Construction

and Building

Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331

MATERIALS
www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Eect of copper slag and cement by-pass dust addition on

mechanical properties of concrete
K.S. Al-Jabri *, R.A. Taha, A. Al-Hashmi, A.S. Al-Harthy
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33,
Al-Khoudh, Post Code 123, Sultanate of Oman

Received 14 October 2003; received in revised form 29 October 2004; accepted 31 January 2005
Available online 8 March 2005

Abstract

This research was undertaken to study the eect of copper slag (CS) and cement by-pass dust (CBPD) addition on concrete prop-
erties. In addition to the control mixture, two dierent trial mixtures were prepared using dierent proportions of CS and CBPD.
CBPD was primarily used as an activator. One mixture consisted of 5% copper slag substitution for portland cement. The other
mixture consisted of 13.5% CS, 1.5% CBPD and 85% portland cement. Three water-to-binder (w/b) ratios were studied: 0.5, 0.6
and 0.7. Concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms were prepared and tested for strength after 7 and 28 days of curing. The modulus
of elasticity of these mixtures was also evaluated. Results showed that 5% copper slag substitution for portland cement gave a sim-
ilar strength performance as the control mixture, especially at low w/b ratios (0.5 and 0.6). Higher copper slag (13.5%) replacement
yielded lower strength values. Results also demonstrated that the use of CS and CBPD as partial replacements of portland cement
has no signicant eect on the modulus of elasticity of concrete, especially at small quantities substitution.

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: By-product; Copper slag; Cement by-pass dust; Cement kiln dust; Strength; Concrete

1. Introduction ment of portland cement. Copper slag (CS) and cement

Large quantities of industrial by-products are pro-
duced every year by various industries. The main goals
of environmental protection agencies and governments
are to seek ways to minimize the dual problems of dis-
posal and health hazards of these by-products. For
many years, by-products such as y ash, silica fume
and slag were considered as waste materials. They have
been successfully used in the construction industry as a
portland cement substitute. Their role in enhancing
concrete durability is well recognized in comparison
with using portland cement alone. Moreover, new by-
products are being generated by various industries,
which could have a promising future for partial replace-
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +96 824 415 335; fax: +96 824 413 416.
E-mail address: aljabri@squ.edu.om (K.S. Al-Jabri).
by-pass dust (CBPD) are by-products of the manufac-
ture of copper and cement industries, respectively.
Copper slag is widely used in the sand blasting indus-
try and it has been used in abrasive blast treatment and
in the manufacture of abrasive tools. Recent research
papers [1,2] reviewed the use of copper slag in the pro-
duction of value added products such as abrasive tools,
abrasive materials, cutting tools, tiles, glass, and roong
granules. They also reported the potential use of copper
slag as a partial substitute of cement and aggregates in
concrete and asphalt mixtures.
The eect of copper slag on the hydration of cement-
based materials was investigated by Mobasher et al. [3]
and Tixier et al. [4]. Up to 15%, by weight of copper slag
was used as a portland cement replacement together
with up to 1.5% of hydrated lime as an activator to poz-
zolanic reactions. Results indicated a signicant increase

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2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.020
 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331
in the compressive strength for up to 90 days of hydra-
tion. Also, a decrease in capillary porosity and an in-
crease in gel porosity were observed. Moura et al. [5]
reported that copper slag could be a potential alterna-
tive to admixtures used in concrete and mortars. The
use of slag from copper smelting as a ne aggregate in
concrete was also investigated by Akihiko and Takashi
[6]. From mortar strength tests with a cement/slag/water
ratio of 1/2/0.55, the ball milled slag gave a higher
strength. The eects of using several types of slag on
mortar and concrete reaction; reinforcing steel corro-
sion; abrasion; workability and slump; shrinkage; and
freezing and thawing characteristics were examined.
Copper slag was also used by Toshiki et al. [7] as a ne
aggregate in concrete. They described the strength, set-
ting time and durability of concrete mixtures made with
copper slag.
On the other hand, previous studies conducted on
CBPD [also known as cement kiln dust (CKD)] indi-
cated the potential use of this material in many applica-
tions as follows: (a) pozzolanic base stabilization [8,9];
(b) a ller in asphalt concrete mixtures [10]; (c) wet soil
conditioning and waste stabilization and solidication
[11]; (d) an amendment in neutralizing acidic soils [12];
(e) a partial replacement for ordinary portland cement
(OPC) in concrete [13]. A recent study [14] indicated
the potential use of CBPD in owable ll mixtures.
Al-Harthy et al. [15] studied the eect of CBPD on mor-
tar and concrete mixtures. Seven dierent concrete mix-
tures were prepared using 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 30% CBPD replacement, by total weight of
the cement. For each mixture, three water-to-binder ra-
tios of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, by weight were used. Results
indicated that there was a general decrease in compres-
sive strength with an increase in CBPD replacement
for cement. However, small amounts of replacements
of up to 5% do not seem to have an appreciable adverse
eect on strength, especially at low water-to-binder ra-
tios. At 5% and 10% CBPD substitution for portland ce-
ment, the reductions in the 28-day compressive strength
values were 1.8% and 4.5%, respectively, compared with
the compressive strength of the control mixture. A sim-
ilar experimental study [16] investigated the strength of
CBPD concrete. In this investigation, CBPD was used
as a replacement for OPC using percentages of 0% (con-
trol), 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. Results demonstrated a
general decrease in the compressive strength of CBPD
concrete compared with the control mixture. However,
it was reported that the percentage reduction in strength
was minimal when up to 20% of portland cement was re-
placed by CBPD in the concrete.
Udoeyo and Rindap [17] investigated the properties
of hollow blocks using CBPD as an additive and as a
replacement for OPC. They observed that hollow blocks
with 5%, 10% and 20% CBPD, by weight of cement as
an additive had compressive strength values higher than
323
that of the control blocks and fall within BS specied
limits for Type A (3.5) blocks. However, the compres-
sive strength of hollow blocks prepared using CBPD
as a replacement for portland cement generally showed
a decreasing trend with an increase in CBPD content.
Recently, Al-Jabri et al. [18] studied the eect of CS
and CBPD replacements on the strength of cement mor-
tars. Experimental results indicated that the mixture
containing 5% CBPD + 95% cement yielded the highest
90 days compressive strength of 42 MPa in comparison
with 40 MPa for the mixture containing 1.5%
CBPD + 13.5% CS + 85% cement. The optimum CS
and CBPD to be used was 5%. In addition, it was deter-
mined that using CBPD as an activating material would
work better than using lime. Also, all samples met the 3
and 7 days compressive strength specications require-
ments for cement mortars.
2. Research objectives
The main objective of this study was to investigate
the use of CS and CBPD as partial replacements for
portland cement in concrete mixtures. The following
were specic tasks:
1. Conduct compressive, tensile and exural strength
testing on concrete mixtures at dierent water-to-bin-
der ratios.
2. Evaluate modulus of elasticity of concrete.
3. Compare the eect of CS and CBPD addition on the
properties of cement mortars and concrete.
3. Materials
3.1. Cement
The cement used in this study was OPC purchased
from Oman Cement Company. This cement is the most
widely used one in the construction industry in Oman.
3.2. Coarse and ne aggregates
Coarse aggregates (i.e., 20 and 10 mm) and ne sand
were purchased from a nearby crusher in Al-Khoudh
area, which are typically the same materials used in
normal concrete mixtures. The gradation test conducted
on aggregates showed that they met specications
requirements.
3.3. Copper slag
Copper slag is a by-product material produced from
the process of manufacturing copper. As the copper
324 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331

settles down in the smelter, it has a higher density, impu- Table 2

rities stay in the top layer and then are transported to a Chemical composition of ordinary portland cement, copper slag and
cement by-pass dust
water basin with a low temperature for solidication.
The end product is a solid, hard material that goes to Component Ordinary Copper Cement
portland slag (%) by-pass dust (%)
the crusher for further processing. Copper slag used in cement (%)
this work was brought from Oman Mining Company,
SiO2 20.85 33.05 15.84
which produces an annual average of 60,000 ton. The Al2O3 4.78 2.79 3.57
copper slag was ground in the laboratory into a ne Fe2O3 3.51 53.45 2.76
powder to the required size following the procedure de- CaO 63.06 6.06 63.76
scribed by Al-Jabri et al. [18]. MgO 2.32 1.56 1.93
SO3 2.48 1.89 1.65
K2O 0.55 0.61 2.99
3.4. Cement by-pass dust Na2O 0.24 0.28 0.33
TiO2 0.25 0 0.48
CBPD or CKD is a by-product of the manufacture of Mn2O3 0.05 0.06 0.07
portland cement. It is generated during the calcining CI 0.01 0.01 1.09
process in the kiln. As the raw materials are heated in Loss on ignition 1.75 0 5.38
IR 0.21 0 0
the kiln, dust particles are produced and then carried CuO 0 0.46 0
out with the exhaust gases at the upper end of the kiln. Al2O3 + SiO2 + Fe2O3 29.14 89.29 22.17
Composition of CBPD is quite variable from one source
to another due to raw material and process variations.
Oman Cement Company generates about 25,000 ton of
CBPD every year. of CBPD, whereas copper slag has a very low lime con-
tent of
6%. Generally, the free lime content of CBPD is
also below 10%. This indicates that CS and CBPD alone
4. Physical and chemical properties are not highly chemically reactive materials in order to
be used as cementitious materials because CS and CBPD
The physical and chemical properties of OPC, CS, must have a sucient quantity of lime to reach the re-
and CBPD that were determined from a previous study quired rate of hydration and to achieve the required
[18] are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Table 1 early age strength. Therefore, in this case, it would be
presents the measured specic gravity, neness, and ini- more benecial if copper slag could be chemically acti-
tial setting time. The data indicated that CBPD has a vated in order to increase its pozzolanic reaction.
higher neness than cement and copper slag, which is
advantageous when considering using such material as
a cementitious material. However, CBPD will demand 5. Laboratory testing program
a higher water content to achieve the desired workabil-
ity. Also, CBPD has a lower specic gravity than both 5.1. Mixture design
copper slag and portland cement. Table 1 also indicates
that the initial setting time for copper slag is delayed by In order to investigate the eect of copper slag addi-
more than double the time of that for portland cement tion as a cement replacement on the properties of con-
and delayed by about 100 min of the initial setting time crete, two mixtures along with the control one were
for CBPD. selected from a previous study [18]. This study investi-
Chemical analysis of CS, portland cement and CBPD gated the eect of using copper slag as a cement replace-
are presented in Table 2. Ordinary portland cement has ment on the strength of cement mortars. Two materials
a lime content of 63%. Free and combined lime content were used as activators: lime and CBPD. These two mix-
contributes to nearly 64% of the chemical composition tures were selected among the optimum mixtures, which
achieved the highest strength as shown in Fig. 1. Table 3
presents a description of the dierent mixtures prepared
Table 1 in the testing program. Three water-to-binder (w/b) ra-
Physical properties of ordinary portland cement, copper slag and tios were considered: 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. Quantities of
cement by-pass dust
material (Table 4) used in the mixtures were selected
Test type Material for dierent water-to-binder ratios in accordance with
Ordinary Copper slag Cement the Hughes Method [19].
portland cement by-pass dust To determine the unconned compressive strength of
Fineness (cm2/g) 3357 1261 4824 concrete, six cubes (100 100 100 mm) were cast for
Specic gravity 3.15 3.45 2.4 each mixture and water-to-binder ratio, and three sam-
Initial setting (min) 110 250 150 ples were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. The target
 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331 325

Compressive Strength (MPa) and CBPD were weighed in separate buckets. The mate-
45 rials were mixed in accordance with ASTM C192-98.
The slump of the fresh concrete was determined to en-
40
sure that it would be within the designed value. After
35 24 h, specimens were removed from the molds and sub-
merged in a water tank for 7 and 28 days of curing.
30
Control
5%CS 5.3. Testing procedure
25
5% CBPD
20 1.5% lime +3.5%CS After curing, the following tests were carried out on
1.5% CBPD +13.5% CS the concrete specimens:
15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 7- and 28-day cube compressive strength test was con-
Curing Time (days)
ducted in accordance with BS 1881: Part 116 using a
Fig. 1. Comparison between the eect of dierent materials on the loading rate of 2.5 kN/s;
compressive strength of cement mortars.  28-day cylinder compressive strength test was per-
formed in accordance with ASTM C39-99 using a
Table 3 loading rate of 4.4 kN/s;
Description of mixture proportions  28-day cylinder tensile (splitting) strength test was
Mixture No. Mixture type done in accordance with ASTM C496-96 using a
loading rate of 2 kN/s;
Mixture 1 Control (100% cement)
Mixture 2 5% Slag + 95% cement  28-day exural strength test was conducted in accor-
Mixture 3 1.5% CBPD + 13.5% slag + 85% cement dance with ASTM C78-94 using a simple beam with
third point loading at a loading rate of 0.2 kN/s;
 28-day stressstrain characteristics were determined
in accordance with ASTM C469-94. Deformation
Table 4
readings were taken using a compressometer at load-
Batch quantities (kg/m3) for dierent w/b ratios
ing intervals of 20 kN and a loading rate of 4.4 kN/s.
Component w/b Ratio
0.5 0.6 0.7 All tests were conducted using a DARTEC compres-
Water 207 199 195 sion machine. It is worth mentioning that some speci-
Cement 416 337 275 mens (especially those at w/b ratio = 0.5) that were
Fine Aggregate 721 813 880
used to determine the stressstrain behaviour of con-
10 mm Aggregate 338 338 338
20 mm Aggregate 790 790 790 crete were loaded to a loading level of 500 kN below
their ultimate value due to the limitation of the testing
machine. This loading level represents almost 85% of
the failure load of Mixture 1 at a water-to-binder ratio
28-day cube compressive strength values for the control of 0.5. This exceeded the elastic limit of concrete as
mixture (i.e., Mixture 1) were 45, 35 and 27 MPa for
water-to-binder ratios of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, respectively.
Eight 150 mm diameter by 300 mm long cylinders were Stress (MPa)
prepared for each mixture and water-to-binder ratio. 25
They were each tested after 28 days of curing. The tests
conducted on the cylinders are as follows: three for com- 20
pressive strength, three for tensile strength, and two to loading
determine the modulus of elasticity and stressstrain 15
behaviour of each mixture. Also, to determine the ex-
ural strength (modulus of rupture) for each mixture, 10
three 100 100 500 mm prisms were cast and tested
after 28 days of curing. 5 Specimen 1
unloading
Specimen 2

5.2. Sample preparation 0

0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15

Test specimens were prepared and compacted as re- Strain (%)

quired by ASTM C192-98. The required amounts of Fig. 2. Stressstrain diagrams for two identical specimens of Mixture 2
coarse aggregate, ne aggregate, cement, water, CS with w/b ratio = 0.5.
326 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331

clearly shown in Fig. 2 from the loading and unloading
patterns of stressstrain behaviour. It was determined
that the loading level adopted is adequate for determin-
ing the modulus of elasticity of concrete mixtures.
6. Test results and discussion
6.1. Stressstrain behaviour
shown in Fig. 3. Two moduli: secant and chord are of
practical signicance in engineering design due to the
fact that they can easily be determined and can truly rep-
resent the actual modulus of elasticity of concrete. The
secant modulus is the slope of a straight line drawn from
the origin to a specied design stress on the stressstrain
curve. This modulus is determined based on a value of
design stress equivalent to 40% of the ultimate concrete
strength. Also, the chord modulus is the slope of the line

To study the stressstrain behaviour of concrete, two

specimens were tested for each mixture under compres-
sion loading. The loading and unloading deformations
were recorded for each specimen. Fig. 2 shows a com-
parison between the stress and strain curves for Mixture
2 with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.5. Fig. 2 indicates
that there is a very close agreement between the behav-
iour of the specimens during loading and unloading.
The specimens exceeded their elastic capacity, which
could be observed from the unloading response. This
behaviour was noticed among all mixtures.
Unlike structural steel, concrete is considered a brittle
material, which is obviously characterized by the highly
non-linear nature of the stressstrain response (i.e., no
period of proportionality, no marked elastic limit, and
no yield point). Thus, it is dicult to assess exactly the
modulus of elasticity based on the slope of the linear
portion of the stressstrain curve. In the literature [19],
dierent types of elastic moduli have been proposed as Fig. 3. Dierent types of elastic modulus for concrete.

Table 5
Modulus of elasticity (E) of concrete for dierent mixtures and w/b ratios
w/b Ratio Mixture type Sample No. Chord modulus (GPa) Average (GPa) Secant modulus (GPa) Average (GPa)
0.5 Mixture 1 1 16.67 17.30 16.84 17.62
2 17.93 18.39

Mixture 2 1 17.72 17.72 17.86 17.86

2 17.72 17.86

Mixture 3 1 15.73 16.60 16.25 17.16

2 17.46 18.06

0.6 Mixture 1 1 17.46 17.17 18.42 17.75

2 16.88 17.07

Mixture 2 1 17.92 18.12 18.18 18.15

2 18.31 18.42

Mixture 3 1 12.86 13.81 13.33 14.24

2 14.75 15.15

0.7 Mixture 1 1 12.86 12.86 13.33 13.33

2 12.86 13.33

Mixture 2 1 13.33 13.33 13.85 13.85

2 13.33 13.85

Mixture 3 1 13.73 13.77 14.29 14.42

2 13.80 14.54
 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331 327

drawn between two points on the stressstrain curve and Stress (MPa)
can be determined using the following expression 30
(ASTM C469-94):
25
E S 2  S 1 =e2  0:00005; 1
where E is the chord modulus of elasticity, psi; S2 the 20
stress corresponding to 40% of ultimate load, psi; S1
the stress corresponding to a longitudinal strain e1 of 15

0.000050 l in/in, psi; and e2 the longitudinal strain pro-

10
duced by stress S2.
Mixture 1
The experimental modulus of elasticity values for dif- 5 Mixture 2
ferent mixtures and water-to-binder ratios are presented
Mixture 3
in Table 5. Table 5 indicates that the secant and chord 0
moduli values are similar and within the nominal values 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2
specied for concrete. Furthermore, increasing the per- Strain (%)
centage of copper slag showed no eect on the elastic
Fig. 5. 28-Day average stressstrain diagrams for dierent mixtures at
modulus for mixtures prepared with the same water-
w/b ratio = 0.6.
to-binder ratio. The only exception was Mixture 3 with
a water-to-binder ratio of 0.6, where there were de-
creases in the chord and secant moduli values. The mod- Stress (MPa)
20
ulus of elasticity for mixtures with a water-to-binder
ratio of 0.7 decreased to a value of
13 GPa compared
with 17 GPa for other mixtures at water-to-binder ratios 15
of 0.5 and 0.6. This could be attributed to the increased
number of pores within the concrete paste with the in-
10
crease in water-to-binder ratio, causing a further reduc-
tion in the elastic modulus. Also, the elastic modulus
Mixture 1
values for Mixture 3 with water-to-binder ratios of 0.6 5
Mixture 2
and 0.7 are almost comparable. Mixture 3
Figs. 46 depict 28-day stressstrain curves for dier- 0
ent mixtures at various water-to-binder ratios, while 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225
Figs. 79 show 28-day stressstrain response for each Strain (%)
mixture at all water-to-binder ratios of 0.5, 0.6 and
Fig. 6. 28-Day average stressstrain diagrams for dierent mixtures at
0.7, respectively. These gures showed that the increase w/b ratio = 0.7.
in the proportion of copper slag had no signicant inu-
ence on the stressstrain response of concrete mixtures.
However, there was a slight decrease in this behaviour Stress (MPa)
with an increase in copper slag content for mixtures pre- 30

pared at water-to-binder ratios of 0.6 and 0.7. In gen-

25

20
Stress (MPa)
30 15

10
25 w/b ratio = 0.5
w/b ratio = 0.6
5
20 w/b ratio = 0.7

0
15
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225

10
Strain (%)
Mixture 1
Fig. 7. 28-Day average stressstrain diagrams for Mixture 1 at
5 Mixture 2
dierent water-to-binder ratios.
Mixture 3
0
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2
eral, it seems that the addition of copper slag has a
Strain (%) negligible eect on the stressstrain behaviour of con-
Fig. 4. 28-Day average stressstrain diagrams for dierent mixtures at crete, whereas increasing the water-to-binder ratio de-
w/b ratio = 0.5. creases this behaviour quite signicantly.
328 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331

Stress (MPa) compressive strength was determined after 7 and 28 days

25 of curing, while other strength values were determined
after 28 days of curing.
20
6.2.1. Compressive strength
The measured compressive strength values for dier-
15
ent mixture proportions and water-to-binder ratios are
presented in Table 6. The data indicate that the average
10 cube compressive strength for Mixtures 1 and 2 meets
the target 28-day cube compressive strength values of
w/b ratio = 0.5
5 45, 35, and 27 MPa at water-to-binder ratios of 0.5,
w/b ratio = 0.6
w/b ratio = 0.7
0.6 and 0.7, respectively. However, Mixture 3 yielded a
0
lower compressive strength than the target strength after
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 28 days of curing. The 28 days measured compressive
Strain (%) strength of Mixture 3 was close to the 7 days measured
compressive strength of the control mixture (Mixture 1).
Fig. 8. 28-Day average stressstrain diagrams for Mixture 2 at
This trend was observed for all water-to-binder ratios.
dierent water-to-binder ratios.
Figs. 10 and 11 show 7 and 28 days cube average com-
pressive strength for all mixtures and water-to-binder
Stress (MPa) ratios. The data indicate that the addition of a small
25 quantity of copper slag (i.e., 5%) has a negligible adverse
eect on concrete strength. At lower water-to-binder ra-
20 tios of 0.5 and 0.6, Mixture 2 gave equal or slightly bet-
ter compressive strength results than Mixture 1 (control
15 mixture). However, increasing the proportion of copper
slag to 13.5%, as used in Mixture 3, caused a consider-
10 able reduction in the compressive strength of concrete
w/b ratio = 0.5 compared with the control mixture. The 28-day com-
5 w/b ratio = 0.6 pressive strength of Mixture 3 was compared more clo-
w/b ratio = 0.7 sely with the 7-day compressive strength of Mixture 1
0 (control mixture). This allowed researchers to speculate
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225 that using a small proportion of CBPD (i.e., 1.5%) as an
Strain (%) activator seems to have no eect on enhancing the com-
Fig. 9. 28-Day average stressstrain diagrams for Mixture 3 at pressive strength of concrete for a short curing period of
dierent water-to-binder ratios. 28 days. The percentage increase in the compressive
strength from 7 days to 28 days of curing was approxi-
6.2. Concrete strength mately between 17% and 23% of the 7-day measured
compressive strength.
Table 6 presents the average ultimate cube compres- These results contradict with the results from a simi-
sive strength, cylinder compressive strength, tensile lar study (Fig. 1) conducted to study the eect of copper
strength and exural strength for all mixtures. Cube slag addition on cement mortars [18]. Results indicated

Table 6
Average strength of concrete for dierent mixtures and w/b ratios
w/b Mixture Fcu (7 days), Fcu (28 days), Fc (28 days), MPa Ft (28 days), Fcr (28 days), Target
Ratio type MPa MPa MPa MPa Fcu (28 days), MPa
0.5 Mixture 1 36.7 45.8 39.8 3.46 5.40 45
Mixture 2 39.8 48.0 38.5 3.20 5.39
Mixture 3 31.5 38.8 30.9 2.42 4.28
0.6 Mixture 1 35.8 42.7 35.3 3.02 4.84 35
Mixture 2 33.3 43.7 34.8 3.17 4.93
Mixture 3 28.4 32.9 25.5 2.40 3.95
0.7 Mixture 1 24.1 27.9 24.0 2.28 4.04 27
Mixture 2 20.8 26.9 21.7 2.29 4.12
Mixture 3 19.5 22.9 18.7 2.32 3.66
Fcu, cube compressive strength; Fc, cylinder compressive strength; Ft, tensile strength; Fcr, exural strength.
 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331 329

Higher CBPD replacement for cement resulted in signif-

icant strength reductions.
Fig. 12 shows the average compressive strength for
cylinders after 28 days of curing for dierent mixtures
and water-to-binder ratios. Results showed similar
behaviour to the cubes, though cylinders achieved a
compressive strength almost 80% of that for cubes
which is within the acceptable value for design. Also, re-
sults indicated that as the water-to-binder ratio in-
creased, the compressive strength decreased as clearly
shown in Figs. 1012.

6.2.2. Tensile and exural strengths

Fig. 10. 7-Day cube average compressive strength for dierent
mixtures and water-to-binder ratios.
Three cylinders were tested for splitting tensile
strength (ASTM C496-96). The splitting tensile strength
was determined using the following equation:
F t 2P =pLd; 2
where Ft is the splitting tensile strength; P the maximum
applied load indicated by testing machine; L the length
of specimen; and d the diameter of specimen.

Fig. 11. 28-Day cube average compressive strength for dierent

mixtures and water-to-binder ratios.

that the addition of 5% copper slag gave a lower mor-

tars compressive strength than the control mixture,
while using 1.5% CBPD as an activator with 13.5% CS
enhanced quite considerably the compressive strength Fig. 12. 28-Day cylinder average compressive strength for dierent
and yielded a strength value greater than the control mixtures and water-to-binder ratios.
mixture. This contrast in the behaviour when using CS
and CBPD in cement mortars and concrete mixtures
may be attributed to the bonding between the particles
within the cement paste. Furthermore, coarse aggregates
are introduced in concrete mixtures, which could con-
tribute to the dierent behaviour observed for the same
mixture in mortars and concrete. Generally, copper slag
seemed to have a more benecial use as a partial substi-
tute for portland cement in cement mortars rather than
in concrete mixtures due to the considerable improve-
ment in strength, especially when used in conjunction
with CBPD as an activator.
The substitution of more than 5% copper slag for
portland cement does not seem to have a benecial eect
on concrete properties. This conrms a previous study
[15] on the use of CBPD in concrete, where low CBPD
contents (<5%) at 1ow water-to-binder ratios did not Fig. 13. 28-Day average tensile strength for dierent mixtures and
have an appreciable adverse eect on concrete strength. water-to-binder ratios.
330 K.S. Al-Jabri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 322331
Fig. 14. 28-Day average exural strength for dierent mixtures and
water-to-binder ratios.
Results from the tensile test are presented in Table 6
and are shown graphically in Fig. 13. The average tensile
strength was within the permissible values in accordance
with the design specications. For design purposes,p the
tensile strength can be empirically taken as 0.45 Fcu,
where Fcu is the 28-day cube compressive strength [19].
In general, Mixture 2 yielded equal or better tensile
strength results than Mixture 1 (control mixture).
Three prisms (beams) were also tested for exural
strength (ASTM C78-94) under third point loading con-
ditions. The average modulus of rupture (exural
strength) was determined using the following expression:
F cr PL=bd 2 ;
where Fcr is the modulus of rupture; b the average width
of specimen; and d the average depth of specimen.
Fig. 14 indicates that the modulus of rupture of all
mixtures and water-to-binder ratios showed a similar
behaviour to the compressive strength results (Fig. 11).
The experimental modulus of rupture compare closely
with the empirical expression p suggested in the design
specications that is Fcr
0.75 Fcu [19].
7. Conclusions and recommendations
This paper presented the results of a research study
on the eect of using copper slag as a partial substitute
for portland cement in concrete mixtures. A total of
three mixtures were evaluated. One mixture contained
no CS or CBPD (control mixture). Another mixture
contained 5% copper slag replacement for portland ce-
ment. The third mixture consists of 13.5% CS + 1.5%
CBPD replacement for cement. Concrete mixtures were
evaluated for compressive strength, tensile strength,
exural strength and stressstrain behaviour at three
water-to-binder ratios of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. The results
indicate that the use of 5% copper slag in lieu of port-
land cement would yield a similar performance as the
control mixture, especially at low water-to-binder ra-
tios of 0.5 and 0.6. Higher copper slag (13.5%) replace-
ment for cement resulted in adverse eects on concrete
strength. This is expected since copper slag has a low
free lime content of 6% compared with 63% free lime
in portland cement. Copper slag seems to have a more
benecial use as a partial substitute for portland ce-
ment in cement mortars rather than in concrete mix-
tures. Also, despite the decrease in compressive
strength, the increase in the proportion of copper slag
up to 13.5% in concrete has no signicant eect on the
modulus of elasticity of concrete. The addition of cop-
per slag has a negligible eect on the stressstrain
behaviour of concrete, whereas increasing the water-
to-binder ratio decreases this behaviour quite signi-
cantly. It is recommended to investigate the durability
of concrete containing CS and/or CBPD as partial
replacements for cement.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to Sultan Qaboos
University for providing the nancial support to the
project under contract No. DOSPAR/R/ENG/01/02.
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