1.

DCS EVOLUTION-CENTRALISED CONTROL

2. DCS EVOLUTION-DISTRIBUTED CONTROL

3. DCS EVOLUTION-FIELDBUS CONTROL

4. DCS EVOLUTION- WEB CONTROL

5. DCS EVOLUTION-WEB CONTROL APPLICATION

6. ABB DCS ARCHITECTURE

7. ABB DCS HARDWARE

8. CONTROL SYSTEMS TREND

Introduction

I remember when I started my career in Instrumentation in 1982, I was posted at a

under-construction site of a Xylene, P-Xylene, DMT complex which was a green
field project adjacent to a petroleum refinery.

It consisted of almost every aspect of instrumentation and control that were in

practice at that time and the main equipments varied from a boiler-turbine,
centrifugal/reciprocating compressors to distillation towers to fractionating
columns........... steam jacketed piping, solid handling and finally packaging! It was a
paradise for a learning C & I engineer.

The control system was completely pneumatic complete with multitube bundles,
pneumatic transmitters, pneumatic SLCs, relays, chart recorders (even pneumatic
square root extractors!). On top of this there was a very proprietary minicomputer
(8080 based) for APC (advisory only) for P-Xylene & DMT section of the plants.
Barring that the alarm annunciation system was the highest form of electronics
(discrete components based).

As I write this, I feel I am travelling backwards in a time capsule.

The advancement in measurement and control have been so fast and multi-
dimensional that it was most challenging to keep pace and appears surreal that in
1984-85 I was working in design engineering for NTPC Singrauli 2X500 MW
(Indias first super thermal) with exotic electronic systems like SIEMENS Teleperm
M and Westinghouse WDPF systems ! We worked and studied for minimum14
hrs/day but were so excited that we wished the earth rotate a little slower.

The process control systems moved from pneumatic-electronic(discrete)-

electronic(IC-based)-microprocessor based SLC/MLC-Centralized computer based-
DCS-Hybrid from 1980s to 2000 while the discrete logic control moved from relay-
based-PLC based-PLC+PC based. These changes over the last 40 years.

The sensors moved from pneumatic/mechanical to electronic/electrical,

semiconductor, intelligent sensors, SMART, bus-compatible and now wireless
sensors!

The communication between field devices to the control system evolved from
pneumatic to electric signals to digital signals, field buses and now wireless !

EVOLUTION OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Till 1970s, control of process plant was mainly LOCAL. The drives were
started/stopped by local PB stations or from MCC, while analog controls were
achieved by local pneumatic controllers. Although such systems had the advantage of
less cabling, no common failure; there was no central control, alarms, reports or
history and required more operating manpower and hardware. I still remember
struggling with the pneumatic chart-recorders!

From mid-1970s, centralized computer based systems (CCS) began to emerge. Such
systems could perform the complete analog controls and data monitoring centrally by
means of a shared mini-computer. Pioneer in this regard was the IBM-360 mainframe
mini-computer. Of course this was made possible by advancement in the sensor
technology. New electronic (discrete components) transmitters came into the market
and some even started retrofitting their pneumatic transmitters with P/I convertors
and multitubes by cables in field! I still remember in 1983 we were quite suspicious
about these new-fangled devices and attended argumentative seminars when the
OEMs tried to push the new electronic transmitters!!

Form 1980s the ICs started entering the electronics field and miniaturization started.
A host of IC based modules like AI, AO, DI, AO, LVM, PID controllers, signal
amplifiers/distributors

The binary control, on other hand, moved from eletromagnetic relays to solid state
electronic logic cards (ISKAMATIC-B of Siemens) and then to programmable
systems with UVROMs, EPROMs and EEPROMs...

The result was, till 1990s, the process control arena had surrendered to the electronic
solid state systems, whereas the ESD, BMS etc., considered necessary for safety
systems still remained in the clutches of the electromagnetic relays. It is only since
2000s that these systems started trusting the electronics and the programmable
systems.
What were the advantages in the good old days ?

1. No common point of failure and maybe termed as a perfect distributed control

and monitoring system.
2. No Electrical noise issues
3. No electrically hazardous instruments except in special cases.
4. Very less cabling
5. No issue of hanging or software corruption or viruses
6. Most of the issues could be attended at technician level.

What were the disadvantages?

1. Extensive use of instrument air called for large compressor, air drying plants,
contaminated air damaging instruments.
2. Very large control rooms due to dedicated panel instruments.
3. Handling mathematical algorithms and complex PID loops.
4. Slow control response
5. No configurability of hardware (software was unknown)
6. Maintaining tedious log books
7. It was a nightmare attending to alarms during process upsets.
8. Deployment of large manpower in field and CCR.

But the demand kept on increasing from the process industry on the other fronts. Industry
wanted :-

1. Smaller control rooms

2. Configurable & Shared displays
3. Automatic Historization and archiving
4. Handling complex algorithms
5. Management of changes in process logics and control loops
6. Faster processing time for control systems
7. Assett Management (Remote diagnostics)
8. Reduction in field cabling
9. Alarm Management.
10. Above all, ease and comfort for the operators while improving the productivity.

The earliest predecessor of modern DCS was a mini-computer (mainframe) based system
which assimilated all the field analog data converted by ADC and processed to execute
the controls, perform mathematical calculations and display the same to the operator on a
CRT based display. Such a system was based on UNIX platform and was known as
Centralized Computer Control System (CCCS). Such system suffered from several
issues:-

- Low memory size

- Expensive and non-reliable peripherals such drum memory, magtapes
- Proprietary machine language programming
 - Poor communication with other computers and hence not suitable for networking.
- Expensive data interface with field.

Such alarming qualities rang the death knell for mainframe based system for basic
control. But such systems were still being used till 2000 for Advanced Process Control
Applications (but at Level-3 automation), when the Level-2 was already under the grip of
modern DCS.

Let us now ponder some time over the acronym DCS. It means Distributed Control
System. (Interestingly, some of the pioneers started calling it DDCS, i.e., Digital
Distributed Control System and even DDCMIS i.e., Digital Distributed Control and
Measurement Information System. Earlier, we were so suspicious of these systems.

First DCS was developed by Honeywell, U.S in 1975. The ADVANTAGES were
greatly reduced wiring costs, much more limited failure and less cost to add more
points.
The DISADVANTAGES were that wiring costs were still significant and there
was lack of interoperability among controllers of various manufacturers due to the
proprietary protocols. Hence the user was locked into a single vendor.

DCS System Installations. Yokogawa - CS 3000 : Ammonia II2. Yokogawa - CS
3000 : ANP3. Yokogawa - CS 3000 : NNAP4. Moore - APACS : Methyl amine5.
Fisher - Rosemant - Delta V field Bus : STP6. Honeywell - GUS : Ammonia I
Synthesis7. Yokogawa - Centum Excel : Steam Generation Plant8. Moore -
APACS : Suphala9. Yokogawa - Micro Excel : Methanol10. Yokogawa - Micro
Excel : S A P/C N A11. ABB - Freelance 2000 : ABC12. Honeywell - TDC 3000 :
Ammonia I13. Honeywell - GUS : Ammonia/Urea - Thal14. Fox boro - I/A
series : D M A C - Thal15. Fisher - Rosemant RS3 : PGR16. Fisher - Rosemant
RS3 : Steam Generation - Thal17. Moore - APACS : Water Treatment Plant - Thal
DCS The importance of DCS systems to increase as global competitive dynamics
in food and beverage, specialty metals, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical and fire
chemical processing. The DCS has networking capabilities which are useful for
business management. The DCS has capacity for processing large number of I/O
points. TYPES OF DCS :1) Conventional DCS .2) PLC based DCS.3) Hybrid
DCS.4) Open DCS System
13. CONVENTIONAL DCS This is a pure Process only control system.
Usually purchased from one vendor. This DCS arranged into three categories:
Small - Less than $ 100,000. Medium - Greater than $100,000 & Less than
$500,000. Large - Greater than $500,000.
 PLC Based DCS. This is a network of PLCs used to perform the task of
conventional DCS and programmable functionality when required. Hybrid DCS.
Performs both process and sequential control.

Open DCS System. This is Field-Bus Control. Advantages are lower wiring cost
and less failure, smaller expansion costs and multi vendor interoperability DCS
and PLC can be more closely and efficiently interconnected.

Honeywell TDC 3000 DCS Architecture US#1 US#2 HM LCN A B HG AMC

Field EC Link AMC Field Data Hiway A B

15. Hiway Gateway (HG) LCN Module. Provides a two way communication link
between the Local Control Network and data hiway. 68020 based high
performance intelligence module. Converts data and protocol between Local
Control Network and data hiway. Scans the hiway for alarm conditions.
Synchronize time keeping for hiway-based process connected boxes. One HG is
required for each data hiway that is connected to the LCN. Up to 20 data hiway
pairs can be connected to an LCN. Connects following hiway resident boxes to
LCN 1. AMCs 2. CPC ( critical process controller ). 3. DHP. 4. Hiway traffic
director etc HG Functions : 1. Data access :- gets box data requested from LCN
modules. 2. Event processing :- sends process and box alarm to LCN modules 3.
Database configuration :- 3000 points per hg can be configured.
16. Data Hiway Data hiway provides communication link between hiway
gateway, preferred access devices and process connecting box. Data hiway
operates at250 kbps. It is redundant pair of 75 ohm coax cable connected to box.
It may be 20,000 feet long. There are 3 kinds of devices on the data hiway
1. Respond only devices Ex:- A-MC (Advanced Multifunction controller)
2. Polled devices Ex:- PIUs (Process interface unit)
3. Preferred access devices

History Module LCN Module. Stores process and system information that can be
displayed. Based on microprocessors 68020. Winchester disk for data storage.
Communicates with all Modules on the LCN. Stores history and general
information.
18. Universal Station Universal station (US) communicates with all modules on
the LCN, process connected devices on the hiway via hiway gateway and UCN
via network interface module (NIM). The following are the features of US,
Intelligent man/machine interface in the TDC 3000 system. Stands on the LCN.
Communicates with all Modules on LCN, process connected devices on the
Hiway via Hiway Gateway. Provides comprehensive facilities to the process
 operator, process engineer and maintenance technician on the Universal Window.
US provides comprehensive facilities to the following people, Process engineer
Process operator Maintenance technician.
19. AMC TDC 3000 controller 1. Based on Motorola 68000 Microprocessor. 2.
Faster execution and control with 500 ms processing rate. Multifunction
Modulating, sequence, logic, I/O monitoring communication and diagnostic.
Faster peer to peer communication over EC link ( 500 kbits/sec ). Proven control
techniques 1. Full function algorithms. 2. Process oriented programming.
Configured as a box on TDC 3000 Data Hiway. Supported by 1. LCN devices
US, AM, HM.
20. HONEYWELL - GUSPrinter Drives Printer - - US#1 US#2 US#3 US#4
Universal Station HM History Module A B Local Control Network Network
Interface Module NIM Universal Control Network HPM High Performance
Manager HPM HPM
21. Honeywell System Description Global User Station History Modules
Network Interface Modules Communication Subsystem - Local Control Network
& Universal Control Network High Performance Process Manager
22. Global User Station Overview The TPS system provides an integrated
interface between the process and the end user. This interface is named as the
Global User Station (GUS). GUS is an important part in the Honeywell Total
plant Solutions offerings. It provides access to plant wide process network, plant
or organization wide intranet or even Internet. The following hardware is
available to enhance the functionality of the GUS: Integrated Keyboard for
Operators as well as Engineer. Matrix printer supported by Windows NT. 8 *
CD-ROM 100MB ZIP Drive 3.5 Floppy Drive GUS has following
functionalitys : The Human interface allows effective interaction of the
Operator through the use of operating displays Engineering functions such as
data point building, display building and report building are available.
Communication with other LCN modules is accomplished. Communication on
Ethernet.
23. Honey well GUS Hardware: Processor : Pentium Pro / 200MHZ Memory :
64MB RAM ECC Cache : 256KB ECC Storage : 2 GB hard disk drive, CD
ROM, Cartridge Drive Video : 21 high resolution screen 1280 * 1024 Pixels
Colours : 256 color palette Keyboard : Integrated keyboard with mouse PIN
Connection : Built in Ethernet Cursor Control : QWERTY & Mouse/Touch
ScreenPeripherals supported Printer 8 * CD-ROM 1/4 Steamer Tape 3.5
Floppy Drive 100 Mb ZIP Drive Annunciator relay on the console-based
keyboard
24. Honeywell GUS software Operating System : Windows NT version 4.0 Base
System : Provides real time data exchange between the network and all GUS
functions.
25. History Modules The History Modules is the bulk module that can be utilized
by all module connected to the Local Control Network. It is as the name implies
the mass memory of the TPS System. The memory components of this module are
one 1.8 gigabyte Winchester discs. It is controlled by an M68040 microprocessor.
This provides the module with significant computing power that this used to
 structure much of the incoming data and format it into a form for easy retrieval.
The history in the model is provided by the History Module. Process variables are
available for hourly, shift, daily and monthly average calculation and recording.
All system event history such as process alarms, system status changes, and error
messages are stored into the History Modules. Other modules have access to data
in the History Modules for their functions.The History Module provides two
functions, storage only and data structuring
26. HM functions and Historization parameter HM functions : It can
automatically backup the control databases in the HG, AM, CG. HM can store,
Continuous process history. Event journal (history). Active system files. Static
system files. On process analysis program (maintenance aid)HM Historization
parameters : There can be up to 10 HMs on the LCN. There can be maximum of
150 groups per HM. Each group can have up to 20 points. All points in the group
must be in the same unit.
27. Network Interface Module (NIM) The Network Interface Module (NIM)
provides the link between the local ControlNetwork and the Universal Control
Network. As such it make the transition from thetransmission technique and
protocol or the Local Control Network to the transmissiontechnique and the
protocol of the Universal Control Network. The NIM provides accessby LCN
modules data from UCN resident devices. The NIM is available in the
redundantconfiguration to provide continued operation in the event of the primary
failure. It canalso do event processing. There can be up to 10 redundant NIM pairs
per LCN. A NIM can host upto 8000 tagnames and supports a data transfer rate of
2400 parameters per second.
28. Communication Subsystem Local Control Network (LCN) The backbone of
every TPS system is a communication network, known as Local Control Network.
The LCN is a LAN through which TDC 3000 modulescommunicate with each
other. The LCN is a broadcast type of LAN. It is high speed redundant
communication bus that connect all the control room equipment. All information
is transferred on the network at 5 million bits per sec.,serially. It is based on the
IEEE 802.4 Token passing and Bus Standard. Each LCN device that is connected
to the Local Control Network is called a module. Up to 64 modules may be
connected to the Local Control Network in a TPS system. The Local Control
Network is designated as the primary and the other as the back
29. Communication Subsystem Universal Control Network (UCN) The Universal
Control Network is a high speed, high security processcontrol network based on
open system interconnection standards. It features a 5megabit/second, carrier
band, token bus network compatible with IEEE and ISOstandards. It is used as the
real time redundant Communications backbone forprocess connected devices such
as the High Performance Process Manager(HPM), Advanced Process Manager .
The UCN supports peer-to-peercommunication for sharing data and allowing
greater co-ordination of controlstrategies among network devices. The UCN uses
redundant co-axial cables and cansupport up to 32 redundant devices UCN
supports 2 types of devices
30. High Performance Process Manager (HPM)The High Performance Process
Manager is the latest in the Progression of HighPerformance control products
 offered by Honeywell for the application toImprove controlling of existing and
new industrial processes. High PerformanceProcess Manager is a fully integrated
member of the TPS family. It is capable of : performing data acquisition and
control functions fully communicating with operators and engineers at the GUSs
and universal Work stations. Supporting higher-level strategies available on the
Local Control Network through the Application Module and Host Computers.
31. High Performance Process Manager OverviewThe High Performance Process
Manager uses a powerful multi-processor architecture with separate
microprocessors dedicated to perform specific tasks. The HPM consists of two
modules Communication and Control Module (CCM) and the I/O subsystem the
I/O subsystem consist of up to 40 Smart I/O Modules (SIOM). All
controloperation are performed within the communication and control module.
The processengineer has complete flexibility of choice within the maximum HPM
design limits. These selections are implemented using the interactive tools
provided by both the GUS and Universal Work Station. The I/O processors, for
example, provide such functions as engineering unit conversion and alarm limit
checking independent of the communication and control modules.

32. YOKOGAWA CENTUM EXCEL ARCHITECTURE EOPS EOPS ENGG.

Micro-XL /1 /2 STATION A BHF BUS(1 Mbps) EFCD EFMS EFGW I/O #1 ncst
Closed loop Monitoring signals Third party system with PLC, I/O #2 control
signal Through I/O NEST Gas Analyser etc. thr RS 232C port ncst Through I/O
NEST At the rate of 9600 bps I/O #3 I/O #5 HF BUS : High frequency Bus: no. of
station on HF Bus are 32 ncst EOPS : Extended Operator station: Hard disk
capacity of EOPS is 80 MB EFCD : Extended field control I/O #4 station : 80 laps
per controller EFMS : Extended field mauture A B station Max 255 inputs NIO
Bus EFGN : Extended field gateway unit ENGS : Engineering station NIO : Nest
I/O bus.
33. Windows NT Based Centum CS Configuration INTERPLANT NETWORK
PC (OPTIONAL) Ethernet Connectivity (optional)OPERATOR/ENGINEERING
STATION OPERATOR STATION SUB-SYSTEM Inkjet HIS DM HIS HIS
Printer PRT PRT Printer DUAL V NET 10 Mbps FCS RIO BUS HIS Human
Interface Station. NIU NIU FCS Field Control Station. NIU Node Interface
Unit. RIO Bus Remote I/O Bus.
34. Centum CS 3000 System Overview Centum CS 3000 is an integrated
production control system for medium and large control applications. This system
is a synthesis of the latest technology with Yokogawas experience and specialist
know-how. Centum CS 3000 system features : Synthesis of DCS with Personal
computers. Online Documentation. Powerful Operation and Monitoring
Functions. Two Types of Control Station. Compact I/O Modules. Powerful
Control and Communication Functions. Efficient Engineering. Virtual Test
functions dont require Control Station hardware. Full-Featured Batch Package.
CENTUM CS micro-XL Integration ( to be released ).
 Centum CS 3000 System Overview Centum CS 3000 is an integrated production
control system for medium and large control applications. This system is a
synthesis of the latest technology with Yokogawas experience and specialist
know-how. Centum CS 3000 system features : Synthesis of DCS with Personal
computers.Truly open system for integrating multi-vendor solutions.High
Reliability of computed process data by the unique fault tolerant control
processor.Powerful built in RISC PROCESSOR with high speed and dynamic
error correcting code.Remote I/O concept enables geographically distribution of
I/O Modules thereby reducing cabling cost.1:1 Redundancy at almost all the
system levels except for control processor which employs a special Redundancy
with 4 identical CPUs.Powerful Control Tools and Communication
Functions.Virtual Test functions dont require Control Station hardware.Full-
Featured Batch Package.Built in security features to prevent mal-
operations.CENTUM CS micro-XL Integration ( to be released ).
36. CS3000 System Configuration INTERPLANT NETWORK PC
(OPTIONAL) Ethernet Connectivity (optional)OPERATOR/ENGINEERING
STATION OPERATOR STATION SUB-SYSTEM Remote Domain System CGW
Inkjet HIS DM HIS HIS Printer PRT PRT Printer V NET 10 Mbps FCS BCV RIO
BUS CS, CS 1000 Centum XL, -V, -MXL NIU NIU HIS Human Interface
Station. FCS Field Control Station. NIU Node Interface Unit. RIO Bus
Remote I/O Bus. CGW Communication gateway unit BCV Bus Converter
37. CENTUM CS 3000 NETWORK HIS HIS HIS V net FCS FCS FCS
38. CENTUM CS3000 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION NO. OF TAGS
MONITORED 1,00,000 TOTAL NO. OF STATION 256 NO. OF DOMAINS
16 NO. OF STATIONS IN A DOMAIN 64 NO. OF HIS / DOMAIN 16 NOS
39. CENTUM CS3000 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION Max. no. of stations : 256 /
system Max. no. of Domains : 16 / system Numbering of Domains : 1 to 64
Domain No. CS3000 Domain (V net Domain) : 1 to 16 Max. no. of
stations/Domain : 64 Domain No.Virtual Domain (Non V net Domain) : 17 to
64 Station NO. HIS : 1 to 64 in descending order Station NO. FCS : 1 to 64 in
ascending order Max. No. of ICS / Domain : 16 Max. No. of NIU / FCS : 8
Max. No. of IOU / FCS : 40 ( Max. 5/ IOU) Max. length of Vnet : 20 Km Max.
length of RIO bus : 20 Km (750m ~ 20Km)
40. Centum CS-3000 CommunicationV net V net is 10 mbps real time control bus
which links station such as FCS , HIS , BCV and CGW. It can be dual redundant.
It can be up to 500m using coaxial cable alone, or up to 20Km when repeater are
used or optical fiber is used. 10BASE2 cable used by HIS, maximum segment
length = 185 m 10BASE5 cable used by stations other than HIS(FCS,CGW etc.)
maximum segment length = 500 m
41. V net Communication HIS HIS V netProtocol : IEEE802.4Access Control :
Token PassingTrans. Speed : 10 MbpsTrans. Distance: 500m to 20KmMedia :
Coaxial/optical fiber FCS FCS
42. V net specification ITEM SPECIFICATION Transmission route Coaxial or
fiber optical cable Type Bus type or Multi-drop type Communication rate 10
Mbps Transmission Distance 500M 20Km Max Redundancy Dual-redundant
Proto type Token passing
 43. V- net Features Real time control bus. ( Dual redundant possible ) Cable : 50
ohm coax. cable with BNC connector ( 10Base2 comp. ) Communication speed :
10 Mbps. High reliable token passing communication ( performance guaranteed )
Std. max. length : 185 m. BNC Connector Max. length : 20 Km ( with optical
fiber ) 1.6 Km ( with coax. Repeater ) VL net cable VL net I/F card ( PCI )
44. Ethernet HIS and ENG, HIS and supervisory systems can be connected by
anEthernet LAN; supervisory computers and personal computers on the
EthernetLAN can access messages and trend data in the CS 3000 system. The
Ethernetcan also be used for sending trend data files from the HIS to
supervisorycomputers, or for equalizing the data in the two HIS station ( rather
than usingthe V net control bus to do this ). A system with only one HIS with
engineeringfunctions installed, does not need Ethernet but in general Ethernet
( andcorresponding network engineering ) is required.
45. Ethernet SpecificationITEM SPECIFICATIONTransmission Route Coaxial or
Fiber optical cableType Bus type or Multidrop typeCommunication Rate 10
MbpsTransmission Distance 500m 2.5 Km max.Redundancy Not availableProto
type CSMA/CD Type
46. TYPES OF HIS Console type HIS Desk top type HIS PHIS Yokogawa
brand OPS
47. HIS Hardware CPU Pentium 166 Main memory 96MB or larger(for op &
monitoring only) Hard disk 1 GB or larger Display 256Colors min. resolution
800*600 1024*768 recommend(1280*1024 best) Serial port RS232C*1 or more
(for operation keyboard) Parallel port 1 port for printer or more OS Windows
NT 4.0 Workstation Operator stations Max. 8 stations
48. Field Control Station Configuration Ethernet HIS HIS HIS V net I/O Unit
RIO Bus Node Interface Sub system Unit Node I/O Unit Sub system Compact
FCS Standard FCS
49. Connection to Centum CS 3000 System Exapilot client (engineering,
operation) Ethernet HIS ENG ExaopcExapilot client(engineering, operation)
Exapilot server (engineering, operation) V-net Exapilot communication data
Process data read/write FCS FCS
50. Features of Exapilot Standardize and Automate Manual Procedures Improve
Plant Operating Efficiency Improve safety of Plant Operation Features of Event
Analysis Package Analysis DCS Event History to Help You Enhance Efficiency.
Enhance Process Stability: Balance Process Events and Operator Actions. When,
Where, What (3W) Filters Help You Narrow Focus of Analysis.
51. OPEN DCS SYSTEMEthernet Field Bus Power Supply Flow Trans.
Terminator HMI Control Valve Safety Barrier Pressure TX.
52. Field bus It is a standardized digital communication protocol between a
process Control field devicesand the Control room. It is a simple pair of wires to
power and carry the communication signal between the field devices and the
Control room.FEATURES : Drastic reduction in cable, conduits cable trays,
marshallive racks, and connectors etc. Drastic reduction in installation cost.
Fewer non field devices. More reliability due to the smaller number of devices.
More efficient operation due to better accuracy (no A/D and D/A conversion).
 Easy integration into plant management system. Flexibility for different suppliers
are interoperable and interchangeable. Major reduction in maintenance cost.
53. Field-bus Benefits Wire Screw I/O ISWiring (pair) Terms Cards
BarriersTraditional 3500 168 2 2Field bus 640 64 1 1Savings 2860 104 1
1Savings % 82% 63% 50% 50%Savings $ $ 3000 Material $ 2000 Labor $ 5000
TotalTypically comments from a plant personal :Easy to identify whats out
there.Consistent calibration procedure.Two days versus four days to commission
system.Familiar with twisted pair wiring comfortable.
54. FOUNDATION fieldbus VocabularyBlocks Basic Components Valve
Resource Resource Block Block FOUNDATION Transducer fieldbus (Servo)
Function Function Block Block(s) Block(s)
55. FOUNDATION fieldbus VocabularyBlocks Basic Components Resource
Resource Block Block FOUNDATION fieldbus Transducer Function Function
Block Block(s) Block(s)TemperatureTransmitter
56. FOUNDATION fieldbus VocabularyH1 and H2 H1 Segment H2 Segment
Moderate speed High speed Use existing wiring Link multiple H1 Bus
powered Segments Can be intrinsically I/O subsystem bus safe Replace
Low power 2 wire proprietary devices networks 4 wire devices New wiring
Replace analog & proprietary digital
57. FOUNDATION fieldbus VocabularyNew Approach for H2 100 Meg
Ethernet technology with extensions Improve time to market High speed
Mandatory redundancy Widely available technology and silicon Widely
available tools Limited incremental development Many suppliers High
volume for low cost Works with installed equipment Evergreen technology
Better than ANY other solution!
58. FOUNDATION fieldbus VocabularyH1/H2 Bridges Server H2 Segment
100 Meg Ethernet Control PLC H1/H2 Module BridgeH1/H2 Bridge H1/H2
Bridge H1 Segment Replaces ReplacesTraditional I/O Traditional I/O H1
Segment H1 Segment
59. FOUNDATION fieldbus StandardsOrganizations IEC International
Electro-technical Commission ISA International Society for Measurement and
Control (formerly: Instrument Society of America) SP50 CENELEC
European standards body Parallel (competitive?) Working Groups to IEC
60. FOUNDATION fieldbus Topography H1 Fieldbus Installations Cost
savings: Cost savings: wiring wiring I/O cards & I/O cards & Controller
cables cables Similar I/O Cards Reduced Wiring Junction terminations
terminations Similar I/O Cards H1 I/O Reduced Wiring Box IS barriers
Interface IS barriers marshaling marshaling H1 I/O Terminations
FewerTerminations FewerTerminations H1 Fieldbus all-digital Marshaling H1
Fieldbus all-digitalFewer Terminations Fewer Terminations IS (Ex i) Barriers
Fewer IS barriers Fewer IS barriers
61. FOUNDATION fieldbus Topography Intrinsic Safety Barriers

DELTA V SYSTEM
 DeltaV System Architecture: Engineering station, Operator station, Printer
Printer 8 port Hub 8 port Hub primary Redundant 12 wide carrier for 8 wide
carrier forPower/Controller P P A AA DDD I/O subsystem.
Contr. Serial S S I I O I I O Power supply H1 Controller I/O extension cable
Connector RS232 Modbus PLC For Blank H Blank Blank Blank D Blank Blank 8
DI & 8 DO O I Fieldbus Transmitter Pressure Transmitter 3244MVF1NAB4
3051TG2A2B21AB4M5FF Smart valve positioner FSDVC0400-201 Fieldbus
Power
63. DCS communication system Hierarchy Level 5 Management MIS Low data
rates High Superior responsibility Level 4 Scheduling SCHED. Low Level 3
Supervisory control SUP. SUP. Level 2 Direct digital Control (DDC) DDC DDC
DDC DDCLevel 1Sensors (S)& Actuators (A)High data rates S A A S A S S S A S
S ALow responsibility PLANT

HISTORY

History of Process Control Signal Around 50 years ago, most plant used 3-15psi
pneumatic signal to control their process. The last change in signal standard was
the open protocol HART digital communications format. The HART protocol
provides simultaneous digital communications with the 4-20 mA output. The next
protocol change will be fieldbus. Fieldbus is entirely digital-there is no analog
Signal. Fieldbus also allows migration of control functions to field devices.
Process control Timeline The Evolution of Signal Standard Signal standards
have evolved over the years, starting with the 3-15 psi standard. There are also
other communication methods, but they have not gained widespread Digital:
Fieldbus acceptance.
Digital plus Analog: HART with 4-20mA With many standard there is typically a
slow transition period as plant Analog: 4-20mA engineers and Pneumatic: 3-15
psi managers test period does gain widespread acceptance. However, once the
benefits of the Fieldbus become tested and proven, more plant will install
Fieldbus because of its I/O Bus Network Protocol, I/O Bus Network Device bus
network Process bus network Discrete Analog Byte-wide Bit-wide Several
Hundred Data Bytes
66. Protocol Standard Field Bus Foundation (Field Bus std.)Process bus network
Profibus Trade Organization (Profibus std.) Device net Byte-Wide CAN Bus Data
SDS Inter Bus-SDevice bus network Seriplex Bit-Wide Data ASI Inter Bus Loop
67. Fieldbus ArchitectureFieldbus is more than just a new signal communications
protocol, but a whole new way to control the process. With the release of the low
fieldbus (H1), the entire fieldbus will be defined. Most of the recent published
literature has focused on the intricate details of the fieldbus architecture,
especially those layers that have not been released. However, except Maintenance
Workstation information physical layer and the user layer, these layer are
transparent to the engineers and the system manager. User Layer System
management Network Management Application Layer stack Data Layer Physical
Layer Multivariable Valve Level Pump Transmitter Transmitter
 68. Open System Interconnected Reference Model MBAP, SMB, FTP, SMTP,
FMS, Physical Provides the standard for transmitting rawApplication electrical
signals over the communication channels. IEC 61158, ANSI/ISA S50.2,IEEE
1451Presentation Data link Contains the rule for interpreting electrical signals
as data, error checking and physical addressing Session Network Describes the
rule for routing messages Transport TCP, SPX, UDP through a complex network
and deals with congestion. Transport Establishes a dependable end-to-end
Network IP, IPX, NetBeui connection between two host. HDLC, ETHERNET,
ANSI/ISA S50.02 Session provides Management and Synchronization Data link
of complex data transaction. Physical EIA-485, ETHERNET,ANSI/ISA S50.02
Presentation Establishes protocol for data format conversion, encryption and
security. Application Contains protocol that accomplish task such as e-mail, file
transfer or reading a set of registers from a PLC. For the purpose of Process
control, the top and bottom four layers are used. Layers 5 and 6 are important to
large commercial networks.
69. Field BusField Bus is a bi-directional digital communication that
interconnects smart field devices to control system or to instrument located in the
control room.Field Bus is based on the OSI (Open System Interconnect), which
was developed by the ISO(International Standard Organization) to represent the
various functions required in any Layer FunctionCommunication network. 7
Application Provides formatted data 6 Presentation Converts data 5 Session
Handles the dialogue 4 Transport Secures the transport connection 3 Network
Establishes network connections 2 Link Establishes the data link connection 1
Physical Connects the equipment
70. Field Bus The OSI model consists of seven layers. However for real time
application layers 3 to 6 are not considered since they deal with transference of
data among networks. For such application following layers are used: LAYER 1 -
PHYSICAL LAYER Defines the type of signal, transmitting medium, data
transmission speed, etc. LAYER 2 DATALINK LAYER Define the interface
between the physical layer and the application layer. It establishes how the
messages shall be structured and normalizes the use of multiple masters. LAYER
3 APPLICATION LAYER Defines how was invented by an Indian engineer Mr.
Ramre presentation. The Fieldbus data is specified, its addresses and its
Ramchandran ( M.S in Comp. Tech , Texas)

71. PHYSICAL LAYERThe Physical layer defines the medium that transport the
messages frames, the signal shape and amplitude limits, data transfer rate, and
power distribution.Technical Characteristics:Physical Medium Three types are
defined: wires, optic fiber, and radio signals. The specification for wire has been
already approved.Bit rate for wire media 31.25 Kbps (H1) 1 megabits and 2.5
megabits (H2). H1 and H2 are classification of the two hanks of Field Bus target
applications. H1 has low speed and utilizes existing wires. H2 has high speed and
may require independent wires to power up field devices.Number of devices per
link (31.25Kbps) 2 to 32 devices, without power and no IS (intrinsic safety). 2 to
 6 with power and IS.Maximum distance Up to 1900 meters for 31.25Kbps,
without repeaters. Up to 750 meters for 1 megabits. Up to 500 meter for 2.5
megabits.
72. PHYSICAL LAYERSignal Modulation Manchester bi phase L
synchronous.Physical layer preamble on transmissions, the physical layer will add
to the data sent by the layer above a preamble and one start delimiter in the
beginning of the frame and one end delimiter at the end delimiter at the end of the
of the frame.
73. DATA LINK LAYERThe Data Link Layer will assure the integrity of the
message by using the frame check sequence:Two bytes added to the frames and a
polynomial calculation of all frame data.The Data Link Layer also checks to see
that the data reaches the devices correctly.Technical characteristicsMedium
Access: There are three forms to access the network: Token passing: Token is the
right to initiate a transaction on the bus. A device must have the token to initiate a
conversation. As soon it finishes it will return the token to the LAS (Link Active
Scheduler). The LAS send the token to the unit that requested in either in a pre-
configured way or via scheduling. Immediate response: A master station will
give an opportunity to the station to reply with one frame. Requested token: a
device request a token by using a code in any of the response sent to the bus.
The
74. APPLICATION LAYER AND MANAGEMENTThe Application Layer
provides a simple interface to the end users application. Basically , it defines how
to read, write , interpret and execute a message or command. A big part of this job
is to define the message syntax. The contents include the requested message,
action taken, and the response message.The management defines how to initialize
the network : tag assignment, address assignment,clock assignment, clock
synchronization, distributed application scheduling across the network or
association of the input and output parameters of the function blocks. It also
controls the operation of the network with statistic of faults and detection of the
addition of the new element or the absence of a station. The system always look
for the new stations on the bus by polling the possible station addresses.

75. Digital Communication Protocol ISO - International Standard Organization.

Responsible for developing the model that the communication specification are
based upon as well as standards for each layer of communication
specification.IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Formed the
IEEE 802 project for defining standards for network media and access
methods.SP72 - Institute Society of America, Standards and Practice committee
Number 72 Developing EIA1393 companion standard for process control
messaging.SP50 - Institute Society of America, Standards and Practice committee
Number 50 Developing standards for digital communication between field
devices.F.I.P - Factory Information Protocol, approved French National
Standard.Profibus - Process Fieldbus, approved German National Standard.

76. HART COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLWhy HART protocol ? 4-20 ma is

tried, tested and widely used standard but only limited amount of information is
 sent by a 4-20 ma signal. HART (Hiway Addressable Remote Transducer)
protocol enhances these operations by transmitting digital data along with the 4-
20 ma signal without interfering with it ! HART permits two-way
communications. It also has all digital mode that allows instrument to be
connected to a single cable, cutting installation costs dramatically.Features : 1.
Field proven concept that is easy to understand and use. 2. Compatible with
existing 4-20 ma systems. 3. Simultaneous point-to-point 4-20 ma and digital
communication. 4. Alternative multi-drop mode. 5. Measured variables, tag no. ,
range and span settings, device information, diagnostics and simple messages
transmitted. 6. Digital response time of 500 msec; burst mode response of 300
msec. 7. Open architecture; freely available to any vendor and every user.

77. HART COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLMethod of Operation : The Hart

protocol operates using the FSK principal. The digital data is made up from two
frequencies 1200 Hz and 2200 Hz representing bits 1 and 0 respectively.
Sinusoidal waves of these frequencies are superimposed on the DC analog signal
cables to give simultaneous analog and digital communicationsHART Protocol
Structure : HART follows the basic Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model, developed by the International Organization for Standard (ISO).
The HART protocol uses a reduced OSI model, implementing only layers 1,2 and
7
78. HART COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL OSI reference modelOpen Systems
Interconnections LAYER FUNCTIONS HART 7 Application Provides formatted
HART instructions data 6 Presentation Converts data 5 Session Handles the
dialogue 4 Transport Secures the transport connection 3 Network Establishes
network connections 2 Link Establishes the HART protocol data link regulations
connection 1 Physical Connects the Bell 202
79. HART PROTOCOL LAYERSLayer 1, the physical layer, operates on the FSK
principle Data transfer rate: 1200 bit/s Logic 0 frequency: 2200 Hz Logic 1
frequency: 1200 Hz the vast majority of existing wiring is used for this type of
digital communication.Layer 2, the link layer establishes the format for a hart
message. HART is a master/slave protocol. the structure of these messages is
given below: Preambl SD AD CD BC Statu Dat Parity e s a SD start character.
AD display terminal and field addresses. CD HART instruction. BC Byte
count. Status Field device and communication status (only from field device to
master) The individual characters are : 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 bit for odd parity
and 1
80. HART PROTOCOL LAYERSLayer 7, the application layer, brings the HART
instruction into play. The master sends messages with requests for specified
values, actual values and any other data or parameters available from the device.
The field device interprets these instruction as defined in theHART protocol. The
response message provides the master with the status information and data from
the slave.For slave devices, logical uniform communication is provided by the
following command sets: Universal commands understood by all field devices.
Common practice commands provide functions which can be carried out by
 many, though not all, field devices. Drive-specific commands provide functions
which are restricted to an individual
81. HART PROTOCOL TECHNICAL DATADATA TRANSMISSION Types of
data transmission : Frequency shift keying (FSK) Transfer rate : 1200 bit/s. 0 bit
information frequency : 2200 Hz 1 bit information frequency : 1200 Hz Signal
structure : 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 bit for odd parity, 1 stop bit. Transfer rate for
simple variables : Approximately 2/s (poll/response)DATA INTEGRITY Physical
layer : Error rate destination circuit : 1/(10^5) Link layer : Recognizes : all groups
up to 3 corrupt bits and practically all longer and multiple groups. Application
layer : Communication status terminated in a response message.
82. MODBUS The MODBUS protocol describes an industrial communication
and distributedcontrol system developed by Gould-Modicon. MODBUS is a
Master/Slavecommunications protocol, whereby one device (Master), controls all
serial activities byselectively polling one or more slave devices. The protocol
provides for one master deviceand up to 247 slave devices on a common line.
Each device is assigned an address todistinguish it from all other connected
device. Only a master initiates a transaction. Transactions are either a
query/response type,or a broadcast/no-response type. A transaction comprises a
single query and singleresponse frame or a single broadcast frame. Certain
characteristic of a MODBUS protocol are fixed such as frame format,
framesequences, handling of communication errors and exception conditions, and
the functionsperformed.
83. RS-232 Communication RS-232 is an asynchronous communication network.
Normally, a binary system isused to transmit data in ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange)format. This code translates human readable
code (letter/numbers) into computer readablecode(1s and 0s). There are 2
types of RS-232 devices. The first is called a DTE (Data TerminalEquipment)
device and a common example is a computer. The other type of device is
calledDCE (Data Communication Equipment) device and a common example is a
modem. In RS-232 the first thing a terminal send is start bit. This start bit is a
synchronizingbit added just before each character being send. The last thing send
is a stop bit. This stop bitinforms to the receiving terminal that the last character
has just being send.
84. RS-232 CommunicationRS-232 communication is done through Serial port
which usually has a 9-pin configuration. The pin and their purposes are shown
below. 9-PIN PURPOSE 1 Frame ground 2 Receive data (RD) 3 Transmit data
(TD) 4 Data terminal ready (DTR) 5 Signal ground (GND) 6 Data set ready
(DSR) 7 Request to send (RTS) 8 Clear to Send (CTS) 9 Ring indicator (RI)
*only for modems*
85. PC-to-PC Communication through Serial Port CD 10 01 CDRXD 20 02
RXDTXD 30 03 TXDDTR 40 04 DTRGND 50 05 GNDDSR 60 06 DSRRTS 70
07 RTSCTS 80 08 CTS RI 90 09 RI 9-Pin D Connector
86. PC-to-PC Communication through LPT1 Port 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9
9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22
23 23 24 24 25 25
 87. Flavours of Internet TelephonyPC-to-PC The Internet PC PC Dial-up or Local
ISP Local ISP Leased LinePC-to-Phone The Internet PC Phone Local ISP Local
ISP Voice GatewayPhone-to-Phone Access Code The Internet Phone Phone Local
ISP Local ISP Voice Gateway Voice Gateway
88. APACS - Operation PlatformDatabase OwnershipOperator Console Engineer
Console Operator Console Console Level Controller Level Controller Module I/O
Level I/O Modules TAGS Range Engineering Unit Transmitter Interlock I/P
Valve Diagnostics
89. TODAYS INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS PlanningApplication HMI
----------------------- HMI Drivers 1 2 3 4 5 6 Devices I/O PLC DCS
90. PC Based Industrial SystemsOPC Client Planning Application HMI
---------------------------------- HMI OPC Server 1 2 3 Devices I/O PLC DCS
91. Enterprise Automation Schemes Windows NTCorporate IT Network Windows
NT ServerControl network Embedded Real System
92. Windows NT (New technology)FEATURES: A true 32 bit processing. A
very reliable operating system. Real operating system.TECHNICAL ASPECT:
Multiprocessing, Multithreading and partitioned memory space. Security - C2
compliance. In-built networking. Internationalization . Human interface as
Windows 95. Object - based : DCOM/OLE - ActiveX. for special need of the
process industries. DCOM and OLE are not robust, deterministic and secure.
Client - Server architecture.
93. Windows NT InterconnectivityTransparent inter-connectivity to typical
business systems in plants: 1) ODBC : It provides access to most SQL databases.
2) ActiveX/OLE : Supports data access between application and embedding of
one applications function within another. 3) DDE : Dynamic Data Exchange
supports simple data exchange between applications such as plant data populating
an Excel spread sheets.
94. Windows NT features Windows NT is gaining ground in open control because
of the following advantages : User acceptance. Corporate interoperability Ease
of use. Connectivity. Scalability for small and large application. However,
Windows NT has the following disadvantages : Needs a lot memory and
processing power. Optimized for office, not control, requirements. Requires a
disk drive which may fail. Depends on single vendor. Reboots at unexpected
times Unstable operating system.
95. Embedded control Operating System - QNXQNX real-time operating system,
has evolved from the first-ever micro-kernel operatingsystem for PCs into one of
the best selling and most trusted operating systems for missioncritical application.
Today, QNX is the real time operating system in industrial automation, hand held
devices, controllers and soft PLCsQNX is recognized as : The fastest and most
dependable real time operating system. The most proven high speed,
deterministic real time kernel. Having a hard real time engine that gives PLC-
style control. Enabling data acquisition with milliseconds resolution. Providing
a fault-tolerant architecture on which you can run control, events, alarms in a
virtually crash-proof environment.
96. Windows NT - for Process controlWindows NT features : A true 32 bit
processing. A very reliable operating system. Real operating system.
 Multiprocessing, Multithreading and partitioned memory space. Security - C2
compliance. In-built networking. Internationalization. Human interface.
Object-based DCOM/OLE : The sending object is shown as client and receiving
object is known as server. The MS technology allows any developer to produce
small, self contain objects that have packaged visual component and specific
action. These components are called ActiveX objects. NTs OLE technology is
part of Microsofts Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) operating
across networks. Anyone can develop ActiveX Object using VC++ or even VB on
a PC. For special needs of the process control industries DCOM and OLE are not
secure, deterministic and robust enough.
97. Ethernet Ethernet was originally designed by Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX)
in the early 1970sand has been designed as a broadcast system. The original
format for Ethernet was developedin Xerox Palo Alto Research center (PARC),
California in 1972. The two inventors wereRobert Metcalf and David Boggs.
Ethernet version 1.0 and 2.0 followed until the IEEE 802.3 committee re- jigged
theEthernet II packet to form the Ethernet 802.3 packet. Nowadays you will see
eitherEthernet II (DIX) format or Ethernet 802.3 format being used. The Ether
part of Ethernet denotes that the system is not meant to be restricted only toone
medium type, copper cables, fiber cables and even radio waves can be used.
Briefly, stated Ethernet what is referred to as the Physical layer and the Data- link
layersprotocols. The physical layer defines the cable types, connectors and
electrical characteristics.The Data link layer defines the format an Ethernet
frames, the error checking method and the
98. Ethernet10Base5 Traditionally, Ethernet is used over thick coaxial cable
called 10Base5 ( the 10denotes 10 Mbps, base means that the signal is baseband
i.e, takes the whole bandwidthof the cable, 5 denotes 500m maximum length ).
The minimum length between stationsis 2.5m. The cable is run in one long length
forming a Bus Topology. The segments areterminated by 50 ohm resistor and
the shield should be grounded at one end only.10Base2 Thin Ethernet (Thinnet)
uses RG-58 cable and is called 10Base2 (the 2 denotes200 mtr maximum length
cable). Each station connects to the Thinnet by way of
99. Ethernet10BaseT Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly important to use
Ethernet across UnshieldedTwisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair (STP),
this being called 10BaseT (the Tdenotes twisted pair). UTP is installed in star wire
format and Ethernet Hubs with UTP ports(RJ45) centrally located. Also there
should be no more than a 11.5db signal loss and theminimum distance between
devices is 2.5 meters. The advantages of the UTP/STP technology are gained from
the flexibility of thesystem, with respect to moves, changes, fault finding,
reliability and security.10BaseF 10BaseF standard developed by IEEE 802.3
committee defines the use of Fiber for Ethernet. 10BaseFB allows up to 2 Km per
segment and is defined for Backbone
100. EthernetThe following table shows the RJ45 pin outs for 10BaseT : RJ45 Pin
Function Colour 1 Transmit White/Orange 2 Transmit Orange/White 3 Receive
White/Green 4 Blue/White 5 White/Blue 6 Receive Green/White 7 White/Brown
8 Brown/White
 101. PC-to-PC Communication throughEthernet RJ45 RJ45 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
7788
102. Ethernet Topology Segmented (star) topology Bus topologyWorkstation
Workstation Workstation Workstation Switched Hub Controller Controller
Controller Controller
103. Wireless LANWireless LAN is based on standard IEEE 802.11b which
throughput of up to 11Mbps in the2.4 Ghz band. Similar Wireless Personal Area
Network (WPAN) are Bluetooth and Infrared. Ethernet works on the CSMA/CD
technology but wireless LAN has difficulty of detecting collision in Radio
frequency. Therefore they are using CSMA/CA (Collision Sense MultipleAccess /
Collision Avoidance) technology to transmit data. Physical Layer is either
Photonic orRadio frequency.
104. Process control Software characteristics The most important feature of
process control system is that it needs to be reliable. Theprocess control system
used has to be completely crash-proof and any changes in thesystem need to be
made on-line. The process control needs to be made real time, which means that it
can update the I/Odata table and process the control program in the time required
by the process. A process control system that is deterministic refers to whether the
operating systemallows the highest priority task to work without interruption from
task with lower priority. Software offerings in the automation and the process
control fields must be versatile andopen enough to address the needs of different
applications. Finally the chosen solution must deliver tangible, quantifiable values
such as :1. Reducing project implementation time and cost.2. Improving time-to-
market.3. Achieving higher production and quality.4. Cutting maintenance and
training cost.
105. PC-based control system features Unlike the other systems, PCs provide a
more open architecture making them ideal for improving, optimizing and
integrating the overall automation process, as well as conducting control task. In
addition PCs offer the following features : Lower cost. Ease of use. Graphical
user interface. Easy integration of logic, motion and process control. Simplified
application development. Software portability Independence from proprietary
control system. Using PCs enable the following functions, Millisecond time
stamping which is essential to utilities. Real time control. Sequence of events.
Alarming. Data collection.
106. PLC conceptual overview SCADAProcess History & Alarm & Other Aspect
configurationGraphics Trend Events system editor OP Client SCADA Control
Aspect OPC server SCADA Real-time server database Protocol Protocol opc
Modbus comli xx yy Siemens Allen GE ABB Bradley Fanuc .
107. PLC Programming Standards The open, manufacturer-independent
programming standard for automation isIEC 61131-3. You can thus choose what
configuration interface you wish to use whenwriting your application : Ladder
Diagram Instruction List Function Block Diagram Sequential Function Chart
Structured Text All users, be they plant electrician or computer scientists, thus
have a configuration interface in which they can feel at home.
108. Industrial IT Trends The availability of information is becoming increasingly
crucial in the view of growing global competition. In future, a decisive
 competitive edge can only be achieved by providing the right information at the
right time, in the right place and in the right form for the right person. these
leading- edge application are continuously optimized and repositioned. Industrial
IT consists of five components: 1. Engineering IT 2. Operation IT 3. Production
IT 4. Optimization IT 5. Evolution / Information
109. Industrial IT Trend Business Sales & Systems MarketingPlanning & e-
PRODScheduling Real-time ION OPTIMIZAT UCTIVI Automation &
ASSETPlant & Information TYProcess Eng. Operation & Maintenance
Distribution Plant

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