BIBLIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION

AND DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT

TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS.

1ST BACHILLERATO GROUP A

INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2
2. THE ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES AND THEIR HISTORY. ............. ERROR!
MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
3. HOW CAN WE DESIGN AN ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY? ........................... 4
4. MAIN ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES. . ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
4.1. RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES AND THEIR EVOLUTION.
ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
5. PRESENT ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES WHICH ARE RELATED TO OUR
PROJECT .................................................... ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
6. HYPOTHESIS. ....................................... ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
ASSUMPTIONS RELATING NUTRITION ..... ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
HYPOTHESIS RELATED TO HEALTH.......... ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
HYPOTHESIS: THE ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AND ITS EVOLUTION
ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
7. EXPERIMENT DESIGN ......................... ERROR! MARCADOR NO DEFINIDO.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY. .............................................................................................23
 1. Introduction
Etymologically, the word anthropometry comes from the Greek nthropos which means
man, metric that means measure and the suffix -ia referring to quality. Thus, anthro-
pometry can be defined as the treatise of the proportions and measures of the human body,
and as such, it is recognized as a discipline of great utility in the field of anthropological
studies and evolution as well as for medicine and nutrition.

This field encompasses a variety of human body measurements, such as stature, head
circumference, waist circumference, arm circumference, or thoracic circumference which
are still being used due to their accuracy and low cost in clinical, epidemiological or preven-
tion studies. With them, indicators of peoples health are generated.

Moreover, many of the measures of our body have varied throughout the history of humani-
ty as a consequence of the evolution and adaptation of our species to the environment.

As a result, during this academic year and guided by our students curiosity and by our
own one we will develop a comparative study of different anthropometric measures of the
people that form part of the educational population of our centre.

Among the objectives to be achieved we want to highlight:

Promote the use of the scientific method us an essential tool in our learning pro-
cess.
Assess teamwork and collaborative work.
Establish relationships among some of the anthropometric measures to be taken
and evolution, nutrition and / or postural health.
Check whether our hypotheses are true or not and determine the conclusions de-
rived from our study, so that we can take a series of preventive measures to im-
prove our eating and postural habits.
To determinate which anthropometric measures make us belong to the species
Homo sapiens sapiens.
Evaluate those cases in which the measures do not fit with the different indicators,
studying the causes, consequences and corrective measures that can be proposed
if they are necessary.

2. The anthropometric studies and their history.

An anthropometric study can be defined as the analysis of the measurements of the different hu-
man body parts in order to observe the physical variations among races, sub-races, groups and
individuals of our species.
However, the anthropometric studies arent something of the 21st century and its important to
check the main historical milestones related to these studies.
The most ancient canon about proportions of the man was found in a tomb of the Mensis
pyramids. (Approximately 3000 years B.C.).
In 1st B.C. the Roman architect, Marco Vitrubio Polion wrote a book called De architectura.
In one of the texts, Vitruvian mentions diverse proportions present in the human body, pos-
sibly based on the Greek canons.
Leonardo Da Vinci used the Vitruvians proportions, to which he made some additions and
corrections, for drawing his Vitrubian man. In this drawing, he represented the proportions,
which could be established in the human body (E.g. the Golden ratio). For Leonardo, Man
 was the model of the Universe and linked what he discovered inside the human body with
what he observed in Nature.
CenninoCennini, 15th century painter, wrote a book called El libro del arte, which contrib-
uted to the Anthropometry in its description of the height of a man as his width with extend-
ed arms.
The origin of this science is located on 17th century, when Scientists such as Johann Sigis-
mundElsholtz (German doctor and naturalist) began the human Anthropometric study, edit-
ing the first book, where the relations among the human body dimensions and the appear-
ance of diseases were examined.
Adolphe Quetelet, was a mathematician and precursor of the anthropometric studies
who published a book in called Anthropometrie in 1870 and to whom is attributed
the discovery and structuring of this science.
Le Corbusier in 1933, activated again interest in the Vitruvian standard creating the
Modulor. Which is a system of measures based on human proportions, in which
each magnitude is related to the previous one and at the same time, it relates those
measures to the objects constructed.
In 1940 the anthropometry started to undergo a great development due to the war-
like context.
In 1976, the first World Anthropometry Congress was convened in Montreal, in
which all the scientists of the world interested in the matter would be summoned.
The responsible of promoting anthropometry worldwide was the International Coun-
cil for Sport Science and PhysicalEducation (ICSSPE), founded in Brazil in 1978.
Subsequently, the ISAK was created and
became the world's largest authority of an-
thropometry till present time and it still re-
mains being this way.
In Spain, the first great scientist to study
this scientific modality was the Asturian
Francisco Grande Covin in the 1970s,
who took part in studies with children and
soldiers at the University of Minnesota.
In 1987, the Spanish group of Kinanthro-
pometry was founded at Dexeus High
School in Barcelona.
Finally, the professor Adelaida Robles, one
of the pioneers of the study of Anthro-
pometry in Spain, was responsible for in-
troducing the subject in INEF through
courses and seminars.
3. How can we design an anthropometric study?
The anthropometric study has become in an internationally used tool which consists
in a series of systematized measurements of weight, size, skinfolds, diameter,
length and perimeter or contour which shows quantitatively the dimension of the
human body and gives us an estimation of the composition of the body.
The main useful data to elaborate the tables in an anthropometric study are:

Length/height for age

Weight for age
Weight for length
Weight for height
Body Mass Index (BMI) for age.
Cephalic perimeter for age
Brachial perimeter for age.
Subscapular skinfold for age
Triceps skinfold for age
Stages in motor development
Weight pace
Length pace
Cephalic perimeter pace

Indices allow us know the physical health you have before beginning a sports train-
ing programme which give us preventive information to treat some physical defi-
ciencies.
The main paramenters and indices used to elaborate the anthropometric studies
are:

BMI: it was used for long time but overvalued since when you only use the
weight registered by scales, you get a high level of error. It is calculated by
dividing the weight in kilograms by height squared metres as the following
formula shows. Once we have the results we can classify the physical level
of the sample subject according to the WHO classification.
It is important though that we have to bear in mind the persons frame, since
without it the results wouldnt be significant and
even misleading.

,
 Percentile: It is the position of an individual on an ordered distribution in relation to the

position of a reference population. It is calculated with the following formula:

In which:
L= Lower limit of the class where the percentile falls.
q= % of observations required to the left of P
n= Total of observations
N= Frequency up to the previous class where the percentile is located.
C= Amplitude of the class where the percentile falls.
n = Frequency of the class where the percentile falls

Height: The height of a person, especially children and young people can be assessed
according to the following tables:

BOYS GIRLS
HEIGHT HEIGHT
0-19 years 0-19 years

BOYS GIRLS

AGE
AGE
 Weight: Like height it can be appraised in relation to the following tables, until 19 years
of age.

GIRLS
BOYS WEIGHT
WEIGHT 0-19 years
BOYS
0-19 years
WEIGHT
0-19 years
BOYS
GIRLS

Height and weight: the following table can show you, if the relationship between
weight and height is adequate or not. It has deviated to figures which may suggest
pathologies.

WEIGHT

H
E
I
G
H
T

AGE
AGE

Very serious, low weight Ideal weight Obesity, grade l

Serious, Low weight Overweight Obesity, grade ll
Low weight Morbid obesity
According to the individual evolution, their height and weight varies, so these parameters
are considered anthropometric measurements of evolution. Therefore, we are showing here
a table that shows the weight and height of boys and girls up to seven years and another
that relates the percentiles
Cephalic perimeter growth curve:

Cephalic perimeter: this measurement is done using the tape that measures
circumferences. Place the head circumference tape around the childs head so that the
tape lies: across the frontal bones of the skull; slightly above the eyebrows; perpendicu-
lar to the long axis of the face; above the ears; and over the occipital prominence at the
back of the head. The normal measurement for our age is 55 cm.
Wrist circumference and elbow width: we have chosen these two measure-
ments because it is here where we can measure the size of the bones since
they do not have neither musculature nor accumulated fat. It will allow us know
the persons frame.

Large frame>musculature>weight not overweight

Complexin grande > musculatura > peso no sobrepeso

()
- Wrist: =
().

Once the equation is solved, the result is estimated according to the following table:

Frame size Male Woman

Small r > 10,4 r > 11
Medium 9,6 < r < 10,4 10,1 < r < 11
Large r < 9,6 r < 10,1
 - Elbow: its measured with a caliber; the sample person is placed with
the forearm forming a 90 angle with the arm and placing the inside of the wrist in
front of the face. The thumb and forefinger are placed on the two bony prominences
of the elbow, to determine the elbow breadth by measuring the gap between them.

The measurement is valued with these tables:

CODO MUJERES
Grupo de Edad Complexin
Aos Pequea Mediana Grande
18 24 5.8 >5.8 y <6.6 6.6
25-34 5.8 >5.8 y <6.7 6.7
35-44 6.0 >6.0 y < 7.0 7.0
45-54 6.0 >6.0 y < 7.1 7.1
55-64 6.1 >6.1 y < 7.2 7.2
65-74 6.1 >6.1 y < 7.0 7.0

CODO HOMBRES
Grupo de Edad Complexin
Aos Pequea Mediana Grande
18 24 6.7 >6.7 y <7.6 7.6
25-34 6.8 >6.8 y <7.6 7.6
35-44 6.7 >6.7 y < 7.7 7.7
45-54 6.9 >6.9 y < 7.9 7.9
55-64 6.9 >6.9 y < 7.9 7.9
65-74 6.9 >6.9 y < 7.8 7.8

Subcapular skinfold measurement: is measured at the inferior angle of the scapu-

la.
 Trceps skinfold measurement: is measured on the equidistant point between the
acromion and the olecranon.

We have tables which show the results for both measurements.

But in addition to the measurements and indeces presented previously, in recent years,
because of the high incidence of postural problems among adolescent population, postural
live are also been carried out with some anthropometric studies

These assessments are carried out in four views:

Posterior view: for a correct evaluation, it is necessary to observe:
- The inclination towards one of the sides, of a body part or the entire body of the
sample person and see if it is accompanied by a rotation.
- If the shoulders are leveled and if there is a symmetry of muscle mass of the
trapezius muscles.
- The scapulas, if they are winged, in adduction, elevated or depressed, symmet-
rical or asymmetrical.
- The rectilinear alignment of the column with the help of the plumb
- The leveling of the iliac spines.
- The leveling of the buttocks
- In the knee, level of poplite folds
- The size and symmetry of calves
- The alignment of the ankles

Lateral view (from right to left): we can observe:

- The position of the head with respect to the reference line
- The position of the shoulders, in case are in forward projection,
- Physiological curves of the spine: cervical and lumbar lordosis and thoracic ky-
phosis.
- Alignment and shape of the thorax
- Prominent abdomen
- Knees in neutral position
- Height and alignment of the plantar vault

Anterior view: In this case, we will take in to account:

- The head alignment with respect to the thorse
- Facial symmetry
- The leveling of the shoulders
- The leveling of the iliac crests
- The spatial orientation of the knees
- The alignment of the toes, presence of callousness in them.

The observations that will be carried out, can depend on the age of the same people among
other variables.
Postural alterations that can be found in the assessment:

Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the spine and one of compensation in the opposite direction

Kyphosis: congenital or acquired deviation of the anteroposterior side of the vertebral col-
umn and anterior concavity, the most conspicuous deformity usually occurring in the upper
part of the back (dorsal kyphosis), which curves exaggeratedly backward, giving rise to
what it is vulgarly known as a hump.

Hyperlordosis: increased spinal curvature at the lumbar level

Genu varum: it is a deformity marked by bowing at the knee, which means that the
lower leg is angled inward in relation to the thighs axis. This is usual among children
in their developmental stage because of their position in uterus.

Genu valgum: Anatomical position of the knees in the form of "X"

Genu recurvatum: it is the hyperextension of the knees

Pes planus (prometed): the decreased medial longitudinal arch of the feet.

Pes cavus(supinated): the medial longitudinal arch is high.

Descent of the anterior arch :shortened the anterior arch.

Hallux valgus: deviation of the first digit towards the other fingers to which it crosses
above or below.

Shortening of a limb

With these postural assessments, it is estimated that the biotype of each of the study sam-
ple person should be also taken into account.

What is the biotype?

The biotype is related to the physical condition of a human being.

This physical condition is determined by many factors such as metabolism, bone constitu-
tion, muscle mass and the tendency to accumulate fats, among others. We have estab-
lished a division into three categories of human body types regarding their ability to accu-
mulate fat and synthesize muscle:
Ectomorphs: Individuals who have this somatic type are generally thin, with long limbs
and thin bony structure . They are usually considered underweight and they find it diffi-
cult to gain weight.
Their metabolism is accelerated, taking very little of the food ingested, so they dont
have to follow a very strict diet and the practice of aerobic activity is unnecessary to
keep their body low in fat, however, they may have difficulty in gaining muscle.
Particular features of the ectomorphic biotype:

o Difficulty in gaining weight and muscle.

o Body of fragile nature.
o Flat chest.
o Fragile.
o Thin.
o Slightly muscled.
o Small shoulders.
Mesomorph: People with this biotype do not need to be very strict with the diet, alt-
hough they put on weight more easily than the ectomorph and they must be more care-
ful. The body usually has V-shaped.
The main features:
o Athletic.
o Hard body
o "Hourglass" figure in women.
o Square or V shape in men.
o Muscled body
 o Outstanding posture
o Gains muscle easily
o Gains fat more easily than the ectomorph biotype
Endomorphs: endomorphic individuals tend to be overweight, they accumulate fat easi-
ly, which means that they are usually above the average weight of the population. That
is why they should watch out their diet and how to practice aerobic exercise to keep low
in fat. It could be said that this type is opposed to the ectomorph. In this case the char-
acteristics are:
o Soft body
o Infra-developed muscles
o Rounded body
o Difficulty in losing weight
o Gains muscle easily

4. Main anthropometric studies.

In this we section will make a review a of anthropometric studies that have been consid-
ered relevant to what we are trying to do at our High School, not only for how it has been
carried out but also for the results. But we mustnt forget the first of these studies, some
of them as curious as the ones we are going to describe below.
The one made in the Great Greek, which is ruled by the proportion of the Golden
number and which gives a special aesthetic character to the objects which follow
this proportion, as well as a mystic importance.
The Vitruvian Man, is an anthropometric study made by Leonardo da Vinci in the
1490 a.d, and it expresses the perfect measures for the human body of the time.

These are the characteristics that Leonardo Da Vinci left written in his Vitruvian
Man:
The face, from the chin to the top of the forehead, where the roots of
the hair start to grow, measures one-tenth of the total height.
The Palm of the hand, from the wrist to the end of the middle finger,
measures exactly the same.
The head, from the chin to the topmost part of the head, measures the
eighth part of the entire body.
The distance between the breastbone to the root of the hair is equiva-
lent to one-sixth of all body.
The distance between the middle part of the chest to the Crown is a
quarter of all the body.
From Chin to the base of the nose, there is a equivalent distance to
one-third of the face
The forehead also measures another third part of the face.
The foot is equivalent to one-sixth of the bodys total height.
The elbow, is a quarter part the bodys total height.
The chest also measures the same as a quarter part of the body.
The navel is the natural central point of the human body. In fact, if a
man places faced-up, with hand and feet stretched, placing the center
of the compass in his navel and drawing a circle, this may touch the tip
of both hands and toes.
The circular figure traced on the human body enables us to also draw
a square: if we measures from the foot to the crown, we obtain a
 measure that is equivalent to the distance between the fingertips hav-
ing the arms outstretched.

4.1. Relationship between anthropometric studies and evolution.

From the appearance of Darwin's work, The Origin of Species, in 1859 , the evolu-
tion of man has been a subject of study from different spheres.
For these studies different findings in the field of anthropology are important, specif-
ically physical anthropology and mainly one of its branches that aims at reconstruct-
ing the evolutionary line of man. Among them the ones carried out in the 1960s by
the family of paleoanthropologists Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey, Mary Douglas
Leakey and his son Richard Erskine Leakey who found a series of fossils in the of
Olduvai gorge, East Africa, which triggered a thorough review of the biological evo-
lution of human beings.
The fossil remains unearthed in the late 1970s and 1980s provided further evidence
that the genus Homo coexisted in eastern Africa with other evolved forms of ape-
man known as australopithecines more than 4 million years ago. These two homi-
nids appear to be the descendants of an Ethiopian fossil, Australopithecus afaren-
sis, with an age between 3 and 3.7 million years (Lucy, discovered in 1974, is one
of the fossils found). These ancient ancestors of the man had their legs and body
adapted to walking erect, leaving their hands free to manipulate diverse utensils.
Later, researchers at the University of California discovered several fossils in the
Olduvai Gorge, which reinforced the thesis of the irregularity of the process of hu-
man evolution. This new fossil was approximately 1.8 million years old and had
bones in the arms and legs that confirmed a relatively evolved vertical locomotion,
but its reduced skull capacity and marked differences in height between men and
women did not differ much from Lucys .

Nowadays anthropology is an applied science, in which researchers focus on social

aspects such as health, education, environmental protection and urban develop-
ment.
Different public bodies, organizations of different types that seek the recognition of
indigenous populations, or different cultural habits, as well as research agencies
hire anthropologists to carry out field work in cultural settings such as educational
projects, sanitary or agricultural development programs in rural regions.
In addition, progress towards the study of heterogeneous and diversified systems,
as well as the rise of quantitative research methods, have promoted the need for
team research, so that in most field projects support is required from different pro-
fessionals, such as statistical consultants, biologists, sociologists and collaborating
students.
 5. Present studies related to our project
Study by the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Cuenca on the assessment of the
posture of the female students of a school in Cuenca.

In its summary, it reads as follows:

The incidence of postural alterations in the child population is increasing due to en-
vironmental factors, as well as to hereditary and cultural influences, events involving
muscular, skeletal and joint complications, resulting in limitations on their mobility
and imbalances that increase day by-day, and into adulthood they may have an im-
pact on their physical and psychological health. For this reason, this research of the
Intervention Participatory Action type aims to promote the correct postural health of
the girls, and thus contribute to improving their knowledge, attitudes and practices.

During the 2010-2011 school year they studied 447 students belonging to the sec-
ond, third and fourth year of basic education of the Alfonso Cordero Palacios At-
torney School. The information was obtained from a static and dynamic posture
analysis examined by the researchers to detect postural alterations. In addition to
this exploration, data related to anthropometric measures were taken: weight, height
and body mass index. There were Educational and communicational workshops,
which were measured through CAPs, applied before and after the intervention, to
assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to postural health.

Of the total number of students who participated in our study, 56.40% presented
some type of postural alteration and among the most common were lumbar lordo-
sis; (17.5%), followed by bulge abdomen (13.85%), antepulsion of shoulders
(12.78%), false flat foot (10.65%), pelvic anteversion (9.59%) and some less fre-
quent others.

Both their assumptions as well as how they proceed when making measurements
inspired us to organize our research project. This study shares with ours the pur-
pose of motivating and boosting the postural health of students and families, pre-
sent and future.

Development and implementation of a postural education programme in sec-

ondary education, Faculty of Education Sciences of the University of Vigo.
The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an intervention pro-
gramme on the subject of physical education, so that the students acquire basic
knowledge of the structure and functioning of the spine, both in the cognitive behav-
ioral scope, and through postural hygiene and exercises on strengthening and flexi-
bility of the back . After the research, the absence of habits and knowledge of stu-
dents in relation to postural education was detected, and through this programme
they understood and improved healthy attitudes towards back care.

So it is recorded at the beginning of the study which, as the previous one, is carried
out in a school. Consequently it has also been a starting point for the study we have
started in our centre.

Anthropometric study and nutritional education in school children of the Is-

land of Tenerife. Sciences and technology.

This thesis assesses the need for a proper food education at school age to avoid
problems of obesity and all the consequences underlying it, emphasizing the need
to know the nutritional habits of school children, and to identify the risk behaviours
that may promote obesity and associated diseases, as well as to try to favour the
proper eating habits.

The different anthropometric measures taken for such evaluation have served as a
guide in the design of our research, it being an example to develop the various
guidelines that will be followed in the process.

The study (carried out by) the IBV reveals the current measures of the Span-
ish man (Friday, 13th March 2015).

The Institute of Biomechanics of Valencia has presented to the companies in the

sector of the fashion, textile and clothing the results of the anthropometric study of
the Spanish population carried out in the framework of the European project Sizing-
sudot to a population of 1600 Spaniards.

This study has been promoted in Spain, France and Portugal, and it is specifically
oriented to the fashion, textile and clothing sector.
The anthropometric study of the Spanish male population was conducted between
2013 and 2014, recording the anthropometric dimensions of 1,583 men aged be-
tween 12 and 17 in different regions of Spain.

To carry out the measurements the IBV has used laser scanning technology that
allows to collect the 3D morphology of the body through a cloud of points with a tol-
erance of 1mm.
The following data were taken into account:

The problem of sizes.

The population is growing taller
Body Mass Index (BMI)

The transfer to the industry.

The innovative project supported by the European Commission.

Metrobus measures its users in order to adapt to them.

04/22/2015, FRANCISCO PAZOS

Metrobus performs an anthropometric study to the citizens to adapt the buses to

their needs. For this purpose users have been asked to take off their backpack or
packages that they carry to be weighed and subsequently measured to determine
their height.
They are also asked to extend their arms over their heads and to the front to deter-
mine the ability to reach structures such as the tubulars,that are fixed to the awning
of buses in areas for passengers who travel standing.
The extension of the arms to the sides of each user is measured and they are
asked to show the palms of the hands to measure the phalanges and the diameter
they form with the fingers when simulating to hold a tubular structure.
Current technical specifications establish that in the interior, the height between
floor and awning for the passage area should be 2.10 meters, while double seats
will have a minimum width of 89 centimetres and a height from the tip to the floor of
38 to 43 centimetres.
From these measures, these technical specifications could be modified.

Plane seats are not for ordinary people (O5, January 2016)
The distance between airplane seats does not respect the body measurements of
the travellers of the 21st century.
Spanish researchers are analyzing human proportions to update ergonomics of air
transport.
"A normal person does not fit well in an airplane seat," denounces Jordi Porta, Na-
tional Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INFEC Barcelona) and a member
of the International Society for the Advancement of kinanthropometry (ISAK). The
size and weight of the human being have increased "significantly" in the last gen-
erations, especially in Western countries. "The increase in the number of seats per
flight to improve economic profitability could be causing a series of problems related
to posture and muscular overload." Wagner concludes in his study.
The space between passengers is one of the aspects that has consequences on
the discomfort and nausea during flight, as reflected in a review on the passengers
being on aircraft.
Researchers from INEFC Barcelona, together with ISAK and the Spanish Group of
kinanthropometry of the Spanish Federation of Sports Medicine, are developing the
Pitch-Salud project with the objective of updating the measures of the Spanish
man from 43 variables such as weight, height, length of legs, etc. Saco estimates
that the distance between seats should be between 83.8 and 88.9 centimeters-
much more than what passengers currently have-, there are no footrests for the
shortest people, the tallest people clash with their legs on the front seat, etc.

Thanks to this study, it can be deduced that airplanes are not appropriate to offer
the necessary comfort related to our body posture.

6. HYPOTHESIS.
Following this bibliographic analysis, questions arise such as, can we relate differ-
ent anthropometric measures with nutrition? And with health? We already know that
there is a relationship with evolution, but is it so clear the increase or decrease in
certain measures of the human being with its evolution?
Here are the assumptions that this research will try to verify.

Assumptions relating nutrition.

Our assumptions in relation to nutrition are:
1. People with a large diet rich in fats will have a high BMI.

2. People with a large bone mass percentage have a low body mass index
while their mass is high, so the volume of the elbow and wrist will be greater
than that of those with a lower bone mass %.

3. An endomorph somatotype shows a sedentary life and an unbalanced diet,

while a mesomorph somatotype suggests a healthier and more active life.
 4. Ectomorph somatotype will match people with a large bone mass.

Hypotheses related to health:

Regarding health, the hypotheses we propose are:

1. Values of flow spirometric below normal (80% more or less) indicates that the
subject suffers from a disease such as scoliosis, bronchitis, asthma.

2. Anomalies with respect to the curvature of the spine will correspond to people
with diseases such as kyphosis and / or scoliosis.

3. If these anomalies are in the cervical or lumbar region they will be suffering from
another disease such as lordosis.

hypotheses: anthropometric study and evolution.

As for evolution, we start from the following hypotheses:

1. Height has increased over the course of evolution.

2. The cranial capacity and therefore the perimeter of the skull is greater than in our
ancestors.

Other aspects that could be taken into account in later studies are the flattening of
the face, receding chin and the diminution of the size of teeth.

7. Experiment design
This experiment is to be performed at Consaburum Secondary School, Consuegra (Toledo). As a
sample it is going to take virtually all the students of secondary education and volunteers of Bachil-
lerato, Vocational Training, as well as teachers and non-teaching staff.

This sample will be classified by age so that the data are significant and comparable to international
data, such as those used the WHO.

According to the hypotheses set forth in the previous section, the measurements we are going to
take are:

- BMI (Body Mass Index): It is calculated by a formula, but in this case the bioimpedance
scale will give us this measurement directly.
 - Width of the Elbow caliber: this measurement is taken with a caliper. The person should
raise and bend the arm at a right angle to bring the elbow at shoulder height. The jaws of
the caliper are applied on the epitroclea and the epicondyle, using the index fingers of both
hands for the anatomical recognition of the correct point to be measured.
- Wrist perimeter: This measurement is made with tape measure that measures circumfer-
ences. With the palm of the hand in ventral position (open position), the perimeter is
measured at the level of the styloid apophyses (of the wrist bones).
- Size and weight: the weight measurement will be taken with the bioimpedance scale. Two
measures of height will be taken, one standing and one sitting. Two tape measures will be
stuck on the wall so that the subject is in front of them; one of the tapes will have a chair in
which you will have to sit down to measure the sitting height
- Skull perimeter: this measurement is performed with the tape measures that measure cir-
cumferences. We place the tape on the frontal protuberance (above the eyebrows and be-
low the hairline) and behind it should pass through the most prominent part of the occipital
protuberance. The normal measurement at our age is 55 cm.
- Fat folds: we measure with the skinfold caliper. The folds of fat of the triceps will be taken,
the distance between the acromion of the scapula and the olecranon ulna is measured,
then the measurement is taken at the midpoint, forming a fold towards the axis of the
bone.
- Spirometry: this measurement is done with the spirometer. The subject should keep a dis-
posable tube in the mouth to breathe through it, avoiding breathing through the nose. At
first he will breathe normally to see if the machine captures the breathing well by measur-
ing the air exchange through a normal respiratory rhythm. Then you must breathe in the air
for a couple of seconds and then release the air slowly until you can no longer exhale. So
far would be simple spirometry.
The next phase of the test would be forced spirometry. The person will take as much air as
he can and hold it for a couple of seconds, then release it abruptly.
- Peak-Flow: this measures the amount of air that can be exhaled per second in a forced ex-
piration, with a simple equipment.
- Others: fat index, water %, bone tissue, muscle tissue; the measurements are taken with a
bio-impedance scale.
This is the table where the data will be collected.

COURSE:_______________INDIVIDUAL:____________YEAR OF BIRTH:__________
SEX:______________________________
TOWN:_________________________

IES CONSABURUM

YOUR MEASUREMENTS, YOUR HEALTH

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DIAGNOSED DISEA-

WEEKLY PRACTICE SES
SKULL PERIMETER
ELBOW CALIBER
WRIST PERIMETER
HEIGHT
SEATED HEIGHT
SPIROMETRY (ml/min)
PLICOMETER TRICEPS
WEIGHT (Kg)
FAT INDEX (%)
SCALE

BONE TISSUE (Kg)

% WATER
MUSCLE TISSUE (Kg)
B.M.R (Kcal/KJ)
VISCERAL FAT (Kg)
SOMATOTYPE ENDOMORPH MESOMORPH ECTOMORPH

SCOLIOSIS
OBSERVATION

KYPHOSIS

HYPERLORDOSIS

GENU VARO GENU VALGUM

Measure planning
BUILDING FIRST CYCLE (Classroom 43)
This will be the schedule for the taking of measures of the sample during the breaks of the
second term period

JANUARY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
9 10 11 12 13
16 17 18 19 20
23 24 25 26 27
30 31

FEBRUARY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
1 2 3
6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24
27 28

MARCH
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
1 2 3
6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24
27 28 29 30 31

APRIL
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
3 4 5 6 7
 MAIN BUILDING. (Physics and chemistry laboratory)

JANUARY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
9 10 11 12 13
16 17 18 19 20
23 24 25 26 27
30 31

FEBRUARY
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
1 2 3
6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24
27 28

MARCH
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
1 2 3
6 7 8 9 10
13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24
27 28 29 30 31

APRIL
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY
3 4 5 6 7

ngela, Sabina, Alicia. 2 groups of 3ESO.

Carmen A, Mario, Gloria. 2 groups of 3ESO.
Carmen O, Lorena, Ivn 2 groups of 3ESO.
Marina, Antonio, Nicol.
Nerea, Natalia, Ral.
+ 2 groups of 3ESO.
2 groups of 3ESO.
Pablo, Irene, Sara. 2 groups of 3ESO.
 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ANDREA ALVARADO Y KATHERINE IDROVO (2011), assessment of the posture in students from 2nd
to 4th year in Basic Education of the Financial School "Alonso Cordero Palacios"; and programme of
educational intervention.

CALVO PACHECO, MARCELA DE LOS ANGELES (2010), anthropometric study and nutritional educa-
tion in schools in Tenerife.

LORENZO GONZLEZ, M ELENA (2002),elaboration and application in a postural programme in

Secondary School, University of vigo and the Faculty of Sciences of Education.

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