1

For the jth oscillator, the dynamics is given by:

diLj
L = vCj
dt
dvCj
C = (vj vj3 ) iLj + uout,j (1)
dt
q
L
We can, therefore, write the system in the state-space form with = C , xj = iLj , and yj = vCj as:

xj = yj

yj = xj + yj yj3 + uout,j


(2)

Polar coordinate transformation

rj = rj cos (t + j ) rj3 cos3 (t + j ) cos (t + j ) + uout,j cos (t + j )

j = cos (t + j ) rj2 cos3 (t + j ) uout,j sin (t + j ) (3)
rj
Circuit Equations
Let vdc denote the input dc voltage to the parallel-connected Buck converters. Let Sj (t) be the switching signal
that is fed to the jth Buck converter. The circuit equations can then be written as:
dij
vdc Sj (t) vout = rf ij (t) + Lf ; j = 1, . . . , N
dt
N
X
vout = RTh ij + vload (4)
j=1
PN
Denote iL = j=1 ij , and summing the individual circuit equations yields
N
diL X
(rf + N RTh ) iL + Lf = vdc Sj (t) N vload (5)
dt j=1

Averaging

2 2/
Z

rj = rj 3r3j + uout,j cos(t + j )dt
2 2 0
2 Z 2/
= uout,j sin(t + j )dt (6)
j
2rj 0
Derivative Trick
Consider
dij
uout,j = ij + (7)
dt
Then, the averaged equations can be written as:
Z 2/
2
rj 3r3j +


rj = (vdc Sj (t) vout ) cos(t + j )dt
2 2Lf 0

2 vdc 2/ 2 RTh 2/
Z Z
3
= rj 3rj + Sj (t) cos(t + j )dt iL cos(t + j )dt (8)
2 2Lf 0 2Lf 0

2 vdc 2/ 2 RTh 2/
Z Z
j = Sj (t) sin(t + j )dt + iL sin(t + j )dt (9)
2rj Lf 0 2rj Lf 0

September 15, 2016 DRAFT

 2

Integration by parts
Let Z 2/ Z 2/
I1 = iL cos(t + j )dt ; I2 = iL sin(t + j )dt (10)
0 0

Then,
1 2/ diL
Z
iL 2/
I1 = sin(t + j )|0 sin(t + j )dt
0 dt
Z 2/ N
rf + N RTh 2/
Z
1 X
= vdc Sk sin(t + j )dt + iL sin(t + j )dt
Lf 0 Lf 0
k=1
Z 2/ N
1 X rf + N RTh
= vdc Sk sin(t + j )dt + I2 (11)
Lf 0 Lf
k=1

Similarly,
Z 2/ N
1 X rf + N RTh
I2 = vdc Sk cos(t + j )dt I1 (12)
Lf 0 Lf
k=1

Thus,
Z 2/ N Z 2/ N
rf + N RTh 2 1 X rf + N RTh X
(1 + ( ) )I1 = vdc Sk sin(t + j )dt + vdc Sk cos(t + j )dt
Lf Lf 0 2 L2f 0
k=1 k=1
(13)

PWM Spectral Model

The PWM can be written using Bessel functions (derived from Fourier analysis) as follows:

X 2
Sk (t) = D + J0 (0) sin(Dm) cos(m(t + k )) (14)
m=1
m
where the Bessel functions of the first kind are defined as:
n 2 z cos n
Z
Jn (z) = e e d (15)
0
Thus, J0 (0) = 2.

Coupled Oscillator Model

2vdc sin(D)
rj = rj 3r3j +
2 Lf
 N N 
2vdc RTh sin(D) X X
+ Lf sin(j k ) (rf + N RTh ) cos(j k ) (16)
Lf ((Lf )2 + (rf + N RTh )2 )
k=1 k=1
 N N 
= 2vdc RTh sin(D) X X
j Lf cos(j k ) + (rf + N RTh ) sin(j k ) (17)
rj Lf ((Lf )2 + (rf + N RTh )2 )
k=1 k=1

September 15, 2016 DRAFT

 3

Linearization
Next, we linearize the system around an equilibrium point (req , eq ). The Jacobian of the system around the
equilibrium point can be partitioned into blocks as follows:

JA JB
J = . (18)
JC JD
For the splay state, JC = 0 and therefore, the eigenvalues of J are eigenvalues of JA and JD . The entries of JA
and JC are given by:


9r2j


h i
2 if j = `
JA = (19)
j` 0 if j 6= `

h i K(r + N R ) if j = `
f Th
JD =
(20)
j` K L sin( ) (r + N R ) cos( ) , if j 6= `,
f j l f Th j l

Notice that JD is a circulant matrix and has one eigenvalue zero.

JA is negative definite. Consider the function
4vdc sin(D)
f (x) = 3x3 x (21)
Lf
f (0) < 0, f () and Descartes rule says that the maximum number of positive roots is one. So, clearly
there is only one positive root. For JA to be negative definite, the diagonal elements must be negative, i.e.

r

req,j > (22)
9
and, therefore, f (req,j ) < 0.
JD has eigenvalues with nonnegative real parts. Recall that the eigenvalue for a circulant matrix is given by:

j = c0 + cn1 j + cn2 j2 + . . . c1 jn1 j = 0, 1, . . . , n 1 (23)

where c0 , c1 , . . . , cn1 denote the entries of the first column of the circulant matrix and j are the nth roots of
unity.

September 15, 2016 DRAFT