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1) A town requiring 1.0 m3/s of drinking water has two sources, a local well with
60 g/m3 nitrate and a distant reservoir with 10g/m3 nitrate.
a. Draw a diagram showing all the inputs, outputs, and variables.
b. What flow rates of well and reservoir are needed to meet the 45g/m3
drinking water standard and minimize the use of more expensive
reservoir water?
C = 45g/m3
Q = 1 m3/s
CR = 10g/m3
QR = ?
b. What flow rates of well and reservoir are needed to meet the 45g/m3 drinking
water standard and minimize the use of more expensive reservoir water?
QW * CW+ QR * CR= QF * CF
60QW + 10QR = 45
Minimize Reservoir,
QW + QR = 1 m3/s (2)
QR = 1-QW
60 QW + 10 10 QW = 45 g/s
50 QW = 35
Solution:
4.5
4
3.5
3
ln (Ct)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 7.5 15 22.5 30
Time
Ct/ CO = e - (k * t)
Ct = (50.8 mg/L) e - (0.063 * 20)
=14.3 mg/L
150mg/L CF
CF
100gal/min 100 gal/min
K=0.4/hr
b. The required detention time and the volume (gallons) of the reactor if the effluent
contains 20 mg/L of A.
c. Draw a diagram for a plug flow reactor with the same design conditions.
K=0.4/hr
150mg/L CF
d. How many times larger a completely mixed reactor must be than a plug flow
reactor for 80% removal or conversion.
Therefore, CF = 30mg/L
PFR
CF/CO = e (K * )
30/150 = e (0.4 * )
= 4.02 hrs
CSTR
= (CO - CF)/ (K * CF )
= 10 hrs
e. How many times larger a completely mixed reactor must be than a plug flow
reactor for 90% removal or conversion.
Therefore, CF = 15 mg/L
PFR
CF/CO = e (K * )
15 /150 = e (0.4 * )
= 5.76 hrs
CSTR
= (150-15) / (0.4*15)
= 22.5 hrs
f. Why does a plug flow reactor perform better than a completely mixed reactor?
Plug flow reactors (PFRs) work better than completely mixed reactors
(CSTRs) because chemical conversion rates are generally first order. First order rates are
directly proportional to contaminant concentration. Since it is assumed there is no
dispersion in an idealized plug flow reactor, the average contaminant concentration is
greater than that in a CSTR, thus the reaction rate is faster, less detention time is needed
and the volume of the reactor can be smaller.
4) Three CSTRs are to be used in series. The second reactor has a volume twice that
of the first and third reactors. The influent flow has a concentration of 150 mg/L of
A, and the flowrate is 100 gal/min (380 l/min). The reaction is first order, the rate
constant is 0.4/hr.
a. Draw a diagram showing all inputs, outputs, and variables.
b. Determine the mean residence time and volume of each reactor if the
removal or conversion of A is 90%.
c. What is the concentration of A in each reactor?
d. What is the rate of conversion in each reactor?
V1=V V3=V
V V2=2V V1=V
V1=V
hr
K=0.4/
hr
Q = 100gpm 100gpm
b. Determine the mean residence time and volume of each reactor if the removal or
conversion of A is 90%.