin, and San Rafael,
as well as construction in San Xavier, six Chiquitano villages, their six
temples and all their rich, indigenous, missionary culture, were declared
a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990.This marked an important
milestone as it prompted an increase in tourism, which currently
supplies additional income for Chiquitanos families.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative: Sutuniquina Community Clay Ceramics
Type of initiative Community-based tourism project, supported by the public sector
Funding Municipality of San Ignacio de Velasco and contributions from the
community
Number of women 7
Number of men 8
Presentation This initiative was launched in the Municipality of San Miguel in 1997
of the initiative with the aim of producing vases and other vessels for holding water or
chicha (a type of alcoholic drink made from fermented maize), as well
as mud pans for cooking.The products gradually became sought after
by tourists, both from the region and from elsewhere in Bolivia.
In 2004, a group of seven women organised and consolidated the
initiative, and requested support from the Municipality of San
Ignacio for the construction of a warehouse.The latter would be used
for the production of handicrafts, enabling the women to fulfil orders
and strengthen their organisation.
41.The term reductional refers to the reduction of the Missionaires when the Jesuits were expulsed.
42. Roth, Op Cit.
44

The women had the freedomto design their own projects and participate in handi-
crafts and tourism fairs, both at the local and national levels.
Since its inception, the initiative took the needs of vulnerable groups, such as the eld-
erly and children, into consideration. One reason for this is the importance of knowl-
edge transfer for clay work, anactivity which is over 70 years old.
Women workers participated actively in the project, expressing their interests and
needs in decision-making arenas, for instance in the Local Councils Annual Plan.
Through concrete action, women have managed to ensure that their interests and
needs are taken into account. By doing so, they have made their work visible at the
national and international level.
The women have improved their business skills and their negotiating position both
within their families and with relation to authorities. They have also taken advantage
of the benefits of working in an organized, in both their personal and professional
lives.
Involvement in the Association has allowed women access to the diverse social spaces
which were previously off-limits for them. At the same time, many men have under-
gone positive changes in their attitudes concerning the acceptability of women work-
ing outside the home, or the perception of their being solely suitable for performing
domestic tasks. Spaces for collaboration and solidarity between women and men
have emerged. A small number of men now help the women in their business, and
more cooperation now exists in the home. A space in the community has been pro-
vided for the members to produce their ceramics, to be valued by authorities, and to
be recognised by the tourists who purchase their work.
RESULTS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING

AND DECENT WORK
Both men and women members received training to improve the management of the
Association, notably with regard to sales, product quality, budgets, customer service,
organization and technical matters related to handicrafts.Vocational training was pro-
vided to members of the initiative, in order to refine the quality of their products with
relation to paints, prices, codification of the ceramics, and design. Much of this train-
ing was created on the basis of information gleaned from the behaviour and prefer-
ences of tourists.
The women involved have demonstrated the need for vocational training in the use
of the looms so as to help generate more work and income for the women who do
not utilize clay.The high cost of these materials has prevented this type of training at
present.
The sale of products has increased due to the vocational training provided by inter-
national agencies from Spain via the Tourist Office,
Literacy courses have been set up in parallel to compliment the vocational training
provided.
45
More work within the community has been generated as a consequence of increas-
ing product sales, brought about by a rise in the number of orders, and the members
participation in fairs, both locally and in other regions of Bolivia. In terms of self-
esteem, working in the initiative has made women feel valued by their spouses and
recognised by their community and the municipality.
Economically, involvement in the project has created an income for the women,
increasing their right to make purchasing decisions in the home, and prompting them
to feel more appreciated by their families.
FINCA ESPERANZA VERDE (Nicaragua)

Member institution of the project: Nicaraguan Institute of Tourism (INTUR)

Geographical Zone Municipio de San Ramn
Population (zone)43 15,543 men y 15,139 women.
Rural/Urban Area 3,285 people live in the urban area and 30,583 in the rural area.
(zone)44
Ethnic groups There are no indigenous ethnic groups in the Municipality
(zone) of San Ramn.
Main religion/ 95 % are practicing Catholics.
Official language/other Spanish.
dialects (zona)
activities (zone)
43. National census 2005.

44. According to the 2008 Yearbook of the INIDE.
46
Social context According to the personnel of the Finca Esperanza Verde, the average
(zone - country) age at which locals marry is 15. Officially, no data has been found, as
the area lacks a census containing this information. A table provided by
the Ministry of Labour of Nicaragua in August 2011 indicates that the
minimum salary in the tourism sector was approximately 77 euros.
Relevant information Women: EAP45: 1, 961; Permanent work: 10 - 14 year olds: 20; 15 - 29
related to gender year olds: 449; 30 years olds and over: 534.
(zone) Men:EAP: 7, l 681; Permanent work:10 - 14 year olds: 88 - 15 - 29 year
olds: 1, 274 30 year olds and above: 1, 705.
Cases of gender violence by department: Rates per 100 million
inhabitants46: Family: 55; Marital: 169; Child: 7.
Overall tourism Between 2007 and 2011, approximately 5,995 national and foreign48
situation (zone) 47
tourists visited San Ramn - Matagalpa: 3,970 Europeans, 1,450 North
Americans and 575 Nicaraguans.Tourism has become among the most
important development activities, with its economic importance
stemming from the income it generates.The Municipal Department of
Tourism, coordinated by a member of the Municipal Council, has been
working with MSMEs tourists to improve the tourism supply of the
municipality.
In terms of tourism, San Ramn has been a pioneering municipality. It
possesses a number of touristic, cultural and natural attractions on offer
to tourists.These include the Yucul Genetic Reserve, the only one of its
kind in the world in terms of its variety of Tecun Humani pines; coffee
plantations where tourists may learn about the process of harvesting
grano de oro (coffee beans) and where the first coffee plant was
planted in Nicaragua; Finca Esperanza Verde; walking paths, lodgings and
butterfly farms; and the Orchid Thematic Park, a municipal tourism
project constructed as a genetic laboratory for orchids.
Percentage of illiterate 40.7%. Between 19 - 29 years of age 29.0%
women (country)49
Percentage of illiterate 36.8 %. Between 19 - 29 years of age: 31.2%
men (country)50
Principal events In 2004, the national assembly and the president declared and elevated
San Ramn to the category of City; all in the atmosphere of celebrating
the centenary of this municipality. In 1998, the Municipality of San
Ramn was affected by Hurricane Mitch, leaving human and economic
losses in its wake, deteriorating the environment and degrading the
land. At the root of the disaster, the local government supported
45. EAP: Economically Active Population.

46. National Census 2005.This data exists only by department, not by municipality.
47. Municipal Town Hall of San Ramn.
48.These are approximate data given that the sector linked to the hotel management of the community does
not provide exact data.
49. National Census, 2005
50. National Census, 2005
47
the population via the aid offered by national and international

organisations and institutions.
In 2001 2002, with the fall in the price of coffee, many families left
the rural zones of the Municipality of San Ramn towards the urban
zone to demand for employment, housing, land, health and education
for their children, bringing about cuts in the Pan-American lines of the
department; San Ramn took actions to pressurise the central
government in their demand for legal land, housing, free education and
healthcare.The mentioned agreements were taken seriously by the
government for reconciliation and unity. From 2005 2008, the
Municipal Government decreed a municipal day of the Bible and
constructed the monument based on the Bible as a universal symbol of
Christianity.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative: Finca Esperanza Verde51
Start date 1998
Type of initiative Community-based tourism.
Rural/Urban context Rural.
Funding 60 % of the income generated by the sale of the services covers 100%
of the employees salaries.The rest is received as donations from the
Durham organisation, North Carolina (USA), and from the products
produced on the estate.
Number of women 15
Number of men 5
Presentation Finca Esperanza Verde was founded in 1998 as a result of the
of the initiative collaborative friendship between a non-profit organisation based in
Durham, North Carolina (USA), and San Ramn, Nicaragua. Its mission
is to strengthen friendship and cooperation between the two
communities through cultural exchanges and economic and social
development projects. One such project is the Casa Husped, which is
conducted by a group of seven women who offer lodgings in their
homes.This allows tourists to experience the reality of the community
first-hand. A total of 20 people work directly in the initiative.
Duringpeak season and/or when handling large groups, two additional
workers people are hired on the estate, as well asone in each guest
house, all of whom are women.
51. Good Practice Weblink: http://www.fincaesperanzaverde.org/
48

The women working in the initiative now have a source of income and savings which
afford them access to certain resources (strategic interests) whichwere previously out
of their reach.They are now able to improve their homes, access medical care and con-
cern themselves not only with the well-being of their families but also with their own
(private sphere).
Their involvement in the project has helped the women understand their fundamental
rights.They feel valued given the recognition of the quality of their work by clients.
The initiative has generated a collaborative space between women and men. Of a total
11 guest houses, 5 involve the participation of the womens husbands and sons.
Women have been allowed to participate in the committee of the San Ramn
Comunidades Hermanas (San Ramn Community of Sisters) on a monthly basis, where
they discuss new projects which planned for the year and reflect on questions that affect
the entire community.
RESULTS IN THE TERMS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING

AND DECENT WORK
The women workers have had the opportunity of being trained in first aid, the man-
agement of hotel reservation, and administration.
The training provided, although only loosely linked to gender roles, has allowed
women to articulate their needs and concerns, make use of foreign funds to carry
out social projects, earn respect, and to have their voices heard. This demonstrates
that training not only has a positive impact for an initiative in itself, but also permits
women and their communities to improve their quality of life in general.These results
become sustainable if other gender-sensitive activities are simultaneously and regular-
ly carried out to identify and cater to strategic needs, such as training in gender issues
and workshops for entrepreneurs incorporating gender themes.
Entrepreneurial activity has been encouraged through interactive workshops, facilitat-
ing a process of knowledge and skill acquisition, as well as the improvement of the
quality of womens participation.The results would have had more impact if this train-
ing included topics such as: independence, self-esteem, gender roles, gender identities,
the social value ofentrepreneurs, quality of participation, etc.
49
ENTRE BRISAS Y ENCANTOS (BETWEEN BREEZES AND CHARMS)

TOURISTIC ECO-LODGING. LA FUNDADORA COMMUNITY (Nicaragua)
Member institute of the project: National Autonomous University of Nicaragua

Geographical Zone La Fundadora Community, Jinotega, Nicaragua
Population (zone) Approximately 1,00052
Rural/Urban Area Rural.
(zone)
Main religion/ Protestants and Catholics; percentage unknown.
Official language/ Spanish.
Principal economic Agriculture (production of coffee, vegetables and flowers) and livestock
activities (zone) breeding, as well as commerce and tourism on a smaller scale.
Environmental An abundance of natural space for tourism and cultivation, scenic
context (zone) beauty, natural spring water. One weakness in environmental terms of is
that running water has certain levels of contamination from waste and the
use of agrochemicals.
Social context Life expectancy is 69.91 years for men and 76.02 years for women.
(country)53
Relevant information In Nicaragua 20.7 % of parliamentary seats are occupied by women
related to gender and 30.8% of women have a secondary school or higher
(country)54 level of education. By contrast, 44.7% of the men have a secondary
school or higher level of education. For every 100,000 live births, 100
women die due to pregnancy-related complications.The adolescent
fertility rate is of 112.7 births for every 1000 live births.The
participation of women in the labour market is 47.1% in comparison
with 78.4% for men.
52. INEC (National Institute of Statistics and Census).

53. Centre for Information and Health Assessment Services http://www.cisas.org.ni/node/103
54. Gender Inequality Index 2011.
50
Overall tourism The area is remarkable for its natural attractions including coffee
situation (zone)55 plantations and the natural reserve Datanl-El Diablo. Of the foreign
tourists Nicaragua received in 2010, approximately 7.7% visited this
area.There are 21 establishments: 6 hotels and 15 non-hotel tourism
accommodation facilities. In 2010, the three principal regions from
which tourists visited this area were: Central America: 650,699; North
America: 247,857; and Europe: 71,872.
Principal The events of the war in the 1980s, and conflicts over land, have left their
events (zone) mark on the community.The majority of the countrys population,
particularly those from the north, were affected during the war. It was
precisely in this area where the counter-revolution took place and
asignificant number of settlers rallied to this cause.This situation triggered
social issues such as: the abandonment of homes, orphaned children,
economic problems and incidents of physicaldisability.The revolution
would later come to encompass the fight for land, sometimes between
members of the same communities.The desire of people to have access
to property instigated a legal process involving the writing of deeds.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative: Entre brisas y encantos (Between Breezes and Charms) Tourism
Eco-Lodge. La Fundadora Community
Funding UNDP and Ecology and Development (ECODES).
Number of women 22
Number of men 33
Presentation This initiative is related to the development of Sustainable Community-
of the initiative based Rural Tourism (Turismo Rural Comunitario Sostenible), located in
the tourist circuit of La Fundadora, La Esmeralda and La Sultana in
northern Nicaragua. It emerged from the process of designing the
Strategic Plan for Cooperatives (founded in March 2002), coordinated
by the NGO La Cuculmeca.Therein it was decided that tourism
should be added to the cooperatives activities. Given that the project
has not existed for an extensive period, no salaries have yet been paid
to participants sincethe earnings to date have been invested in the
growth of the initiative. However, decent employment is a definite
aspect of the project, asworkers engage in dignified work that allows
them to develop and form part of a tourism initiative with excellent
potential for fostering community development.
55. Tourism Statistics Report 2010 of the Nicaraguan Institute of Tourism (INTUR) http://www.intur.gob.ni/
DOCS/ESTADISTICAS/Estadisticas%20de%20Turismo%202010.pdf
51
RESULTS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF GENDER EQUALITY

AND/OR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
The women participate in the public sphere, both with regards to the initiative and
the community at large.This in turn has the potential to positively change gender roles
of women and men.
50% of those who work in the initiative are women .the management committee is
made up of 6 women and 3 men. This level of representation could help make visi-
ble the needs and priorities of women, as well as their methods of approaching the
various issues implicated in the GP, especially with regards to its management.
27% of women in the community have opened tourism-related businesses, compared
to 18% of men.This suggests that tourism is a promising sphere for women in terms
of their access to diverse resources.Nonetheless, this does not completely confirm
that these women have control over resources or over their own lives in thepublic,
private and domestic spheres.
The women are now part of their communitys Citizen Power Council (Consejo de
Poder Ciudadano - CPC). This may be seen as a clear example of quality participa-
tion which permits women to initiate a process of their own empowerment as active
citizens with full rights.
The Strategic Plan of the initiative outlines the importance of incorporating a gender
perspective.
NGOs such as La Cuculmeca, CIPRES and the Spanish Cooperation Agency (AECID)
supported the incorporation of the gender perspective, both for the cooperative as
well as for the community.
RESULTS IN TERMS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING

AND DECENT WORK
The work undertaken and the training given to the women are clearly linked to the
productive role. This allows them to gradually access the public sphere and, in their
own words , les genera esperanza y lasempodera (it generates hope and empow-
ers them).
Through their involvement in the initiative, members have greater access to training
and areas of decision-making such as the Communal Assembly. This participation is
important because it reinforces awareness raising of both their rights and of their
responsibilities.Thus training, in a formal or informal context, is significant in encour-
aging participation and transmitting the knowledge and experience acquired in the
decision-making spaces.
52
SOBARIF COOPERATIVE (Morocco)

Member institution of the project: Rif Association for the Development of Rural Tourism
(Riftourisme)

Geographical Zone Al Hoceima
Population56 31,759,997
Rural/Urban Rural.
Area (zone)
Ethnic groups (zone) Berber-Black-Arab 98.1%, others 0.7%, Jews 0.2%
Main religion/Other 98.3% of the population practises Islam.
religions (country)
Official language/ Arabic (official language), Darija (Moroccan Arabic), Berber and French.
Other dialects
(country)
Principal economic Service industry, agriculture, fishing and industry.
activities (country)
Social context Of a total of 187 countries, Morocco is listed as number 130 on the
(country) Human Development Index . Life expectancy in the country is 75.5
years on average, the adult literacy rate is 56%, and unemployment was
10% in 200958.
Relevant information 6.7% of parliamentary seats are occupied by women, and 20.1% of
related to gender women have reached a secondary school or higher level of
(country)59 education.36.3% of men haveachieved a secondary school or higher
level of education. For every 100,000 live births, 110 women die due
to pregnancy-related complications.The adolescent fertility rate is 15.1
births for every 1000 live births.The participation of women in the
labour market is 26.2% as comparedwith 80.1% for the men.
56. Hau Commissariat au plan http://www.hcp.ma/ (in French)

57. Human Development Index 2011
58. World Bank
59. Human Development Index 2011 http://hdrstats.undp.org/images/explanations/MAR.pdf
53
Overall tourism Tourism is one of the principal driving forces for the growth of the
situation (country)60 Moroccan economy as well as for the equilibrium of itsbalance of
payments, alongside the remittances of emigrants and foreign
investments-As such, it continues to be one of the priority sectors for
the authorities. In 2010, the contribution of the tourism sector to the
GDP was 6.8%.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative: SOBARIF Cooperative
Type of initiative Tourism and Fair Trade.
Funding CAM (Autonomous Community of Madrid) and the Autonomous
Government of Castilla and Len.
Number of women 13
Number of men 0
Presentation In September 2009, 25 women from the village of Agni created
of the initiative SOBARIF Cooperative.This initiative forms part of a sustainable
development programme of the BniBoufrah rural commune.Therein,
the SOBARIF Cooperative benefited from the input of the Spanish
NGO MPDL in terms of its creation, technical training of its
management and basic literacy courses.The cooperative is also one of
the beneficiaries of a project financed by the Madrid Town Council and
carried out by Riftourisme and ASCIB (the IbnBatouta Socio-Cultural
Association), which aims to strengthen womens cooperatives in the
Alhucemas National Park.The SOBARIF Cooperative enabled the
women to own the only cooperative in the area which produces and
sells products derived from cactus. Another unique feature of this
project is that the Cooperative members are all unmarried.
60. See Tourism Sector in Morocco http://www.icex.es/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/

viewDocument/0,,,00.bin?doc=4524421 (in Spanish)
54
RESULTS IN TERMSOF GENDER EQUALITY

AND/OR WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT
Women now have access public spaces through the selling of their products, partici-
pation in fairs and in meetings with other organisations and administrations, and can
defend their rights and interests.The members of the initiative received training con-
cerning the fundamental rights of women,national policies such as the Family Code
and the National Strategy for Womens Integration.
The initiative has had an influence over gender roles and identities. The 13 women
have been able to access the global labour market, are paid and can defend their
rights and interests. Moreover, tourism presents them with business opportunities, as
well as contact and communication with the outside world.
The womens socio-economic position has improved as a result of the initiative,
strengthening their self-esteem and independence, and enabling them to improve the
quality of their participation when interacting with local authorities.
The members of the initiative meet with the local authorities to make decisions,
whether related to a local project or to solving a conflict within the community.

AND DECENT WORK
The women point out that the cooperative allows them to be run their own busi-
nesses and to work freely without being exploited.
Research has been carried out to identify the womens training needs.
The beneficiaries have received training to improve their skills in basic literacy, coop-
erative management, production techniques, financial management, and cooperative
and labour legislation.
Training has allowed them to diversify the cooperatives products of improve their
quality production and packing. It has also prompted the development and improve-
ment of their abilities and skills.
As a result of the project, the 13 women involved possess a better knowledge of their
fundamental rights and aspire to secure further benefits to, and opportunities within,
their environment.
55
AJAABOU WOMENS AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE (Morocco)

Member institution of the project: Rif Association for the Development of Rural Tourism
(Riftourisme)

Geographical Zone Rural Commune Ain Leuh - Province of d'Ifran
Population61 (country) 31,759,997
Rural/Urban Area Rural.
Ethnic groups Berber-Black-Arab 98.1%, others 0.7%, Jews 0.2%.
Main religion/Other 98.3% of the population practises Islam.
religions (country)
Official language/ Arabic (official language), Darija (Moroccan Arabic), Berber and French.
Other dialects
(country)
Principal economic Service industry, agriculture, fishing and industry .
activities (country)
Social context Of a total of 187 countries, Morocco is listed as number 130 on the
(country) Human Development Index . Life expectancy in the country is 75.5
years on average, the adult literacy rate is 56%, and unemployment was
10% in 200963.
Relevant information 6.7% of parliamentary seats are occupied by women, and 20.1% of
related to gender women have reached a secondary school or higher level
(country)64 of education. 36.3% of men have achieved a secondary school or
higher level of education. For every 100,000 live births, 110 women die
due to pregnancy-related complications.The adolescent fertility rate is
15.1 births for every 1000 live births.The participation of women in
the labour market is 26.2% as comparedwith 80.1% for the men.
61. Hau Commissariat au plan http://www.hcp.ma/ (in French)

62. Human Development Index 2011
63. World Bank
64. Human Development Index 2011 http://hdrstats.undp.org/images/explanations/MAR.pdf
56
Overall tourism Tourism is one of the principal driving forces for the growth of the
situation (country)65 Moroccan economy as well as for the equilibrium of itsbalance of
payments, alongside the remittances of emigrants and foreign
investments-As such, it continues to be one of the priority sectors for
the authorities. In 2010, the contribution of the tourism sector to the
GDP was 6.8%.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative: Cooperativa Agrcola Femenina Ajaabou
Type of initiative Tourism and Fair Trade.
Funding Ministry of Agriculture, AMAP Association, the National Initiative for
Human Development and the ADRAR Association.
Number of women 11 members (4 married, 4 divorced and 3 unmarried).
Number of men 0
Presentation The Ajaabou Women's Agricultural Cooperative was established as a
of the initiative Moroccan fair trade initiative in 2000. It was established by eleven
women, four of whom are married, four who are divorced, and three
who are currently unmarried. They produce jam/marmalade,
couscous, medicinal and aromatic herbs. After joining forces with a
further four cooperatives, they now sell their products in hotels and
resorts.
Financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, These products attract
tourists given the traditional methods by which they are prepared
and the natural ingredients they contain. In 2011, the Ajaabou
Cooperative won first prize at the International Agricultural Fair of
Meknes.

AND/OR WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT
The members have developed activities which were previously considered acceptable
only for men, such as travelling, interacting with other women outside the home, par-
ticipating in meetings with local administration to take decisions, earning an income
which has enabled them to be financially independent and participating in local,
regional, national and, in the near future, international exhibitions and events. This
clearly illustrates that the women are slowly accessing the public sphere.
65. See Tourism Sector in Morocco http://www.icex.es/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/viewDocument/

0,,,00.bin?doc=4524421 (in Spanish)
57
It has allowed the women to improve their position in their communities. Prior to
their involvement in the initiative, they worked inside their homes without opportu-
nities to benefit from training.
The Cooperative brings important benefits to the local economy, and, as such,the
local administration includes it within their strategies and programmes.
Training sessions on gender and womens rights have been carried out, which allows
the women to articulate both their strategic and their practical needs. Furthermore,
it facilitates the understanding of the causes of certain problems that affect these
women's lives on an individual and collective basis, as well asin relation to men.

AND DECENT WORK
The members received training in different issues: cooperatives, financial and adminis-
trative management, evaluating medicinal and aromatic herbs, and marketing. This is
an especially relevant point to note, given that the illiteracy rate among women in this
area is over 70%. All training involves a practical application phase, which reinforces
lessons learnt anddemonstrates to the members the usefulness of what they have
learnt.
The women have learnt to work in a democratic and united fashion through commit-
tees and councils, which are directly linked with either the cooperative or the com-
munity.
Collaboration with other initiatives in the community, and with other cities in Mo-
rocco, has been undertaken on the subjects of cooperatives and the techniques of
producing and selling marmalade. This has the potential to strengthen the womens
human development.The women are afforded recognition when programmes and
strategies are initiated by administration, the community and state authorities.
The members of the cooperative participate in the meetings of the Communal
Council and are part of the local Committee of the National Initiative for Human
Development.
The women recognise that their work in the cooperative has allowed them to achieve
economic independence.
58
GAMBIA IS GOOD (The Gambia)

Member institution of the project: The Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET) of
The Gambia

Geographical Zone Gambia is Good
Population66 Women 689,840
Men 670,841
Rural/Urban Area (zone) Rural area.
Ethnic groups (zone) Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahule 9%, others 4%.
Main religion/ Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, aboriginal beliefs 1%.
Other religions
Official language English, Mandinka, Wolof, Fula.
/Other dialects
Principal economic Fishing, agriculture and tourism .
activities
Social context The UNDPHuman Development Index (HDI 2011) lists The Gambia
as number 168 of a total of 187 countries. 60% of the population
survive on less than 1 dollar a day and three quarters of the
population is engaged in agriculture.
Relevant information 7.5 % of The Gambias parliamentary seats are occupied by women and
related to gender67 16.9% of women have a secondary school or higher level of education.
31.4% of men, by contrast, have a secondary school or higher level of
education. For every 100,000 live births, 400 women die due to
pregnancy-related complications and the adolescent fertility rate is 76.7
labour market is 70.6% as compared with 85.2% for men.
Overall tourism Tourism generates 16% of the countrys gross domestic product
situation (GDP) and creates 10,000 jobs. 41% of visitors come from the United
Kingdom, followed by Holland, Spain and Scandinavia. 70% of arrivals to
the country occur between November and April.
66. Poverty Reduction Strategy 2007 - 2011, Republic of The Gambia http://npc.gov.gm/files/images/PRSP_II_
APPROVED_COPY_2007_-_20112.pdf
67. Human Development Index 2011 http://hdrstats.undp.org/images/explanations/GMB.pdf
59
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative Gambia is Good
Funding Concern Universal, the Travel Foundation and other donors.
Number of women 900 women (approximately).
Number of men 1100 men (approximately).
Presentacin Gambia is Good links horticulture to tourism.The project aims to
of the initiative connect small-scale rural producers with The Gambias tourism market
via the production of high-value crops to cater to the specific needs
and demands of tourists. Over 1000 people participate in the project,
of which 90% are women.
RESULTS IN TERMS OF GENDER QUALITY

Relationships in the home and the community have improved as a result of spaces
that favour womens empowerment, especially their economic empowerment.
The provision of a ready market has yielded multiple benefits. Womens productivity
and access to, and ownership of, productive resources including land have increased;
this in turnhelps women to improve their living conditions and to become economi-
cally independent.
Women are involved in accounting and managing their own finances. Financial inde-
pendence has enabled them to have a say in matters concerning their families and
communities.
Through their work on GIG, the quality of womens participation in the community
has improved.They are now recognised as full and contributing members of the com-
munity in their own right. This does not, however, imply that womens work is allot-
ted a high level of social value, nor does it signify that domestic and reproductive work
are highly valued in the community.
Gender roles have undergone certain changes, with men now carrying out horticul-
tural tasks previously considered an activity for women.
Channels have been established for the women to influence the outcomes of the ini-
tiative. The group which participates in meetings consists of 236 women, and is fur-
ther divided into sub-groups. Each sub-group has a female leader, through whom con-
cerns are channelled. These leaders, in turn, form part of the management commit-
tee.
One of GIGs women workers sits on the Village Development Committee (VDC),
where decisions regarding the community are taken. Women are thereby able to
make their concerns and problems known.
60

AND DECENT WORK
GIGs contract system has ensured that women have equal access to income and
establishes that they should no longer exclusively produce for household consump-
tion, but should instead also produce to sell, and that their products should be bought
prior to planting at a price mutually agreed with a buyer.
The money generated by the sale of vegetables has a direct impact on agricultural
workers, who are paid on the spot.
The installation of a drip irrigation system on GIG farms makes the womens horticul-
tural production less strenuous than before and contributes to promoting decent
work for these women.The environmental impact of this form of irrigation
system,however, remains unknown.
Training on the use of new technologies, as well as literacy courses, has taught both
women and men to calculate and be aware of the quantities of goods which they
produce.
61
TUMANI TENDA ECOTOURISM CAMP (The Gambia)

Member institute of the project: The Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET) of The
Gambia

Geographical Zone68 Brikamia
Population69 Women 689,840
Men 670,841
Rural/Urban Rural area.
Area (zone)
Ethnic groups (zone) Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahule 9%, others 4%
Main religion Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, aboriginal beliefs 1%.
/Other religions
Official language English, Mandinka, Wolof, Fula.
/Other dialects
Principal economic Fishing, agriculture and tourism.
activities
Social context The UNDPHuman Development Index (HDI 2011) lists The Gambia
as number 168 of a total of 187 countries. 60% of the population
survive on less than 1 dollar a day and three quarters of the
population is engaged in agriculture.
Relevant information 7.5 % of The Gambias parliamentary seats are occupied by women and
related to gender70 16.9% of women have a secondary school or higher level of education.
31.4% of men, by contrast, have a secondary school or higher level of
education. For every 100,000 live births, 400 women die due to
pregnancy-related complications and the adolescent fertility rate is 76.7
labour market is 70.6% as compared with 85.2% for men.
68. All the information presented is at a national level.

69. Poverty Reduction Strategy 2007 - 2011, Republic of The Gambia http://npc.gov.gm/files/images/PRSP_II_
APPROVED_COPY_2007_-_20112.pdf
70. Human Development Index 2011 http://hdrstats.undp.org/images/explanations/GMB.pdf
62
Overall tourism Tourism generates 16% of the countrys gross domestic product
situation (GDP) and creates 10,000 jobs. 41% of visitors come from the United
Kingdom, followed by Holland, Spain and Scandinavia. 70% of arrivals to
the country occur between November and April.
Principal events
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative71 Tumani Tenda ecotourism camp
Funding
Number of women 9 women (approximately).
Number of men 7 men (approximately).
Presentation Tumani Tenda was inaugurated in April 1999 with the aim of obtaining
of the initiative additional income for the Jola72 community to which it belongs The
camp is administrated by a group of volunteers designated by the
Village Development Committee (VDC) and has been positioned as an
ecotourism destination in The Gambia. It has five cabins and offers
activities such as cooking, oyster collecting, canoe trips, and dance
classes, among others.The income generated from the initiative goes to
the Village Development Fund, which isused to build and improve
communal buildings and infrastructure, to cover the emergency needs
of local families and to buy medication for the village inhabitants.

Women are no longer considered casual workers; thanks to this initiative, their work
is now accorded social valued.
Data disaggregated according to sex is used in the compilation of information, every
six months, on priority activities for the community, as well as on undertakings relat-
ed to the Development Committee, the management of schools and the manage-
ment of the vegetable garden headed by women.
Some women have recently become members of the initiatives management
team. Of the 14 individuals who comprise the management committee, three are
women.
The womens self-confidence has increased as the project has made them stand out
as role models for their peers
In political terms, the women have become more aware of their rights and responsi-
bilities.
71. Good Practice weblink http://www.tumanitenda.co.uk/

72. Information on the Jola community http://www.accessgambia.com/information/jola.html
63
Men have become more involved in domestic tasks such as fetching water and clean-
ing. Many now work in activities related to gardening, which were previously only per-
formed by women.The women now have access to jobs that were traditionally
performed by men, such as work in the commercial cultivation of cassava, participa-
tion in the Management and Executive Committees, and employment as in waitress-
es in the hotels restaurant.

AND DECENT WORK
The women have received training in health and hygiene, house-keeping, the manage-
ment of hotel reservations, customer service, climate change, sustainable develop-
ment and IT. This allows them to deconstruct certain ideas founded on the basis of
biological sexconcerning the tasks that women and men should undertake.
Two women members of the initiative, the camp manager and a housekeeper, partic-
ipated in a gender training course conducted by the Forum for African Women
Educationalist -The Gambia73 (FAWEGAM).
The initiatives administration organises monthly gender sensitisation meetings with
the community on gender related themes.
Whereas women tended to be hired as temporary workers, given the training they
undergone, they now have acquired they are beginning to have a better focus and
some have already been given permanent employment status.
According to the women themselves, the initiative has allowed them to work in a
more secure and responsible environment, and on a more long-term basis.
The employment opportunities created by the initiative fosters optimism and estab-
lishes more cordial work relationships between women and men.This is because the
project has generated spaces for participation and mutual reflection, while favouring
teamwork. Moreover, training in gender issues has played a key role in developing
these spaces.
73. See http://www.peacebuildingportal.org/index.asp?pgid=9&org=3615
64
KR CUPAAM AND THE POPENGUINE WOMENS ASSOCIATION

(Senegal)
Member institution of the project: National Organisation for the integration in Senegalese
Tourism (ONITS)

Geographical Zone Mbour Department,This region
Population (zone) Between 4,500 and 5,000 people.
rea rural/ Rural.
urbana (zona)
Ethnic groups (zone) The Serers, the main ethnic group of this area, live in the west of
central Senegal.They are Senegals most numerous ethnic group after
the Wolofs and the Fulanis, with approximately one in every six
Senegalese identifying with this group.
Main religion/ 85% Muslim, 13% Catholic and 2% Animist.
Official language/ French (official language).Traditional languages are Serer and Wolof.
Principal economic Livestock breeding, fishing and tourism.
activities (zone)
Environmental Overall, Senegal loses 80,000 hectares of land each year due to
context (country) agriculture. The mangroves suffer 50% more degradation per
year due to the over-exploitation of natural resources and
drought.The negative impact on the land is concerning, particularly
as it triggers food shortages and threatens the populations food
sovereignty.
Social context The UNDP Human Development Index (HDI 2011) places Senegal at
(country) number 135 of a total of 187 countries. Average life expectancy is 60
years.The main causes of death are infectious diseases and premature
births.The average age for marriage in rural areas is 14, and 25 in
urban zones.The minimum salary is under 50 euros per month.
Relevant information Notable information includes a quota law, which facilitates the
related to gender participation of women in elections and in spaces related to national
politics, and the Gender Equality Strategy74. Also important is the
65
establishment of an Observatory75,the Ministry of Gender, and

the Senegalese Womens Council76, that aims to promote the
integration of a gender perspective into the social fabric of Senegal.
Overall tourism The rich natural landscape constitutes one of the fundamental
situation (zone) attractions for tourism development in the area.Tourism
infrastructure in Mbour is comprised of 39 hotels, 36 residences
and 82 lodges .The sectors limitations related to the lack of tourism
culture, the difficult economic situation and a lack of qualified
personnel.Certain negative impacts have been identified, such as
drugs, prostitution, juvenile delinquency and sexually-transmitted
diseases78.
Percentage of illiterate 67.1%
women (country) )79
Percentage of illiterate 47.9%
men (country) 80
Principal events The history of the Popenguine Community is marked by religious
(zone) events, such as the annual pilgrimage to the Virgin Mary,
begun in 1888.Since 1981, this pilgrimage has brought together
tens of thousands of people to pray to the Virgin. The pilgrimage
was initiated by Pierre Faye, an ex-commander of the Senegalese
army.
GOOD PRACTICE DATA

Name of the initiative81: Kr Cupaam and the Popenguine Womens Association
Type of initiative Protection of nature andthe Popenguine natural reserve, lodgings and
ecotourism.
Funding Self-financed.
Number of women 129
Number of men 9
Presentacin The Popenguine based initiative began in 1988, due to the efforts of
of the initiative the local activist OulimataThiaw. She mobilized other local women
for the purposes of environmental conservation, promoting ecotourism
and guaranteeing biodiversity. Accommodation lodges now exist for
74. National Strategy for Gender Equality http://www.sengenre-ucad.org/strategie_nationale.pdf (in French)

75. See UNDP - Senegal and Gender http://www.sengenre-ucad.org/test2/english1/index.htm
76. See Senegalese Womens Council http://www.cosef.org/ (in French)
77. See Social and Economic Situation of the This Region http://www.ansd.sn/publications/annuelles/
SES_Region/SES_Thies_2008.pdf (in French)
78. See The Mbour General Report www.assises-senegal.info/IMG/doc/Rapport_de_Mbour.doc (in French)
79. http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html (in French)
80. http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html (in French)
81. For more information see: http://www.rebelion.org/hemeroteca/africa/senegal140203.htm (in Spanish)
66
tourists who wish to enjoy the area in a sustainable manner.

129 women and one man work in the initiative, while a further 8 men
participate as volunteers.

The women have improved their capacity for negotiating with their families and, above
all, with their communities.They have also benefited from formal organized work both
in their professional and personal lives.The women have access to natural and cultur-
al resources. They disseminate their culture andheritage, while working from a
womans perspective.
The women can assert their rights and enjoy the benefits of citizenship by taking deci-
sions related to the initiative and the community As such, the women have been able
to design and carry out projects.
Collaborative spaces have emerged, as have those fostering solidarity between
women and men.The positive impacts of the womens new role in protecting the
environment are recognised and acknowledged.
The benefits of greater environmental protection for women, men, girls and boys,
made possible by the pioneering activities of the women working in the initiative, are
gaining recognition.

AND DECENT WORK
Training spaces have increased for women, girls and boys.
Rural flight has decreased due to the availability of work and the well-being that the
initiative has fostered for the entire community.
To improve the management of the Association, both male and female members
received training on environmental protection, administration, seed and plant produc-
tion, heritage management and recycling.
Meetings for the purposes of training and the exchange of experiences have beenini-
tiated, for instance, a workshop on Genetically-Modified Organisms and Food Safety82:
the management of risks and the public participation, was held in 2003.
Since 2000, Ker Cupaam has also organised IT courses, and a library, for the exchange
of ideas, debates and teaching, with Internet access, and
Mixed workshops were organized to update both men and women on the initiatives
new proposals, activities, and developments to prevent conflicts between women and
men (wives/husbands).
82. For more information, see: http://www.bede-asso.org/lang/fr/nos_actions/actions_pedago/information/for-

mations.php (in French) http://www.wrm.org.uy/subjects/women/textFE.pdf (in French)
67
Recommendations for Action
Recommendations for Action
Based on the strengths of the GPs regarding gender issues, vocational training and
decent work, the objective of this chapter is to propose recommendations for action
that can contribute to realizing gender equality and womens empowerment in the
realm of sustainable tourism.The guidelines outlined below need not necessarily be car-
ried out in this order and they may overlap. Furthermore, the proposals are general in
nature and are not specific for each good practice presented.
Overall, the greatest positive impact of sustainable tourism in these GPs has been
to enable women to access sources of income (although this is not equivalent to
decent work), training, and spaces related to decision making in their communities.
This has had a series of positive effects in terms of the processes linked to an
increase in female leadership, self-esteem and negotiating power in the public and
domestic spheres.
The GPs displayed positive results in terms of gender with regards to the following
issues:
economic empowerment,
greater participation of women in the public sphere,
womens increased influence and leadership in public decision-making spaces,
challenging gender roles and stereotypes in the workplace, and
challenging gender roles and stereotypes in the home .
Although the majority of the good practices did not benefit from a process clearly
linked to the gender perspective, the training provided during the course of the GPs
was fundamental in yielding positive results, whether in a planned or spontaneous fash-
ion, in terms of gender equality and womens empowerment. .
Next we present the six axes on which we group the action guidelines to achieve gen-
der equality in sustainable tourism initiatives:
Carry out an identification phase that is sensitive to gender.

Ensure that vocational training challenges gender roles and stereotypes,
Specify measures to ensure equality in participation, management and decision-
making.
Consider the sexual division of labour as a category of analysis.
Undertake actions to identify the roles and stereotypes that impede equality among
people.
Carry out an extensive training in gender and womens rights.
71
Recommendations for Action Tourism as an Opportunity
1. Carry out an identification phase that is sensitive to gender
The use of gender sensitive83 tools and indicators are essential to identify and analyse
the needs and priorities of all persons, particularly those related to women.
To carry out a gender-sensitive identification phase, one should analyse the following
aspects:
Roles (who does what) - access and control (who has what),
The interests, potential, limitations and demands of individuals, families and groups,
The practical and strategic needs of women and men,
Obstacles to the participation of women and men,
Differentiated problems and solutions. One cannot assume a priori that the problems
faced by women are the same as those faced by men, nor that solutions employed
will have the same impact on all persons.
Useful elements for promoting the quantity and quality of womens participation in
the community,
An analysis of violations of the rightto equality, particularly in relation to the rightsof
the most disadvantaged groups in this regard (girls, old women, indigenous women),
and
Existing legislation and norms related to equality, work, the environment, tourism, and
the corresponding degree of commitment of local, regional, national and internation-
al institutions.
Resources: tools and methodologies which are sensitive to gender.
Tools for Integrating a Gender Perspective of the World Bank: http://web.world-

bank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTGENDER/0,,contentMDK:213585
56~menuPK:3851633~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336868,00.html
Guide for tools used in gender mainstreaming in the United Nations Development
Programme:
http://www.undp.org/women/publications.shtml
Publications related to the empowerment of women in the United Nations
Development Programme:
http://www.undp.org/women/mainstream/
Guide for the integration of gender equality in the development cooperation of the
European Commission. In:
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sp/gender-toolkit/index.htm
83. See recommended thematic bibliography linked to gender planning.
72
2. Ensure vocational training that challenges gender roles
Integrating the gender focus in vocational training implies, among other things, consider-
ing and analysing the gender roles and the power relations that exist in a specific place
and in a concrete discipline. This focus underscores that the definition and early assign-
ment of gender roles strengthens and increases inequalities, conditions gender identities,
and increases the gender gap between women and men.
It is vital that vocational training in sustainable tourism does not generate or reinforce
unequal gender roles and stereotypes. This implies determining and taking into account,
obstacles that prevent or impede the professional development of women and men at
any of stage the training process. For instance, men should be provided with training
opportunities in skills traditionally associated with womens work in tourism, such as
housekeeping, cooking and customer service. Similarly, women should be offered training
in entrepreneurship, management, access to credit, accounting, leadership, group learning
techniques, organisational dynamics and innovation.
Vocational training which reinforces neither gender roles nor gender identities could
improve the quality of womens participation in decision-making processes.The following
recommendations for action deal with this point:
Conduct a gender analysis of the specific context of the training,

Understand the inequalities present in the specific sector related to the training,
Ensure the balanced participation of women and men in the training process,
Consider the characteristics of the economic sector, for example, of the handicrafts sec-
tor and of the companies operating therein, while analysing the position occupied by
women and men, associated advantages and disadvantages, the relationships that exist
between them, their distinctive contributions and skills, factors that perpetuate existing
discriminationsand elements which either facilitate or impede equal participation and
integration,
Reflect on whether different types of skills have been taken into account, including social
skills and attitudes as well as technical skills necessary for analysing the existence of gen-
der roles that make certain duties invisible,
Take into account and value the knowledge gained from the social roles traditionally
assigned to women,
Determine whether women depend professionally on others (in a direct relationship of
dependence and subordination), whether they are independent, or whether they work
in a team,
Implement methodologies that foster attitudes conducive to good professional per-
formance, such as communication, the ability to conduct oneself and speak in public, the
desire to succeed etc.,
Undertake positive action in cases where womens participation in vocational training is
weak or non-existent, and
Facilitate access to training, for instance through byimplementing a system that fosters
conciliation, such as: nurseries, areas for the elderly and persons with disabilities, as well
as economic assistance (transport and food).
73
3. Specify measures to ensure gender equality in participation,

management and decision-making
This is a basic requirement for ensuring that women and men enjoy have equal repre-
sentation, and that women are valued in this area. To ensure equality in participation,
management and decision-making, the following actions are recommended: promote
the quality of womens participation to enable them to participate in, and exercise influ-
ence over, the public sphere84 by encouraging their work outside the home and their
participation in decision-making within their communities regarding issues like infra-
structures, health care, education, land use, etc.
Strengthen womens leadership and self-esteem through workshops which are aimed
at entrepreneurs and that have integrated gender components. In this way, it is pos-
sible to understand the advantages and problems faced by women and men , individ-
ually and collectively, terms when undertaking economic activities,
Ensure a balance between the number of women and men involved in all activities
and strategies related to the initiative, as well as in the community bodies related
directly or indirectly with the project,
Ensure that women participate in all local meetings without censure, in terms of the
quantity and quality of their contributions,
Promote models of participative entrepreneurial ventures like cooperatives, since this
could influence an increase in the value accorded to the rights and skills of women
engaged in business activities in decision-making spaces related to the initiative, the
community and personal lives, and
Strengthen the economic empowerment of women, as this offers excellent opportu-
nities for them to influence and lead initiatives at the communal level, and to encour-
age other groups of women to undertake similar ventures.
4. Consider the sexual division of labour as a category

of analysis
The sexual division of labour is among the most significant obstacles which must be
overcome in order to achieve gender equality and womens empowerment the world
over. Projects undertaken in the framework of sustainable tourism should regard the
sexual division of labour as a category of analysis in their actions and strategies, accept-
ing the challenging nature of conducting such a type of analysis.The following guidelines
for action are recommended:
Apply and implement tools which measure time management, in order to know how
many hours women and men spend on domestic work,
Analyse what type of domestic tasks can be shared between women and men,
84.The access of women to the public sphere does not always imply processes that contribute to the impro-
vement of the quality of the participation.
74
Analyse the ways in which sustainable tourism can contribute to a new distribution
of domestic tasks, for example by providing a nursery managed by the initiative, and
Analyse the best way of reorganising the projects budget to reflect the economic
contribution of unpaid work, which is performed mainly by women and which is indis-
pensable and vital to carrying outthe initiative.
5. Undertake actions to identify the roles and stereotypes that

impede equality among peopleSustainable
peopleSustainable tourism should adopt a proactive role in contributing to gender equality

and womens empowerment.The actions involved in achieving this objective require knowl-
edge, planning and professional expertise in gender issues.Tourism initiatives could challenge
gender roles in the following manner:
Carry out awareness raising activities to prompt everyone to question gender roles in the
work place, such as workshops and role-playing, both mixed andsegregated,
Employ women and men in non-traditional jobs that break with gender roles,
Train men and women in non-traditional skills, and
Provide possibilities for career advancement and promote women to higher levels of man-
agement positions.
6. Carrying out extensive training in gender

Training in gender is an indispensable tool to reinforce the results of sustainable tourism
initiatives in terms of gender equality and womens empowerment. It would be some-
what illogical to embark on initiatives related to women, gender, development and sus-
tainable tourism without clearly linking these concepts. To do so, it is necessary to
undertake preliminary training on the interaction between gender and human develop-
ment, in order to later foster more profound understanding of the relationship between
gender and sustainable tourism. This knowledge will provide basic tools required to
address some of the structural causes of poverty,gender inequality and discrimination
against women.
As such, undertaking training activities related to gender constitutes the principal con-
stant for the recommendations and guidelines previously discussed, which seek to
achieve gender equality and to empower women. This training should not go only be
for women or the individuals engaged in the tourism initiative. To achieve a positive
impact, it should also be directed at:
workers employed in the initiative, including the team responsible for its coordination
and management,
members of the community where the initiative is based,
institutions that conduct vocational training in tourism for the initiative, and
donor intuitions related to the initiative.
75
The gender training should be adapted to each particular context and be conducted
by a specialist, preferably with a background in tourism. It should cover at least the fol-
lowing subjects:
1. Basic concepts in gender equality and womens empowerment.

2. The legal framework of national and international protection of human rights, such
as international regulations related to women and gender equality, as well as the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW,
1979), the Beijing Declaration and its Platform for Action (1995) and the Millennium
Development Goals (2000).
3. Relations between development, sustainability and gender.
4. Decent work from a gender perspective: gender roles, sexual division of labour, etc.
5. Promotion of the leadership and independence of women.
6. Gender sensitive budgets, i.e. those which use the following key questions as a refer-
ence:
Does the budget cover gender needs?
What impact does the budget have on gender equality and womens empower-
ment?
Does the budget take into account activities that increase gender equality in a con-
sistent manner?
Does the budget include or make visible reproductive activities that are essential to
the development of productive activities?
Does the budget consider an intermediary and final evaluation of the initiative,
measuring its strengths and/or weaknesses related to gender?
Resources: gender-responsive budgets.
Budget and Gender in Latin America and the Caribbean

http://www.presupuestoygenero.net/ (in Spanish)
Gender Responsive Budgeting and the Reproductive Rights of Women:A Resource
Pack http://www.unifem.org/materials/item_detail.php?ProductID=85&lang=spn
Ensuring Gender Responsive Budgets
http://www.endvawnow.org/es/articles/317-asegurar-presupuestos-sensible-al-genero-
.html (in Spanish)
76
6. Recommended thematic bibliography
Tourism, Gender and Women
FERGUSON (2011) Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering Women? Tourism

and the third Millennium Development Goal. Current Issues in Tourism 14 (3), April
2011: 235 - 249, published online March 2011.
FERGUSON (2010).Tourism Development and the Restructuring of Social
Reproduction in Central America. Review of International Political Economy, 17(5),
860-888.
FERGUSON (2010). Interrogating gender in development policy and practice: The
World Bank, tourism and microenterprise in Honduras. International Feminist Journal
of Politics, 12(1), 3-24.
GENTRY (2007). Belizean women and tourism work: Opportunity or impediment?
Annals of Tourism Research, 34 (2), 477-496.
HENRICE, J (2007). Gnero, turismo y exportacin: llamando a la plata en el Per?
(Gender, Tourism and Exports: Calling Silver in Peru?), Available: http://www.scielo.
org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0254-92122007000100004
KEMPADOO (1999). Tourism as Sex Work in the Caribbean. Rowman & Littlefield,
Oxford, United Kingdom.
KINNAIRD (1994).Tourism: A Gender Analysis, United Kingdom, John Wiley & Son.
LARA, S (2001). Desarrollo turstico: una oportunidad para las mujeres?(Tourism
Development: An opportunity for women?), Available: http://www.eclac.org/mujer/
proyectos/ gtz/publicaciones/word_doc/desarr ollotur.pdf
MORENO ALARCN (2010). La Insostenibilidad del Turismo Sostenible en Cabo
Verde: la importancia de la planificacin turstica con Enfoque de Gnero en Cabo
Verde (The lack of sustainability of sustainable tourism in Cape Verde: the impor-
tance of tourism planning with a gender perspective in Cape Verde). In Rocha Rito,
Brgida (coord.). Turismo: potencialidades, constrangimientos e impactos. Centro de
Estudios Africanos del Instituto Universitario de Lisboa.
SPARRER M (2003). Gnero y turismo rural. El ejemplo de la costa coruesa
(Gender and Rural Tourism.The example of Coruas coast), Available: http://revistas.
um.es/turismo/article/view/19441/18801
SWAIN, M (1995). Gender in tourism, Annals Tourism Research, vol.22.
SWAIN, M (2005). Las dimensiones de gnero en la investigacin sobre turismo:Temas
globales, perspectivas locales, Poltica y Sociedad (Gender Dimensions in Tourism
Research: Global Themes, Local Perspectives),Vol. 42.
VARGAS, M (s/n). Turismo: El gnero hace la diferencia (Tourism: Gender Makes a
Difference), Available: http://www.generoyambiente.org/arcangel2/documentos/
157.pdf
UNWTO AND UN WOMEN (2010). Global Report on Women in Tourism 2010,
Available: http://www.e-unwto.org/content/j133q0/fulltext.pdf
77
Planning, Gender and Development
BARRIG Y WEHKAMP, 1994: Sin Morir en el Intento: experiencias de planificacin de

gnero en el desarrollo (Without Dying in the Attempt: Experiences in Gender
Planning in Development), Lima, NOVIB/Entre Mujeres.
CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, 2006: Gnero y Desarrollo (Gender and Development),
Madrid, La Catarata.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. EUROPEAID OFFICE FOR COOPERATION. Aid
Delivery Methods.Volume 1. Project Cycle Management Guidelines: March 2004, Eu-
ropean Commission. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/reports/pcm_guide-
lines_2004_en.pdf.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. EUROPEAID OFFICE FOR COOPERATION. Guide
for the Integration of Gender Equality in the Development Cooperation of the EC.
Available: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sp/gender-toolkit/index.htm
FERNNDEZ- LAYOS, 2008: Planificacin y Formulacin de Acciones de Cooperacin
al Desarrollo desde el Enfoque de Gnero (Planning and Formulating Actions for
Cooperation for Development from a Gender Perspective), Madrid, Paz y Desarrollo.
GMEZ Y SAINZ, 2010 (8th ed.): El Ciclo del Proyecto de Cooperacin al Desa-
rrollo (The Cycle of the Cooperation for Development Project), Madrid, CIDEAL.
LPEZ MNDEZ and SIERRA LEGUINA, 2001: Integrando el anlisis de gnero en
el desarrollo. Manual para tcnicos de cooperacin (Integrating a Gender Analysis in
Development. Manual for Cooperation Technicians). AECIIUDC/ UCM, Madrid.
LPEZ Y ALCALDE, 1999: Relaciones de gnero y desarrollo. Hacia la equidad de la
cooperacin (Relations between Gender and Development.Towards Equitability of
Cooperation). IUDC/UCM-La Catarata. Madrid.
RUIZ BRAVO and BARRIG, s/n: Lineamientos Metodolgicos para la Incorporacin del
Enfoque de Gnero en el Seguimiento y Evaluacin de proyectos (Methogolodical
Guidelines for Incorporating a Gender Perspective in the Monitoringand Evaluation of
Projects).
MOSER, 1993: Gender Planning and Development: theory, practice and training,
Routledge, London.
TAMAYO, DELSO ET. AL, 2003: Gnero en la Cooperacin al Desarrollo (Gender in
Cooperation for Development), Madrid, ACUSR Las Segovias.
UNDP, 2001: Gender in Development Programme. Learning and Information Pack.
Gender Analysis, January.
Formacin y Gnero
ACSUR LAS SEGOVIAS Y HEGOA (2010). Gnero en la Educacin para el Desa-

rrollo (Gender in Education for Development), Universidad del Pas Vasco, Bilbao.
ATHENA NETWORK (2010). Reference Points for the Design and Delivery of De-
gree Programmes in Gender Studies, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao.
BELLOSTA M, SUSN R (2000). La Educacin para el Desarrollo desde una lectura
de Gnero en Contextos Educativos (Education for Development from a Gender
Perpective in Academic Contexts), 3, 123 - 138.
78
BLEWIT J, CULLINGFORD (2004). The sustainable Curriculum: the challenge for
higher education. Earthscan, London.
CABO R (S/N). Impacto de la Globalizacin Liberal en (la vida de) las mujeres (The
Impact of Liberal Globalization on (the Lives of) Women). Available: http://respubli-
capinto.50webs.com/cobo.htm
CABO R, AMOROS C et. al (2006). Interculturalidad, Feminismo y Educacin (Inter-
culturality, Feminism and Education), Madrid, La Catarata.
CENTRO INTERAMERICANO PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL CONOCIMIENTO
EN LA FORMACIN PROFESIONAL (Interamerican Centre for the Development
of Vocational Training) (s/n). Qu es la Formacin Profesional? (What is Vocational
Training?). Available: http://www.cinterfor.org.uy/public/spanish/region/ampro/cinter-
for/publ/sind _for/casanov/pdf/quees.pdf
CENTRO INTERAMERICANO PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL CONOCIMIENTO
EN LA FORMACIN PROFESIONAL- OIT (Interamerican Centre for the Deve-
lopment of Professional Training - ILO) (2001). Gua para transversalizar la perspecti-
va de gnero en la formacin profesional (Guide to mainstreaming a gender perspec-
tive in professional training). Available: http://www.cinterfor.org.uy/public/spanish/region/
ampro/cinterfor/publ/guia _gen/pdf/ori_met.pdf
QUIROS R (2001). Programa para el fortalecimiento de la formacin tcnica y pro-
fesional de mujeres de bajos ingresos (Programme for the strengthening of technical
and profesional training of women with low levels of income). Available: http://www.
cinterfor.org.uy/mujer/formujer/cosrica/curr_cr.pdf
SANAHUJA J (2000). Ajuste, Pobreza y Desigualdad en la era de la Globalizacin
(Adjustment, Poverty and Inequality in the era of Globalisation). Available: http://
fongdcam.org/manuales/educaciondesarrollo/datos/docs/A_docs/1_1_anuariocip%
202000.pdf
SUBIRATS M (1994). Conquistar la igualdad: la coeducacin hoy (Conquering Equa-
lity: Co-education today). Available: http://www.rieoei.org/oeivirt/rie06a02.htm
UNESCO (S/N).Educacin Tcnica y Formacin Profesional en Amrica Latina y el
Caribe (Technical Education and Vocational Training in Latin America and the Ca-
ribbean). Available http://www.oei.es/etp/educacion_tecnica_formacion_profesion-
al_AL.pdf
UN WOMEN (s/n). Gender Training Wiki. Available: http://www.un- instraw.org/
gtcop/wiki
WILLIAMS S, SEED J, MWAU A (1995).The Oxfam Gender Training Manual. Available:
http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/display.asp?k=9780855982676&keyword=ge
nder+training+manual&x=0&y=0&sort=SORT_DATE%2Fd&m=5&dc=6
79

Tourism - As - An - Opportunity - Best - Practices in Sustainable Tourism - Daniela Moreno Alarcón - 2011 PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Tourism - As - An - Opportunity - Best - Practices in Sustainable Tourism - Daniela Moreno Alarcón - 2011 PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Tourism as an

Case Studies from Bolivia, Nicaragua,

Daniela Moreno Alarcn

Coordinators:Vernica Souto Martnez and Carolina Daz (FIIAPP)

Introduction and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Recommendations for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

6. Recommended thematic bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

1.Tourism intervention is materialised in tourism projects or programmes.

To begin a process of incorporating a gender perspective as an analytical framework for

Why is a gender perspective important for the sustainable

It combines the three fundamental components necessary for achieving intergen-

As such, it is essential to integrate a gender perspective into sustainable tourism devel-

Group 1: Working in Networks - led by the Banesto Cultural Foundation

Raising awareness and promoting gender equality through womens empowerment, as

The present document has the following objectives:

Overall objective: showcase a selection of good practices related to sustainable

The Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET)

Thereafter, the coordination and monitoring involved in this process of identification

The methods of identifying the two GPs involved three phases:

Phase I: Measuringthe degree of knowledge of gender issues of the

a model of a GP in sustainable tourism and gender4,

tiative, as well as in terms of the hours dedicated to decision-making.

3. Womens empowerment and the promotion of gender equality in the initiative

Promote greater equality between women and men.

Phase III:Second phase of the identification of good practices (GPs)

Limitations and weaknesses in the methodology

trained in this issue.

3.1. Gender, Sex and Women

understand the causes of gender inequality and discrimination towards women,

3.1.1 Is gender the same as sex?

The concept of gender as defined by INSTRAW is as follows9:

Why is it important to understand that gender is not the same as sex?

It enriches the studies and understanding of human beings.

3.1.2. Is gender the same as women?

When spearheading a development initiative that seeksto integrate a gender perspec-

[] directed towards the disadvantaged group, generally women, in areas where

3.1.3. Gender Roles

Sexual division of labour

The sexual division of labour is a fundamental category of analysis in a gender perspec-

3.1.4 Gender needs: practical and strategic needs

the types of needs/interests,

14. See National Womens Service, Chile: http://www.goremaule.cl/publicar/genero/EVALUACION%20

Social empowerment: centres on the following questions:What do women and men

3.2 Vocational Training and Decent Work

16. See Decent Work (Dignified) and Vocational Training: http://www.oei.es/etp/trabajo_decente_formacion_

Evolution of the concept of decent work

Vocational training is an educational activity that possesses theoretical and practical

18. In some countries, vocational training is known as training or professional training.

As such, vocational training is currently considered a fundamental right and an econom-

Fundamental right: because it encompasses in itself, other rights which should be

19. For more information on this resolution see: http://temp.oitcinterfor.org/public/spanish/region/ampro/cinterfor

Thus, to integrate a gender perspective in vocational training allows another way of

3.3. Sustainable Tourism

inequalities tend to be present globally in the tourism sector, including in sustainable

To understanding the importance of integrating a gender perspective in the sustainable

1. Gender and environmental sustainability21: the combination of both concepts

Methodological criticisms: in the formulation of statistics and national accounts that

conditioned by economic and environmental sustainability.Nevertheless, a gender

Women make up a large proportion of the formal tourism workforce

Each good practice is presented in a table that illustrates:

the general, national or local context from which the GP is taken,

The GPs are presented in the following order:

VELASCO HANDICRAFTSCENTRE (Bolivia)